EGAD

R E V I S I O N 2020

C H E M I S T R Y
Amila Dasanayake
ldnksl ridhkh hdka;%K (MBBS Undergraduate, University of Colombo)

(1) óf;aka úiß; ysre t<sh fyda mdrcïnq, lsrK hgf;a ye,ckSlrKh

Cl2 / h𝜈
CH4

hdka;%Kh :-

(2) we,alSk j,g 𝐇𝐁𝐫 wdl,kh (yhsfv%dfn%dañkSlrKh)

Br
HBr
CH3 CH = CH2 CH3 − CH − CH3

hdka;%Kh :-

Br
+
−
:

CH3CH = CH2 H δ+
− Br δ− CH3 CH − CH3 Br CH3 − CH − CH3

CHEMISTRY 1 Amila Dasanayake

 (3) we,alSk j,g 𝐁𝐫𝟐 wdl,kh (fn%dañkSlrKh)

Br Br
Br2 (l) fyda
CH3 CH = CH2 CH3 − CH − CH3
Br2 /CCl4

hdka;%Kh :-

+
Br Br Br
−

:
CH3 CH = CH2 Br δ+
− Br δ− CH3 CH − CH2 Br CH3 − CH − CH3

(4) we,alSk j,g c,h wdl,kh (ic,kh)

OH
1. id' H2 SO4
CH3 CH CH3 − CH − CH3
2. H2 O
= CH

hdka;%Kh :-

O O
+ −

: :
:O − S − O − H
: :

CH3 CH = CH2 H− O−S−O−H CH3−C H−CH2

O O

OH
H2 O O − SO2 OH
H2 SO4 + CH3 − CH − CH3
(c, úÉfPaokh i|yd CH3 − CH − CH3
jl% B;, ±laùu wjYH ke;')

fnkaiSka j, m%;sl%shd hdka;%K

• s wdfoaY m%;sl%shdjl § isÿ jkafka fnkaiSka j,hg iïnkaê; H mrudKqjla H +

fnkaiSka j, bf,lafg%d*s,l
f,i bj;a jk w;r;=r bf,lafg%d*hs,hla msg;ska fnkaiSka j,hg iïnkaO ùuhs'
• fï wkqj fmdÿfõ fnkaiSka ys bf,lafg%d*s,l
s wdfoaY m%;sl%shd j, mshjr 3 ls'
(1) bf,lafg%d*hs,h iE§u'
(2) bf,lafg%d*hs,h fnkaiSka j,hg iïnkaO ùu'
(3) fnkaiSka j,fhka H + bj;a ùu'
• hdka;%K ,sùfï § fnkaiSka j, fll=f,a jHqyh Ndú;d lrhs'

CHEMISTRY 2 Amila Dasanayake

 (5) fnkaik
S a khsfg%dlrKh

id' HNO3 / id' H2 SO4

NO2
(50 ℃ − 60 ℃)

hdka;%Kh :-

I mshjr

:
HO − NO2 + H2 SO4 HSO−
4 + H − O − NO2 NO2+ + H2 O
H

II mshjr

+ +
NO2
NO2

III mshjr

+
−
:

H HSO4 NO2 + H2 SO4

NO2

(6) fnkaik
S a we,alhs,alrKh (*Sâ,a l%d*aÜ we,alhs,alrKh)

a)

CH3 Cl /
CH3
ks¾' AlCl3

hdka;%Kh :-
+ −
CH3 − Cl + AlCl3 CH3 − ClAlCl3

+
+ − H
CH3 − ClAlCl3 −
CH3 + AlCl4

+
H −
AlCl4 CH3 + AlCl3 + HCl
CH3

CHEMISTRY 3 Amila Dasanayake

 CH3
b) (CH3 )3 CCl /
C − CH3
ks¾' AlCl3
CH3

hdka;%Kh :-

CH3 CH3
−
CH3 − C − Cl + AlCl3 CH3 − C + + AlCl4
CH3 CH3

CH3 + H
+
C − CH3 CH3
CH3 C
CH3
CH3

+ H −
AlCl4 CH3
CH3 C − CH3 + AlCl3 + HCl
C
CH3 CH3
CH3

(7) *Sâ,a l%d*aÜ taihs,alrKh

O
O
R − C − Cl /
C−R
ks¾' AlCl3

hdka;%Kh :-

O
+ −
: :

R − C − Cl : AlCl3 R−C=O + AlCl4

+ +
R−C=O H
C−R

+ O
H −
AlCl4 C−R + AlCl3 + HCl
C−R

CHEMISTRY 4 Amila Dasanayake

 (8) fnkaik
S a ye,ckSlrKh

Cl2
Cl
ks¾' FeCl3

hdka;%Kh :-

+ −
Cl2 + FeCl3 Cl − ClFeCl3

+
+ − H
Cl − ClFeCl3 −
Cl + FeCl4

+
H −
FeCl4 Cl + FeCl3 + HCl
Cl

we,alhs,a fya,hsv j, m%;sl%shd hdka;%K

we,alhs,a fya,hsv j,g wod< m%;sl%shd hdka;%K wdldr 2 ls'

(1) bj;aùu
(2) kshqla,f
s hda*s,sl wdfoaY
a) m%d:ñl we,alhs,a fya,hsv
b) ;D;shsl we,alhs,a fya,hsv

(9) bj;aùu

B−
CH3 CH2 CH2 − Br CH3 CH = CH2 + BH + Br −

hdka;%Kh :-

B−
H H H
CH3 − C − C − Br CH3 − C = C + BH + Br −
H H H H

CHEMISTRY 5 Amila Dasanayake

 (10) kshqla,sfhda*s,sl wdfoaY

(a) m%d:ñl we,alhs,a fya,hsv

hdka;%Kh :-

−
Nu−
: CH3 δ+ − Br δ− CH3 − Nu + Br

(b) ;D;shsl we,alhs,a fya,hsv

hdka;%Kh :-

I mshjr

CH3 CH3
−
CH3 − C − Br CH3 − C + + Br
CH3 CH3

II mshjr

CH3 CH3
+
CH3 − C CH3 − C − Nu
−
:

CH3 Nu CH3

uOHidr j, m%;sl%shd hdka;%K

(11) uOHidr yd 𝐇𝐁𝐫 w;r m%;sl%shd

CH3 CH − O − H HBr
CH3 CH2 − Br + H2 O

hdka;%Kh :-

+ −
:
:
: :

CH3 CH2 −O − H H − Br CH3 CH2 − O − H Br CH3 CH2 − Br + H2 O

H

CHEMISTRY 6 Amila Dasanayake

 we,aäyhsv yd lSfgdak j, m%;sl%shd hdka;%K

(12) HCN wdl,kh

O OH
CH3 − C − CH3 HCN
CH3 − C − CH3
CN
hdka;%Kh :-

HCN H+ + CN−

−
O :O:

:
OH
+
CH3 − C − CH3 H CH3 − C − CH3
CH3 − C − CH3
CN CN
:

−
CN

(13) .%Skdâ wdl,kh

O OH
1) R− MgCl+
CH3 − C − CH3 CH3 − C − CH3
2) H3 O+
R
hdka;%Kh :-

I mshjr

O −
O
CH3 − C − CH3 CH3 − C − CH3
R
R− MgCl+

II mshjr
−
O OH
H3 O+
CH3 − C − CH3 CH3 − C − CH3
(jl% B;, ±laùu
R R
wjYH ke;')

CHEMISTRY 7 Amila Dasanayake

 (14) wefudakSh / weók iu`. m%;sl%shdj

O N−R
R − NH2
CH3 − C − CH3 CH3 − C − CH3 + H2 O

hdka;%Kh :-

−
O :O :

:
OH
CH3 − C − CH3 CH3 − C − CH3 CH3 − C − CH3
+ R − N:
:

R − NH2 R−N−H
H
H

OH
úc,kh N−R
CH3 − C − CH3
(−H2 O) CH3 − C − CH3 + H2 O
R − N:
H

(15) 2,4 - DNP iu`. m%;sl%shdj

NO2
O NO2
H2 N − NH NO2
CH3 − C − CH3 CH3 − C = N − NH NO2
CH3

hdka;%Kh :-

−
O :O : H
:

NO2
+
CH3 − C − CH3 CH3 − C − N −NH NO2
NO2 CH3 H
:

H2 N −NH NO2

OH NO2
CH3 − C − N −NH NO2
CH3 H

OH NO2 NO2
úc,kh
CH3 − C − N −NH NO2 CH3 − C = N −NH NO2
(−H2 O)
CH3 H CH3

CHEMISTRY 8 Amila Dasanayake

 (16) iajhx ix>kkh

O OH
NaOH(aq)
CH3 − C − H CH3 − CH − CH2 − CHO

hdka;%Kh :-

OH −
H
H − C − CHO CH2− − CHO + H2 O
H

O −
O
CH3 − C − H CH3 − C − H
CH2 − CHO
CH2− − CHO

O− OH
H2 O + OH −
CH3 − C − H CH3 − C − H
CH2 − CHO CH2 − CHO

ldfndlais,sla wï, yd tajdfha jHq;amkak j, hdka;%K

(17) tiagÍlrKh

O O
;' H2 SO4
CH3 − C − OH + CH3 CH2 OH CH3 − C − O − CH2 CH3

hdka;%Kh :-

−
O :O:
:

OH
CH3 − C − OH CH3 − C − OH CH3 − C − OH
+ CH3 CH2 − O
:

CH3 CH2 − O − H CH3 CH2 − O − H

:

(−H2 O)
O

CH3 − C − O − CH2 CH3

CHEMISTRY 9 Amila Dasanayake

 (18) wï, laf,darhsv NdIañl c, úÉfPaokh

O O O
NaOH NaOH
CH3 − C − Cl CH3 − C − OH CH3 − C − O− Na+

hdka;%Kh :-

−
O :O : O

:
CH3 − C − Cl CH3 − C − Cl CH3 − C − OH + C l−
− OH
OH :

O O
NaOH
CH3 − C − OH CH3 − C − O− Na+

CHEMISTRY 10 Amila Dasanayake