INTRODUCTION

ALOE-VERA
Aloe vera has properties which has many medicinal uses. It has been observed through research that taking Aloe
vera in food or drink has reduced the glucose level in the blood which has been useful in controlling diabetes.
Most of the people who suffered from diabetes consumed Aloe vera mixed with yoghurt or in the form of herbal
tea. It has also been used in anti aging and anti wrinkle creams and moisturizers.

The moisturizer or the cream is preferred as it is not oily or sticky but dries up quickly as it is easily absorbed
by the skin and does not have any type of odor. It can be applied to get relief from sunburn or other kind of burn
as it reduces the pain and the inflammation and gives relief from the burning sensation and heals the wound
very quickly.

The sap from inside the leaf can be used directly or the product that is made of pure Aloe vera extract can be
used for application on the burn or the wound. The extract from Aloe vera can also be used for treating ulcers
in the stomach. The extract can be taken in juice form or with any food and it will help to reduce the
inflammation and heal the wound in the stomach that is caused by the ulcer. If Aloe vera juice is consumed
directly or with any other type of liquid it gives relief from many kinds of stomach ailments like irritable bowel,
reflux, Crohn’s disease, indigestion, heartburn, and many other problems. It helps to maintain the balance of
the acids in the stomach which has a soothing effect on the stomach.

Aloe vera has the anti bacterial property along with the anti inflammatory property which helps to cure mouth
and gum problems and severe gum diseases. It can be used in the form of gel or toothpaste for rubbing the gums.
It also has the property of curing skin problems like eczema, burns and wounds caused by cuts.

Aloe Vera is derived from the tropical cactus of the genus aloe. Aloe Vera derives its name from the Arabic
word ―Alloeh‖ which means ―shining bitter substance‖ because of the bitter liquid found in the leaves and
Vera which means ―true‖ in Latin [1, 2]. Aloe Vera is Aloe barbadensis miller. It belongs to Asphodelaceae
(Liliaceae) family, and is a shrubby or arborescent, perennial, xerophytic, succulent, pea-green color plant. The
aloe plant has long (up to 20 inches long and 5 inches wide), triangular, fleshy leaves that have spikes along the
edges. The fresh parenchymal gel from the center of the leaf is clear; this part is sometimes dried to form aloe
Vera concentrate or diluted with water to create aloe juice products.

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Properties of Aloe vera Family: Liliaceae

Botanical Name(s): Aloe barbadensis, Aloe indica, Aloe barbados, Aloe vera

Popular Name(s): Aloe, Aloe Vera, Indian Alces, Kumari, Ghirita, Gawarpaltra, Barbados aloe, Curacao aloe
and Lu hui etc.

Table 1: The Ranking and scientific and common name

Rank Scientific Name and Common Name

Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta
Superdivision Spermatophyta
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Liliopsida
Sub Class Liliidae
Order Liliales
Family Aloaceae
Genus Aloe L
Species Aloe Barbadenis Mill, or Aloe vera (L.) Burm.F

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Composition of Aloe vera

Aloe vera leaf has 240 nutritional and medicinal ingredients including vitamins, enzymes, minerals, sugar,
sterols, lignin, saponins, salicylic acid amino acid etc. No other naturally occurring products have so many
ingredients that are beneficial to health.

Amino Acids

Aloe vera contains 19 out of 20 known amino acids that are necessary for any organism. The human body has
the capability to produce only 12 amino acids and cannot produce the remaining 8 amino acids as they are
consumed from food. These 8 amino acids that are consumed from food are called Essential amino acids.

Aloe vera contains 7 out of 8 essential amino acids and they are

• Isoleucine • Lysine • Leucine • Methionine • Threonine • Phenylalanine

Valin Aloe vera also contains 12 non-essential amino acids

• Arginine • Cysteine • Glumatic acid • Alanine • Asparagine • Histidine

Hormones

Aloe vera has two hormones.

• Auxin • Gibberellin

Auxin and Gibberellin are helpful in healing wounds and it prevents inflammation and infection. Gibberellin
acts as a growth hormone that regenerates cells and stimulate their growth.

Lignin

Lignin are plant fibers which give strength to plant and are used to connect and support. Aloe vera contains
lignin that penetrates deep into the skin and introduces other medicinal ingredients of Aloe vera into our skin.

Anthraquinone

Aloe vera contains 12 anthraquinones. • Antracin • Aloe Emodin • Aloetic Acid • Aloin • Antranol •
Chrysophanic Acid • Barbaloin • Emodin • Ethereal Oil • Isobarbaloin • Resistannol • Cinnamonic Acid Ester

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Enzymes

Aloe vera contains different enzymes.

• Alkaline Phosphatase • Amylase • Aliiase • Cellulase • Catalase • Carboxypeptidase

Vitamins

Our body uses vitamins for various metabolic processes. They are essential for the normal functioning of cells,
tissues and organs. We get vitamins from food (vitamin k and biotin are formed in the intestines). Aloe vera
contains the following vitamins

• Vitamin a (Beta-carotene) • Vitamin b1 (Thiamine) • Vitamin b2 (Riboflavin) • Vitamin b3 (Niacin) •

Vitamin b5 • Vitamin b6 • Vitamin b12 • Vitamin c • Vitamin e • Kolin • Folate

Vitamins A, C and E have anti-oxidant properties and neutralize free radicals. Group B vitamins and choline
are responsible for the metabolism. Vitamin B12 is responsible for the formation of RBC while folic acid is
necessary for proper cell development.

Minerals Minerals are inorganic substances which constitute 4-5% of the human body. Minerals are necessary
for preserving the delicate balance of cellular ionic liquids, building bone tissue and blood cells, the
electrochemical activity of nerve cells and the regulation of muscle tone. Minerals are found in Aloe vera such
as-

• Calcium • Iron • Copper • Chrome • Manganese • Magnesium • Sodium • Zinc • Potassium • Phosphorous

Saponins

Saponins found in Aloe vera, have a cleansing and antiseptic effect. They have anti-microbial properties and
protect against bacteria, viruses and fungi.

Sterols

Aloe vera contains four plant sterols

• Lupeol• Sitosterol • Cholestrol • Campesterol

Sterols have anti-inflammatory properties. Lupeol also has antiseptic and analgesic.

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Salicylic Acid

Aloe vera contains salicylic acid-natural painkiller which also has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial
properties. Aspirin is nothing other than salicylic acid in chemical form. Aloe vera has the effect of aspirin but
operates in a gentle manner and has no adverse effect on health.

Sugars

Aloe vera contains two monosaccharide, glucose and fructose which have anti-inflammatory effects.

Table 2: Classification of Aloe vera

Mono and Polysaccharides (50-60% Of Solids)

Polyhexanoses Hexans Xylose Arabinose Galactose Glucose
Amino Acids (ppm)
Lysine:5-6 Histidine:2.8-3.3 Arginine: 4.5-5.5
Threonine:5-6 Aspartic acid:13-15 Serine:6-7
Glutamic acid:13.5-15.5 Proline:8-9 Analine:1-1.3
Glycine:7-8 Valine:6.5-7 Methionine:1.5-2
Isoleucine:3.5-4 Leucine:8.5-9 Tyrosine:2.8-3.3
Phenylalanine:4.3-4.7
Vitamins (mg per 100 ml)
B-1:6-7 B-2:6-7 C:47-67
Niacinamide:30-37 B-6:3-3.7 Choline:9.5-11.2
Enzymes (per 100 ml)
Amylase:1100-1600 units Lipase:600-800 units
Protein: 0.11/100gr
Fat: 0.09g/100gr
Ash: 0.25%
Calories: 3.3/100gr
Crude fiber: 0.10%

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Chemical composition of Aloe vera gel

The leaf of A. Vera composed of mainly three layers. Rind is the outer thick layer containing of 15–20 cells
which synthesizes carbohydrates and proteins. Inside the rind, vascular bundles are present such as xylem and
phloem.

Aloe gel is 99% water with a pH of 4.5 and is a common ingredient in many non-prescription skin salves. The
gel contains an emollient polysaccharide, glucomannan. It is a good moisturizer.

Table 3: Classification of Aloe vera

Class Compounds Properties

Anthraquinones/ Aloe-emodin, aloetic-acid, anthranol,
anthrones barbaloin, isobarbaloin, emodin, ester of Aloin and emodin acts as analgesics, anti-
cinnamic acid. bacterials and antivirals.

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 Pure mannan, acetylated mannan,
acetylated galactan, xylan, cellulose, A glycoprotein with anti allergic
Carbohydrates glucomannan, glucogalactomannan, properties, called alprogen and novel anti-
galactogalacturan, arabinogalactan,, inflammatory compound.
galactoglucoarabino mannan, pectic
Substance.
8-C-glusoly-(2'-O-cinnamoly) -7-O-
Methylaloediol A,8-C-glucosyl-(S)-
Chromones aloesol,8-C-glucosyl-7-O methylaloediol The novel anti-inflammatory commands.
A, 8-C-glucosyl-7-0-methylaloediol, 8-C-
glucosyl-noreugenin, isoaloeresin D, iso
rabai chromone, neoalosin A
Alkaline phosphatese, amylase, brady Brady kinase helps to reduce excessive
kinase, carboxy-peptidase, catalase, inflammation when applied to the skin
Enzymes cyclo-oxidase, lipase, oxidase, cyclo- topically, while others help in the
oxygenase, phosphoenol pyruvate, breakdown of sugars and fats
carboxylase, superoxide dismutase.
Calcium, chlorine, chromium, copper, They are essential for the proper
In-organic iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, functioning of various enzymes systems in
compounds phosphorous, sodium, Zinc. different metabolic pathways and few are
antioxidants.
Miscellaneous Arachidonic acid, Y-linolenic acid,
including organic steroids (campestrol-cholesterol, Essential for the proper functioning
compounds and Bsitosterol), triglycerides, salicylic acid

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Mechanism action of Aloe vera gel.

Pharmacological Properties of Aloe vera gel Wound Healing properties

The effective components for wound healing may be tannic acid, and a type of polysaccharide. Wound
healing is a mechanism of repairing damaged tissues in human body . Mannose-6-phosphate found in the
mucilaginous gel of A. Vera is considered to be the active ingredient for wound healing. Aloe vera on wound
healing was assessed by collagen thickness and the number of fibroblasts . The number of fibroblasts in the
full-thickness defect treated with ozonated Aloe vera oil was higher than that treated with Aloe vera oil only
and gentamicin ointment . Ozonated ointment increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the wound site
acting as a secondary messenger for various immunocytes and nonlymphoid cells involved in the wound repair
process and plays a pivotal role in coordinating the recruitment of lymphoid cells to the wound site and
effective tissue repair.

Wound healing and preventive effects of Aloe vera to prevent ulcers and enhance the healing process of
dermal injuries (e.g., burns, frostbite, skin infections, surgical wounds, inflammation, herpes ulcers, diabetic

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foot ulcers, pressure sores, and chronic wounds) has been reported . Aloe vera was more effective than
petroleum jelly gauze dressing, silver sulfadiazine 1% ointment, and framycetin cream. It reduced the
recovery time, prevented infection in the wound area, and prevented redness and itching.

Effects on skin exposure to UV and gamma radiation

Aloe Veras support the healing of first to second degree burns and have a protective effect against damage
to skin . Aloe vera gel, an antioxidant protein, metallothionein, is generated in the skin which scavenges
hydroxyl radicals and prevents suppression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the skin. It
reduces the production and release of skin keratinocyte-derived immunosuppresive cytokines such as
interlukin -10 and hence prevents UV-induced suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity.

Antibacterial properties
Aloe vera inhibits the growth of some microorganisms like Str. pyogenes, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella sp.,
especially against Gram-positive bacteria causing food poisoning or diseases in humans and animals .

Anti-oxidant / Antiseptic effect

Aloe vera possesses enormous antioxidant effect. Glutathione peroxidise activity, superoxide dismutase
enzymes and a phenolic anti-oxidant were found to be present in Aloe Vera gel, which may be responsible
for these anti-oxidant effects [39]. Aloe vera enhances the blood quality, probably by allowing the blood
to more effectively transport oxygen and nutrients to the cells of body.

Anti - inflammatory action

Inflammation is an innate response of the body against an injury, characterized by swelling, pain, redness
and heat, resulting in delay in the healing process . The anti-inflammatory action of Aloe vera gel not only
relieves from pain and discomfort, but also accelerates the healing process. The effects observed for
acetylated mannan in Aloe gel resembles the anti- inflammatory action of mannose-6-phosphate . Aloe vera
also inhibits the cyclooxygenase pathway, reducing the production of prostaglandins, thereby reducing the
inflammation. The aqueous and chloroform extracts of Aloe vera were found to have anti oedema effects.
Further, they were found to decrease the neutrophil count progressing towards the peritoneal cavity. Aloe
vera also showed a great anti- inflammatory potential for the treatment of H. Pylori infection.

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Anti-acne effect

Aloe vera are very effective against acne and inflammation on any area of skin e.g. it consists of vitamins,
minerals and hormones. It is hydrophilic in nature so very effective to use for oily skin .Aloe vera emul gel
helped to reduce the flare of acne, contains the olive oil, rose oil and lemon oil also that deeply penetrates
into skin and provides cleansing and smoothing effect over the skin . It has also moisturizing property that
protects the skin from over dry which is not good for acne prone skin . Olive oil has antioxidant and anti-
bacterial property that helpful in fighting against inflammatory cells to reduce inflammation. Rose oil and
lemon oil has cleansing action and clears the pores from inflammatory bacteria Propylene glycol, another
ingredient in Aloe vera emulgel, used as humectant solvent. It is non-irritant to skin and aids deeply
penetration of drug into skin.

Moisturizing and anti-aging effect

Aloe vera is currently utilized in manufacturing more than 95 % of the dermatologically valuable products.
This is because it possesses implausible moisturizing properties. It improves the ability of skin to hydrate
itself and help in removal of dead skin cells that producing collagen and elastin fibers, making the skin more
elastic, and less wrinkled, thereby, reversing the degenerative skin changes. It softens the skin, by its
cohesive action on superficial flaking epidermal cells and also by the action of amino acids.
Protection against radiation
With the invention of the atom bomb it was discovered early in the search for protection against radiation
burns that the best treatment was Aloe vera gel. It is rumored that the U.S.A. and the U.K. have huge
stockpiles of Aloe vera for use in the event of a nuclear attack and doctors have even prescribed it for
intravenous use when treating radiation burns. The Aloe vera gel has a dramatic ability to heal wounds, ulcers
and burns by putting a protective coating on the affected areas, speeding up the healing rate, relieving pain
and preventing blisters. It can also reduce inflammation, decrease swelling and redness and accelerate wound
healing. Aloe vera increases availability of Oxygen to the skin and also increases the synthesis and strength
of tissue. Aloe vera protects against skin damage from X-rays according to researchers at Hoshi University
in Japan publishing in the journal Yakugaku Zasshi. They found that Aloe vera was an effective antioxidant,
mopping up the free radicals caused by radiation, and that it protected two of the body’s healing substances,
Superoxide Dismutase (an antioxidant enzyme) and Glutathione (an amino acid which stimulates the immune
system).The medicinal uses of Aloe vera also include protection against frostbite damage.

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Anti-diabetic effects

Aloe vera gel is well known for reducing the blood sugar level. Aloe vera gel (alcohol insoluble residue extract)
significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose, herpatic transminases, plasma and tissue cholestrol,
triglicerides ,free fatty acids and phospholipids and in addition also significantly increased plasma insulin
levels. Aloe vera extarcts to reduced blood glucose levels is by enchancing glucose metabolism .

Anti-ulcer effect
Aloe vera gel has the potential to prevent and cure gastric ulcers through a number of mechanisms including
anti- inflammatory properties, healing effects, mucus stimulation and regulation of gastric secretions
(Suvitayavat et al. 2004). Mansour et al. (2014) have reported that Aloe and myrrh- based gels were found
effective in decreasing ulcer size, erythema and exudation. At concentrations of about 80%, Aloe vera can be
successfully used for treatment of skin ulcers including mouth ulcers, cold sores and leg ulcers (Sims and
Zimmermann, 1971).

Anticancer activity
Glycoproteins and polysaccharides present in Aloe vera make it a potent chemo-preventive agent that is useful
against various types of cancers (Reynolds and Dweck, 1999). These agents stimulate the immune system to
fight against cancer (Steenkamp and Stewart, 2007). Barbaloin, Aloe-emodin and Aloesin extracted from Aloe

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vera have shown cytotoxicity against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphocytes leukemia (ALL)
cancerous cells. Administration of these active compounds have been reported to significantly extend the life
span of tumor transplanted animals (El-Shemy et al. 2010).

Antihyperlipidemic activity
Aloe vera gel is claimed to have antihyperlipidemic activity. When administered to patients not responding
to dietary interventions, it effectively reduced the blood cholesterol level (15.4%), triglycerides (25.2%) and
LDL cholesterol (18.9%) (Mulay, 2014). An investigation reported by Kumar et al. (2013) also showed that
Aloe vera gel in combination with probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus can improve the lipid profiles in
hypercholesteremic rats together with enhanced cholesterol production and absorption resulting in reduced
risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Side Effects of Aloe vera

Some people do experience side effects when using aloe vera.

Some of these are:
• Dehydration due to frequent stools
• Stomach cramping
• Irregular heartbeat
• Lowered potassium levels
In addition you should not take Aloe vera internally if you have:
• Kidney problems
• Heart disease
• Diabetes
• Pregnant
• Nursing

• Allergies to onions, garlic, or tulips

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REVIEW OF LITRATURE

1. LAKSHMI SAVITRI & VEDA SRAVANTHI et al..2019

Aloe Vera is a natural product which is now a days used in the field of cosmetology. Our formulation is to
formulate a herbal shampoo using a plant extract which is used as hair washing and conditioning shampoo to
treat hair loss and prevent itching scalp and dandruff. is effective than the marketed shampoo as we have used
essential oils like coconut oil which is derived from the coconut palm fruit , lavender oil which is derived from
the flowers of lavender, rosemary oil derived from the flowering tops of rosemary. eucalyptus oil which is
derived from the leaves of eucalyptus plant and some other excepients like antioxidants stabilizers, solubilizing
agents, surfactants, cleansing agents, coloring agents and preservatives. All of these are used for the aim to
improve the smoothening , shining and growth of the hair. Our study has evaluated all the tests like foaming
ability test, pH determination, skin irritancy test, conditioning performance, wettability and in all those test it
has shown good results when compared to the marketed shampoo.

2. DIVYA PATHAK et al.. 2017

Aloe Vera is a very important and effective plant with so many health application and stuperfying that scarcely
any part of human body remain uninfluenced by its healing medicinal use. It acts as a natural fighter against all
classes of infection, an important effective anti-oxidant, helps in treating all digestion related problems,
heartburns, arthritis, stress, kidney-stone, skins-burns, diabetes, rheumatism, pain, asthma, cancer, AIDS, It also
acts as a laxative beauty enhancer and produced that effect on lowering blood sugar level in diabetics and
maintain the blood sugar. It is commonly known as Barbados or Curaçao Aloe, is an herbal medicine with a
long traditional use in different cultures. The main limitation of the current clinical knowledge about aloe vera
gel is small clinical studies that often lack rigorous methodology. Several clinical trials are being conducted to
further evaluate the use of aloe vera gel for a variety of disorders, as well as to further confirm traditional uses
of the plant extract.

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3.Archana Dhvani et al..2019

The main aim of the study was to prepare the Herbal hair shampoo.

Herbal hair shampoo are the preparations used to improve the individual appearance. Different crude drugs like
Aloe barbadensis (Aloe Vera leaves), Azadirachta indica (Neem-leaves), Curcuma longa (Turmeric-rhizomes)
and Emelia officinali (Amla) are used to formulate the shampoo. The selection of ingredients based on the
different medicinal properties of the agents. The shampoo is subjected to various evaluation parameters.

The prepared herbal aloe-vera shampoo has best properties and having nutritional values using less chemicals
which protects the hair & skin from the various hair & skin problems. Since the shampoo was prepared by using
simple ingredients and simple methods so the shampoo is also economical. The herbal hair shampoo formulation
is safe to use and it can be used as the provision of a barrier to protect hair.

4.Pratiksha S. Sawant et al..2020

Now a day peoples are interested in the hair care preparation like shampoos and hair conditioners. Shampoos
are the products which are used for the removal of the dirt and surface grease from the hair shaft and scalp.
There are numbers of synthetic shampoos in the market as compared to the herbal or natural shampoo, but
synthetic shampoo has some harmful effect on the hair or scalp like dryness of hair and keratin loss.

Now a day peoples are more aware about the side-effects each and every ingredient used in the formulation of
shampoo or any of the cosmetic preparation. Hence due to this reason there is increase in demand for the natural
ingredient containing formulation. From the results and discussion we were concluded that the formulation was
better in all aspects when compared to the synthetic shampoos. The marketed shampoos have excessive
detergents which can strip the hairs off from the scalp. The prepared herbal shampoo was having better
detergency and even it maintained the shiny and oily appearance. Therefore the formulated herbal shampoo
passed the entire test and hence can be a better substitute to the shampoos available in market.

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5. Suraj Maurya, Satyam Jaysawal et al.. 2021
The main object of this present study is to prepare and evaluate an herbal shampoo and determine
physiochemical function that emphasizes on safety, efficacy and quality of the product Herbal Shampoo is the
natural haircare product which is use to remove grease, dirt, dandruff and promote hair growth, strengthens
and darkness of the hair. It is also provide softness, smoothness, and shiness for the hair. Various drugs are
used for the preparation of cosmetics shampoo. Such drugs shows various side effects such as hair loss,
increased scaling, scratching, discomfort, nausea and headache. Therefore an attempt is made to formulate
herbal shampoo that is free from side effects.

6. Nimisha Srivastava et al..2013

The aim of present research work is to develop a herbal shampoo for hair growing and strengthing without
affecting or damaging hair. Reetha, Amla, Neem, Bringraj, Jatamanasi & Aloe vera herbs have been selected
on the basis of a traditional system and scientific justification with modern uses. Material and Methods: Hair
formulation of Sapindus trifoliatus (sapindaceae), Phyllanthus emblica (phyllanthaceae), Azadirachta indica
(Meliaceae), Eclipta alba (Asteraceae), Nardostachys jatamansi (Valerianaceae) and Aloe vera in two
concentrations (1and 1.5%) in the form of herbal shampoo were evaluated and studied for hair washing and
conditioning activity.

Evaluation: The pharmacognostical standardization has been done as per the, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
(Volume I 1989, Volume II 1999, Volume III 2001) of India (API).It includes; for Sapindus trifoliatus, foreign
organic matter (0.98%), water soluble extractive (78.92%), total ash (8.20 %), acid insoluble ash (0.39%), pH
(4.53) and moisture (7.77%). All the values are in compliance with API part 1 vol-2. The results revealed that
the hair growth activity of each drug was found proportional to the concentration range tested. The formulation
containing 1% of each drug used for the study showed excellent results.

7.SuchitaGokhale, et al, June et al..2020-

The shampoo sector is probably the largest unit sale among the hair care products since shampoos are one of
the cosmetic products used in daily life. The herbal shampoo was Formulated using natural ingredient like
Moringa,Aloevera, and Hibiscus with proven efficacy of hair care preparation is prepared.The combination of
several such ingredient of herbal origin has made it possible to secure highly effective herbal shampoo. The
formulation at laboratory scale was done and evaluated for number of parameters to ensure its safety and
efficacy.

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8. Priya D. Gaikwad et. al..2018-

The objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate poly-herbal shampoo for cosmetic purpose from herbal
ingredients. Hibiscus powder, Neem powder, Henna powder, Amla powder, Shikakai powder, Ritha powder,
Alo-vera gel was procured from local market in powdered form also gel form Banyan root powder and Soya
milk is prepared by homemade method, then prepared decoction of these ingredients and mixing with each
other and evaluated for it’s organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. Herbal shampoo is used to
cleansing of the hair also conditioning, smoothing, of the hair surface, good health of hair, hair free of dandruff,
dirt grease and lice above all, it’s safety benefits are expected.

9. Dhayanithi S et. al..2021-

The aim of the article is to formulate a pure herbal shampoo and to evaluate its physicochemical properties.
The shampoo is enriched with herbal extracts without any synthetic additives. The herbal extracts used in
formulation are Sapindusmukorossi, Glycyrrhizaglabra, Azadirachtaindica, Nardostachysjatamansi,
Ocimumtenuiflorum, Lavendulaangustifolia, Musa acuminate.

10 . Mr. Barde Gaurav S. & Prof. Mali Shubhangi R

Herbal shampoo is used to cleansing of the hair also conditioning, smoothing, of the hair surface, good health
of hair, hair free of dandruff, dirt grease and lice above all, it’s safety benefits are expected. The advantage of
herbal cosmetics is their non-toxic nature, reduce the allergic reactions and time tested usefulness of many
ingredients.

Thus in present work, we found good properties for the herbal shampoo and further optimization study benefits
of herbal shampoo on human use as cosmetic product. Herbal shampoos are the cosmetic preparations that
with the use of traditional ayurvedic herbs are meant for cleansing the hair and scalp just like the regular
shampoo. • They are used for removal of oils, dandruff, dirt, environmental pollution.

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11. Anshul Sharma, Shikha Virk et al..2023

The aim of the study is to formulate a pure herbal shampoo and to compare its physiological properties with
marketed synthetic shampoos. The herbal shampoo was formulated by adding the extracts of sapindus
mukorossi, phyllanthus emblica and acacia concinna in different proportions to a solution. Shampoos are the
cosmetics preparations that meant for cleansing the hairs by removal of the dirt grease from the hair shaft
and scalp.

There are different types of synthetic shampoos available in the market, but these shampoos shows many
harmful effects on the hairs and scalp like dryness of hairs and hair fall. Due to these reasons herbal shampoos
are formulated as an alternative to synthetic shampoos because of safe and traditionally used ingredients in
them. Herbal shampoos are used for cleansing of the hairs, also smoothing of hair surface, good health of
hairs, dandruff free hairs etc. therefore an attempt is made to formulate herbal shampoos that is safer in terms
of health and is chemical free.

12. Int J Anal Chem.et al.. 2020

This study evaluated the characteristics and quality of lab-based shampoos formulated from the gel of Aloe
adigratana Reynolds. Five shampoo formulations, 20 mL each, were prepared from A. adigratana gel in
combination with one to two drops of coconut oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, pure glycerin oil, lemon juice, and
vitamin E. Gel mass is prepared from mature, healthy leaves collected from the natural stand. The
phytochemistry of the gel of the plant was also studied using phytochemical screening, proximate
composition, and GC-MS analysis studies. Shampoo formulations with higher proportion (40 to 50% v/v) of
A. adigratana gel were found to have comparable characteristics and qualities with a marketed shampoo.
They fall within the range of acceptable quality parameters of commercial shampoos. The phytochemical
studies of A. adigratana gel showed that the plant is the source of highly valued compounds for the
preparation of shampoos. The gel was found to be rich in saponins as well as dodecanoic acid, hexadecanoic
acid, and phytol. Future works should focus in the development of refined protocol towards formulating A.
adigratana-based shampoos.

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 METHODOLOGY
1.Collection and Preparation of Plant Specimens.

Healthy and mature leaves of A. elegans were collected from wild stand at north of Sele (at about 86 km on the
Mekelle-Abbiyi Addi highway; latitude/longitude: 13.560/39.026;altitude: 1,694 m) on 21 December 2018.
Collection of plant materials by natives (Ethiopians) for research is granted by Article 15, Clause 1, of the
Access to Genetic Resources and Community Knowledge and Community Rights Procla-mation of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (No.482/2006). Specimens of the plant were identified by the National
Herbarium (ETH), the Department of Biology ,Addis Ababa University (Ethiopia). e leaves were rinsed with
running tap water to remove any dirt and soil .e leaf(i.e., outer green skin) and the gel (i.e., inner gelatinous
mass) were separated by peeling the skin off with a scalpel knife. e mass of gel was dried in shade at room
temperature for 18 days. dried mass of gel was then pulverized into powder using an electrical grinder and
stored in a sealed container until used for phytochemical study.

2.Phytochemistry of Gel Extracts.

Powder of A. elegans gel was extracted by 100% methanol using the continuous hotpercolation method in
Soxhlet apparatus for 18 hours. extract was concentrated in a rotary evaporator into brown liquid and kept at
4°C in a deep freezer. Samples of the extract were taken out and subjected to phytochemical screening using
the standard tests for alkaloids (Wagner test), anthraquinones (Borntrager’s test) , flavonoids(lead acetate test)
, saponins (Froth test) , tannins(ferric chloride test) , and terpenoids (Salkowski test).

3.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)Analysis.

Likewise, samples of the gel extract were sent to JIJE LOBOGLASS Plc.—a certified analytical laboratory in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia—for gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. e instrument control
parameters of the GC-MS are given in Appendix. e GC-MS analysis was carried out to determine the essential
oil and fatty acid methyl ester contents of the gel.

4.Preparation of Hair Washing Formulations from A. elegans Gel.

Five lab-made hair washing formulations were prepared by mixing A. elegans gel mass with six natural and
formulated ingredients. e ingredients were coconut oil, jojoba oil, lemon juice, olive oil, pure glycerin oil, and
vitamin E (Table 1).The gel masses were mixed with the ingredients according to the ratio indicated in Table 2
to prepare enough volume hair washing formulations, mixtures were homogenized one by one with magnetic

18 | P a g e
stirrer at400 rpm for 30 min at 30°C, and white smooth formulations were obtained. Finally, the formulations
were transfer red into labeled collapsible plastic tubes and kept at room temperature for physicochemical
evaluation.

5.Evaluation of the Characteristics of the Hair Washing Formulations.

The formulations were evaluated via sensory inspection and physical assessment methods based on procedures
developed and used by many researchers against marketed shampoo (product name: Aloe Vera Hair Shampoo;
producer: Perfect Cosmetics, UAE; size: 5.5 mL; description: natural blend of Aloe vera extract and mois-
turizers manufactured.

6.Sensory Inspection.

The physical appearance of the lab-made formulations was evaluated based their color, clarity, odor,
consistency, and spread ability. The visual inspection of each formulation was carried out by three randomly
selected volunteering students at room temperature.

7.Determination of pH.

A 10% (v/v) solution was prepared from each hair washing formulation using sterile distilled water. The pH of
each solution was determined at room temperature (25°C) and recorded.

8.Determination of Solids Contents.

Four (4) grams of hair washing formulation was placed onto a clean, dry evaporating dish. The evaporating dish
holding the shampoo was weighed using electronic balance, and the total weight was recorded as W1. Then,
the evaporating dish was placed on the hot plate at 50°C and was kept until the liquid content was completely
evaporated. Finally, the cooled evaporating dish holding the solid content was weighed and recorded asW2, and
the percentage (%) of the solid content was calculated as [(W1–W2)÷W1]×100.

9.Measurement of Surface Tension.

Surface tension measurements were carried out using a 10% (v/v) solution of hair washing formulation prepared
with sterile distilled water at 25°C. the surface tension of each solution was measured by the stalagmometric
method.us, the stalagmometer was thoroughly cleaned using chromic acid and sterile distilled water to remove
any traces of greases and lubricants because they greatly affect surface tension. The surface tension was
calculated using this formula R2�[((W3–W1)×N1)÷((W2–W1)×N2)] ×R1, where W1is the weight of empty

19 | P a g e
beaker, W2isthe weight of beaker with distilled water, W3is the weight of beaker with formulation solution,
N1is the number of drops of distilled water, N2is the number of drops off or mulation solution, R1is the surface
tension of distilled water at 25°C, and R2is the surface tension of shampoo solution at 25°C.

10. Dirt Dispersion.

Two drops (0.10 mL) formulation was added into a 100 mL test tube containing 10 mL sterile distilled water.
Then, one drop (0.05 mL) of India ink was added to the test tube, stoppered, and shaken 10 times. The amount
of ink in the foam was estimated as none, light ,moderate, and heavy by three randomly selected volume-teering
student.

11. Rheological (Viscosity) Evaluations.

The viscosities of the hair washing formulations were determined using the Brookfield Viscometer (Model
DV-l Plus, LV, USA) set at different spindle speeds ranging from 0.3 to 10 rpm. Viscosity measurements were
carried out using spindle T95 by maintaining the temperature at 25°C and the sizes of the containers holding
formulation samples constant.
12. Foaming Ability and Foam Stability.

The foaming ability of the formulations was determined using the cyl-inder shake method at 25°C. Fifty (50)
mL of the 1% (v/v)solution of hair washing formulation was put into a 250 mL graduated cylinder. The cylinder
was covered by hand ,shaken 10 times, and left to stand for 1 min in a test tube rack. The volume of the foam
was recorded at the end of1 min standing. It is represented the foaming ability. The foaming stability was,
likewise, determined by measuring the volume of the foam at 1, 2, 3, and 4 min after shaking and observing
the decrement in foam volume

13. Wetting Time Test.

The wetting times of the hair washing formulations were determined using the canvas disc method with some
modifications [38–40, 45]. One (1) inch diameter discs, weighing 0.45 grams, were cut out from as mooth
garment (velvet). Also, 400 mL of 1% (v/v) solutions were prepared in a 500 mL graduated cylinder from all
the formulations. Wetting time of each formulation was tested by floating a canvas disc on the graduated
cylinder holding the 400 mL solution and recording the time required for the disk to start sinking using a
stopwatch. The time required for the disc to start sinking was recorded as wetting time

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14. Evaluation of Conditioning Performance.

Conditioning performances of the formulations were evaluated using the procedure developed by Boonme et
al. with some modifications. Ethiopian male hair cut was collected from barber shop and divided into 5 g mass.
One 5 g mass served as control and another 5 g mass was washed with each formulation. Washing solution was
prepared by mixing1 mL of formulation and 50mL of distilled water in a conical flask. Then , the 5 g hair mass
was put into the flask, shaken for 2 min, rinsed with 100 mL distilled water, placed in plastic sheet, and allowed
to dry at room temperature. The control hair mass was washed with distilled water only. Finally, the smoothness
and softness (i.e., conditioning performance) of the hair mass was estimated by bit as poor, satisfactory, good,

Collection and Praration of Plant.

and excellent. They also visually inspected the hair mass for its glowing appearance and silkiness.
F
15. Appearance test
Developed formulation was evaluated for their clarity, color and Odor. All evaluations were reported and
discussed.

16. Foaming ability test

Chamber shake technique with slight variation was utilized for determining effervesce ability.50ml of the
1% cleanser arrangement was placed into a 250ml graduated estimating chamber and covered with hand.
Estimating chamber was shaken for 1 moment. The all out volume of a froth substance following brief
shaking was recorded. The strategy was proceeded for 10 minutes.

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17. Establishment of pH
Created plan was weakened utilizing refined water to prepare a straight forward with 10% focus. The
prearranged example was checked for pH utilizing a digital pH meter at room temperature 27 - 30 C.

18. Skin irritancy

Skin irritancy of a shampoo can be checked by taking small amount of product On skin, after few minute to
check whether local irritation or any inflammatory reactions are produce or not.

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19. Conditioning performance:
The molding impact of the shampoos can be concentrated by washing a mass of trim hair with the details and
mentioning actual objective facts. If the mass of the hair looks smooth and silky then it passes the test.

20. Wetting ability:

The most recommended shampoos are those that have the more limited wetting time. To check the moisten
ability we should compare our formulation with the commercial Aloe Vera shampoo, if our formulation have
the shorter wetting time than that of the commercial one, then it passes the test.

21. Viscosity:
The regularity upsides of the shampoos went from 22.19(4 ml gel) to 26.86(10 ml gel), So the clarity with higher
range of the gel shows higher density.To make the shampoos with improved consistency we must prepare
shampoos with higher viscosities.

22. Dirt Dispersion

Dirt dispersion is another analytical limit in estimating the purifying activity of shampoos, while top
notch shampoos reduce the dirt in the water, low quality ones reduce the dirt in their foams. Any dirt or
stains that accumulate in the foam is hard to washaway and can be remain on the hair.

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23. Solid content
Lower solid content makes the shampoos watery and clear of hair quickly, if solid content is between 20
to 30% then the test will be passed.

24. Surface tension

One of the measures in the detergency property is the bringing down of surface tension, and this will give
the indication for an acceptable detergency results of the shampoo which should be possible by lessening
the surface tension of water from 71.6 dynes/cm to the surface tension of water 31-38 dynes/cm.

Process flow diagram for whole leaf Aloe vera processing . Cleaning (high pressure sprayers and scrub brushes)
↓ The base and tip are removed ↓ Leaf is cut into sections ↓ Ground into slurry ↓ Chemical treatment ↓ Juice
press (rind particles are removed) ↓ Press filter (5 micron filter paper) ↓ (Carbon coated plates absorb the action
and alic emodin) ↓ Series of filter ↓ (Remove the aloin and Aloe emodin, sand and other partcles) ↓ Final
purification ↓ Aloe vera juice ↓ Pasteurization ↓ Flassh cooling ↓ Adding flavours and sugars ↓ Preservatives ↓
Packing

Health Benefits of Aloe Vera

• Aloe vera has been used from time immemorial to aid in smooth functioning of the gastrointestinal tract,
mainly because of its properties of soothing, cleansing and helping the body to maintain healthy tissues.
Aloe vera gel is famous for facilitating digestion, aiding blood and lymphatic circulation, as well as
improving kidney, liver and gall bladder functions. Aloe vera has a minimum of three anti-inflammatory
fatty acids, which help in smooth functioning of the stomach, small intestines and colon. It has a natural
property to alkalize digestive juices and prevents over-acidity, which is one of the common causes of
digestive ailments.

• Aloe vera juice concentrates are high in essential enzymes, which stimulate digestion and liver functions.
The synergistic effect of Aloe vera juice used in combination with a few other herbs does wonders as a liver-
cleansing agent. Aloe vera supplements also contain a rare natural ingredient called Saponins, which is

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 provided by nature to cleanse and flush out waste products and toxins. More medicinal uses of Aloe vera
are described in the following sections.
• Aloe vera could be used to reduce the burning sensation of burns and blisters. Applying the pure gel of Aloe
vera would quell the sting of herpes. Juice or gel of Aloe vera is used to reduce warts, psoriasis and eczema.
Today, skin doctors prescribe skin gels and creams made from Aloe era.
• The fresh juice of Aloe vera is used to cure and heal rashes, vaginal infections, foot sores and fungus attack
of various types. It is one of the home remedies for these problems. Aloe vera is used in hair loss treatment.
The enzyme content of Aloe vera prevents hair loss by protecting the scalp against any diseases. Aloe vera
also helps in the reduction of dandruff.
• You can mix the juice of Aloe vera with coconut milk and wheat germ oil and massage your scalp before
shampooing your hair. If used continuously it helps in hair re-growth. There are on-going researches in the
medical use of Aloe vera in the treatment and cure of AIDS and cancer. In the cure of cancer, there are many
signs that medicines with Aloe vera content help in the activation of WBCs and in promoting the growth of
non-cancerous cells. If people with HIV positive take regular doses of Aloe Vera, it helps in increasing the
immunity of the body.
• The juice of Aloe vera mixed with milk is consumed for kidney infections. In Japan, Aloe vera is a main
ingredient in the yogurt. In India, Aloe vera is used to make certain food dishes. Aloe vera was used as
medicine by the people of the ancient world. The Greeks believe Alexander the Great conquered the island
of Socotra, an island in Indian Ocean, because this island had ample growth of Aloe vera plants. Aloe vera
is widely used for the following: Boosting of the immune system, As an anti-inflammatory for treating cuts
and burns, Providing nutritional supplements.

External Benefits

Burn and Wound Healing:

Aloe vera is best known for its soothing and healing effects on burns and other wounds. Studies show that Aloe
vera when applied to a wound increases both the rate of wound closure and the tensile strength of the wound
via the proliferation of cells, including skin, liver, nerve and blood cells. Aging Of The Skin: Aging of the skin
is characterized by thinning and wrinkling of the epidermis, combined with the appearance of lines, creases,
age spots and furrows in the face. Components of Aloe vera have been found to reverse degenerative skin
changes by stimulating collagen and elastin synthesis, in essence turning back the clock on the effects aging has
on skin.

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Immune System Restoration:

Research has proven that Aloe vera prevent suppression of the skin's immune system. This suppression may be
one of the causes of skin cancer. In addition, topical application of the Aloe vera can be made up to 24 hours
after exposure to ultraviolet light without reducing the degree of prevention regarding immune system
suppression.

Moisturizer:

One of the main reasons Aloe vera has become so popular among consumers is that it possesses incredible
moisturizing properties. Studies show that Aloe vera improves the skin's ability to hydrate itself, aids in the
removal of dead skin cells and has an effective penetrating ability that helps transport healthy substances
through the skin. Each of these factors make Aloe vera an ideal ingredient in cosmetic and dermatological
products. In fact, Aloe vera is currently one of the most important ingredients in the cosmetics industry, being
utilized in over 95% of the dermatologically valuable extracts manufactured worldwide.

Arthritis, Joint and Muscle Pain:

Aloe vera is believed to reduce severe joint and muscle pain associated with arthritis, as well as pain related to
tendinitis and injuries. When applied directly to the area of pain, Aloe vera penetrates the skin to soothe the
pain. Studies have also found that ingestion of Aloe vera on a daily basis can help prevent and cause a regression
of adjutant arthritis.

Anti-Inflammatory:

Aloe vera promotes a variety of anti-inflammatory responses in the body, reducing swelling from injuries and
promoting recovery from infections. Such anti-inflammatory responses not only aid in the relief of pain and
discomfort, but also enhance the overall wound process.

Biological Vehicle:

Acts as a biological vehicle to aid penetration and absorption of other bioactive ingredients into deep tissue.

Internal Benefits:

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Arthritis, Joint and Muscle Pain:

Aloe vera is believed to reduce severe joint and muscle pain associated with arthritis, as well as pain related to
tendinitis and injuries. When applied directly to the area of pain, Aloe vera penetrates the skin to soothe the
pain. Studies have also found that ingestion of Aloe vera on a daily basis can help prevent and cause a regression
of adjutant arthritis.

Relieve Gastrointestinal Problems:

Aloe vera juice can relieve gastrointestinal problems and may be one of the plant's most ancient uses. Even
today, people drink the juice to help relieve ulcerous, gastrointestinal and kidney problems. People have
described improved regularity, greater intestinal comfort and enhanced energy levels after ingesting Aloe vera
juice. In addition, many who have suffered from indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, increased stomach acid,
peptic and duodenal ulcers, and colitis have reported relief from these conditions following ingestion of Aloe
vera juice.

Coronary Heart Disease:

Coronary heart disease is one of the major causes of death in the United States. However, studies suggest that
the ingestion of Aloe vera gel may have a beneficial effect to the accumulation of blood fat lipids associated
with the disease. Test groups given Aloe vera showed a decrease in total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid
and nonesterified fatty acid levels, each of which, when elevated, seem to accelerate the accumulation of fatty
material in large and medium sized arteries, including the coronary arteries of the heart.

Antioxidant:

Antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-viral--Aloe vera contains vitamin C, E, zinc and seven superoxide
dismutases.

Blood circulation-a number of constituents have beneficial effects on blood pressure and coagulation.

Digestion-One of its most popular usages these days is in helping any type of digestive or bowel disorder.

Aloe vera has received an enormous amount of positive Press for its benefits in helping IBS, irritable bowel
syndrome. It is also useful with other digestive problems, including peptic ulcers or any type of stomach
inflammation. Its properties are those of healing and soothing and so it is worth using as a part of a healing
programme on any digestive complaint.

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Immune system-contains many ingredients providing antibacterial, antiviral and analgesic elements.

Burns and Sunburn - The soothing and healing quality of Aloe vera are well known for any type of burn and
is especially popular for sunburn.

Laxative-It has a gentle laxative effect on the bowels.

Detoxification-amino acids assist the liver and kidneys. The precise method by which Aloe vera works is not
yet fully understood, but it is a great stimulator of the body's own immune system, which counteracts disease
and disorder.

Medicinal Uses of Aloe Vera

• Aloe vera plays an important role in maintaining the healthy functioning of the major organs, and preventing
diseases.
•

• Aloe vera releases pepsin, which aids digestion, soothes digestive tract irritations, colic pain and ulcers. It
also heals heart burns. This has come down from the traditions of folk medicine of Europe, and proved in
recent clinical trials in Japan.

• Aloe vera acts as a general tonic, raises immunity and fights diseases. Research reveals its efficacy in
conditions like HIV and cancer, especially leukemia, due to its ability to produce ,white blood cells.
Consequently, it can minimize the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation.

• It boosts circulation, and thus increases the supply of oxygen to the cells. Therefore, it could play a major role
in alleviating the condition of thalasemmia patients.

• Aloe vera is also beneficial for Asthma patients.

• It helps to maintains healthy joints and muscles, and thus, prevents arthritis.
• Aloe vera detoxifies the body, and is considered the best colon cleanser. It prevents constipation; therefore, it
is an effective blood purifier.

• It is beneficial in kidney and liver problems, like jaundice.

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• Aloe vera also reduces blood sugar, and controls diabetes.
• It reduces cholesterol and triglycerides, leading to a healthy heart, and preventing cardiac problems.
• Aloe vera reduces inflammation and infection of the eye and ear.
• Finally, it provides energy, and acts as a restorative. Moreover, it is said to alleviate depression.

Aloe Vera for A healthy skin

Apart from its effect on the internal organs, Aloe vera has a beneficial effect on the skin.
• It is rich in anti-oxidants, which neutralize free radicals. As a result, Aloe vera wards off wrinkles and
age related changes.
• It nourishes the skin, by boosting the circulatory system.
• Aloe vera is effective in treating skin disorders, like dermatitis, and even psoriasis.
• It heals cuts and wounds, blisters and burns, including sunburns, and even minor second degree burns.
• Aloe vera clears acne and skin allergies, dark spots and skin blemishes, and makes the skin clearer.
• It is also good for the hair and scalp.
In the scientific community there has been a divergent theory on the application and workability of Aloe Vera.
But in the last 20 years with the advent of intensified scientific research, evidence has been fully established,
demonstrating it’s diverse medicinal properties. Some of these evidential Aloe vera medicinal uses and Aloe
vera Juice health benefits are for the treatment of the following health conditions:-

Canker Sores (Aphthous stomatitis) Aloe vera Gel may treat recurrent aphthous ulcers, reduce pain and
increase the amount of time between the appearances of new ulcers.

Dry Skin: Traditionally Aloe has been used as a moisturizer. Studies suggest that Aloe may effectively reduce
skin dryness.

Lichen Planus: Studies suggest that Lichen Planus, which is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the
lining of the mouth, may be treated by Aloe.

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Skin Burns/Skin Ulcers: It has been found that Aloe vera may aid healing of mild to moderate skin burns and
ulcers. Extensive research carried out since the 1930’s has shown that the clearAloe Gel has a dramatic ability
to heal wounds, ulcers and burns by putting a protective coating on the affected areas and speeding up the
healing rate.

Radiation Dermatitis: Reports in the 1930s of tropical Aloe’s beneficial effects on skin after radiation
exposure, lead to widespread use in skin products. Currently Aloe vera Gel is sometimes recommended for skin
irritation caused by prolonged exposure to radiation.

Constipation: Dried latex from the inner lining of Aloe leaves has been used traditionally as a laxative taken
by mouth. Although few studies have been conducted to assess this effect on Aloe in human, the laxative
properties of Aloe components such as aloin are well supported by scientific evidence.

Genital Herpes: Evidence from human studies suggest that extracts from Aloe vera in a hydrophilic cream
may be an effective treatment of genital herpes in men.

Psoriasis Vulgaris: Early evidence suggests that an extract from Aloe in hydrophilic cream may be an effective
treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Seborrheic Dermatitis(Seborrhea, Dandruff): A study of Aloe vera lotions
suggests effectiveness for treating seborrheic dermatitis when applied to the skin.
Cancer Prevention: There is early evidence that oral Aloe may reduce the risk of developing lung cancer. Aloe
vera is used in alternative medicines and in home first aid.

Side Effects of Aloe vera

• Some people do experience side effects when using aloe vera. Some of these are:
• Dehydration due to frequent stools
• Stomach cramping
• Irregular heartbeat
• Lowered potassium levels
• In addition you should not take Aloe vera internally if you have:
• Kidney problems
• Heart disease

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 • Diabetes
• Pregnant
• Nursing
• Allergies to onions, garlic, or tulips.

Effect on HIV Aloe vera

contains Gluco-mannan, a special complex polysaccharide composed largely of the sugar Mannose. It interacts
with special cell-surface receptors on those cells which repair damaged tissues, called fibroblasts, stimulating
them, activating their faster growth and replication. An extract of Mannose, one of the sugars in Aloe vera can
inhibit HIV-1, the virus associated with AIDS.In a 1991 study in Molecular Biotherapy, HIV-1 cells were
treated in vitro – outside the body – with the Mannose extract. Virus reproduction was reduced by as much as
30% by Aloe Vera, viral load – total amount of the virus – as well was reduced, the spread of the virus from the
infected cells was suppressed and the viability – chance of survival – of infectedcells was increased. The Aloe
vera gel also proved to be an effective part of a nutritional support program for HIV+ patients according to the
Journal of Advancement in Medicine. For 4 months, 29 patients were given 100% pure Aloe vera gel (5 ounces,
4 times daily) along with an essential fatty acid supplement and another supplement containing vitamins,
minerals and amino acids. Patients were told to continue with their normal diet and not to take other
supplements. After 90 days all of the patients had fewer occurrences of opportunistic infections, thrush, fatigue
and diarrhoea, as well as increased white blood cell counts meaning their immune systems were responding
positively. Their assessment of overall quality of health also improved. In 255 of the patients, Aloe vera
apparently knocked out the virus’s ability to reproduce. Researchers found that Aloe vera stimulates the body’s
immune system, particularly T4 helper cells – white blood cells that activate the immune response to infection.
The medicinal uses of Aloe vera extend to protection against radiation burns.

Protection against radiation

With the invention of the atom bomb it was discovered early in the search for protection against radiation burns
that the best treatment was Aloe vera gel. It is rumored that the U.S.A. and the U.K. have huge stockpiles of
Aloe vera for use in the event of a nuclear attack and doctors have even prescribed it for intravenous use when
treating radiation burns. The Aloe vera gel has a dramatic ability to heal wounds, ulcers and burns by putting a
protective coating on the affected areas, speeding up the healing rate, relieving pain and preventing blisters. It
can also reduce inflammation, decrease swelling and redness and accelerate wound healing. Aloe vera increases

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availability of Oxygen to the skin and also increases the synthesis and strength of tissue. Aloe vera protects
against skin damage from X-rays according to researchers at Hoshi University in Japan publishing in the journal
Yakugaku Zasshi. They found that Aloe vera was an effective antioxidant, mopping up the free radicals caused
by radiation, and that it protected two of the body’s healing substances, Superoxide Dismutase (an antioxidant
enzyme) and Glutathione (an amino acid which stimulates the immune system).The medicinal uses of Aloe vera
also include protection against frostbite damage.

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Phytochemistry of A. elegans Gel.

Like many Aloe species, A. elegans is the source of many useful phytochemicals. Represent phytochemical
screening using methanol gel extracts of the species yielded positive results for anthraquinones , flavonoids,
saponins, and tannins (Table 3). Another study reported the presence of terpenoids by using ethyl acetate extract.
GC-MS analysis of gel extract of A. elegans resulted in 12 compounds . the compounds or their derivatives are
used in formulating beauty and personal care products. Decanoic (capric) acid (1), dodecanoic (lauric)acid (2),
hexa decanoic (palmitic) acid (8), (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic (linoleic) acid (9), and phytol (11) are use din
preparing personal care products such as soaps and detergents. Moreover, decanoic (capric) acid (1),
tetradecanoic (myristic) acid (6), hexa decanoic (palmitic) acid (8), (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic (linoleic) acid
(9), and phytol (11) are used to formulate cosmetics and beauty products. Phytol(11) and octadecanoic (stearic)
acid (12) are also important components in producing commercial shampoos and shaving creams. Furthermore,
whereas compound 9isimportant source of surfactants, compound 12 is used in saponification .

TABlE 3: Phytochemical screening of A. elegans leaf gel.

Phytochemicals Tests Inspection Results

Alkaloids Wagner test Brownish-red precipitate –

Anthraquinones Borntrager’s test Pink, red +

Flavonoids Lead acetate test Yellow precipitate +

Saponins Froth test Foam +

Tannins Ferric chloride test Dark-green +

Terpenoids Salkowski test Reddish-brown –

“+” sign indicates the presence, and “–” sign indicates absence of the chemical constituents.

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 TABlE 4: Chemical composition of A. elegans leaf gel extract.
SN Name Formula Area RT % area
1 Decanoic (capric) acid, methyl ester C11H22O2 408,497 21.37 0.69
2 Dodecanoic (lauric) acid, methyl ester C13H26O2 1,516,579 26.55 2.55
3 Ar-tumerone C15H20O 3,401,566 29.92 5.72
4 Tumerone C15H22O 2,691,776 30.04 4.53
5 Curlone C15H22O 2,261,927 30.79 3.81
6 Tetradecanoic (myristic) acid, methyl ester C15H30O2 5,658,349 31.16 9.52
7 9-Methyltetradecanoic (9-methylmyristic) acid, C16H32O2 661,028 33.50 1.11
methyl ester
8 Hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid, methyl ester C17H34O2 18,109,462 36.55 30.47
9 (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic (linoleic) acid, methyl C19H34O2 4,180,215 43.76 7.03
ester
10 (E)-9-octadecadienoic (elaidic) acid, methyl ester C19H36O2 14,946,083 44.09 25.14
11 Phytol C20H40O 1,229,919 44.48 2.07
12 Octadecanoic (stearic) acid, methyl ester C19H38O2 4,376,317 45.12 7.36

TABlE 5: Physical inspection of hair washing formulations of A. elegans gel.

Formulatio Color Clarity Odor Consistency Spreadability pH Temperature

ns (°C)

F1 (4 mL) White Turbid Characteristic Thin Good 6.5 25

F2 (6 mL) White Turbid Characteristic Thin Good 6.6 25

F3 (8 mL) White Turbid Characteristic Thin Best 6.6 25

F4 (10 mL) White Turbid Characteristic Thin Best 6.5 25

F5 (10 mL) White Turbid Characteristic Slightly thick Best 6.4 25

Marketed Green Turbid Characteristic Slightly thick Best 6.7 25

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Sensory Assessment.

Cosmetic products including hair washing shampoos have attractive appearance to the sensory observer.
Sensory observation and simple measurements showed that the formulations were white and turbid with
characteristically good odor without major difference from the commercial shampoo (Table 5). The white color
of the formulations was due to the absence of the coloring agent. The color, turbidity, and odor of the shampoos
did not change with increasing the proportion of the gel . Formulations 1–4 containing 4–10 mL gel are thinner.
Slightly thick formulation, such as the marketed shampoo, was produced with 10 mL of gel and 2 drops coconut
oil inF5. Likewise, formulations with higher gel volume (8–10 mL)showed best consistency as the marketed
shampoo. Varying the proportion of the gel did not bring about significant change in pH of the formulations—
falling within the pH range of many marketed shampoos.

Quality Characteristics.

Solid content, foam stability, dirt dispersion, surface tension, wetting time, and condi- tioning performance are
the principal parameters used in the qualitative evaluation of shampoos. The physical charac- teristics of the
hair washing laboratory formulations are summarized in Table 6.

1. Solid Content. The solid contents of our formulations ranged from 23% to 29% (Table 6). Quality
shampoos are preferred to have the solid content of 20%–30%. Shampoos with lower solid content are thin
and watery while those with higher solid content are thick and greasy. Whereas thin shampoos drain off
the hair quickly, the thick ones are difficult to work with [39, 41, 48, 49]. Increasing the proportion of the
gel from 2 mL to 10 mL consistently led to the raising of the solid contents of the formulations. Thus, the
solid content of A. elegans-based hair washing formulations can be easily decided by fixing the pro-
portion of the gel.
2. Foam Ability and Stability. Good shampoos have bigger and stable foams upon shaking. Foam volume
and stability are principal quality parameters of shampoos [50]. All our formulations were very good in
terms of volume and sta- bility similar to the marketed A. vera shampoo. All the formulations were compact,

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 uniform, and stable maintaining their volumes for more than four minutes. Similar findings were reported
with lab-made A. adigratana formulations.
3. Dirt Dispersion. Shampoos that concentrate dirt or stain in their foams are regarded as low quality [39, 40,
51]. But good shampoos and detergents concentrate the dirt in the water. Since the dirt is often water
insoluble, it is removed by the help of surfactants present in the shampoos and de- tergents. The present
study showed that all the formulations yielded clean foams with no dirt like the marketed shampoo (Table
6). These imply that the linoleic acid (Compound 9) present in the leaf gel of the species is an important
source of surfactants. Similar observations were reported elsewhere.
4. Surface Tension. Good shampoos and detergents reduce the surface tension of pure water from 72 dynes/cm
to below 40 dynes/cm at 25°C [53] to improve detergency [54]. Our study resulted in A. elegans
formulations with surface ten- sion ranging from 33 (10 mL gel) to 38 dynes/cm (4 mL gel) at 25°C (Table
6). Other researchers also formulated herbal shampoos with surface tension between 30 and 40 dynes/cm
[38, 49, 50]. The decrease of the surface tension of the formulations with increasing the proportion of gel
might be accounted for the amount of surfactants (linoleic acid) in the gel. Increasing the proportion of the
A. elegans gel resulted in formulations with surface tension comparable to that of the marketed shampoo .

5. Wetting Ability. Shampoos with high concentration of surfactants have better wetting abilities. Canvas
disc tests resulted that our A. elegans hair washing formulations have lower wetting time (142–160 sec)
compared to the market A. vera shampoo (185 sec) (Table 6). Higher concentration of detergents causes
lower wetting time

6. Conditioning Performance. The conditioning performances of shampoos are largely affected by their
chemical properties. They are, therefore, formulated by enriching them with conditioning agents. The
agents deposit, adhere, or adsorb onto proteins of hair and improve its manage- ability. They also reduce
hair static and make it soft and smooth [42]. Samples of Ethiopian cut hair washed with the formulations
became smooth and soft as compared to that washed with pure water. Thus, all the formulations dem-
onstrated that good conditioning performance rendered the hair samples glowing, soft, silky, and
manageable. The conditioning performance of the formulations may be accounted to the capric (1), lauric
(2), myristic (6), palmitic (8), and stearic (12) acids detected in the gel. Fatty acids with 8–18 carbons are
used in formulating shampoos and con- ditioners

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 TABlE 6: Evaluations of A. elegans hair washing formulations.

Formulation Solid Foam Dirt in the Surface Wetting time Conditioning Temp.
tension
(%) stability foam (dynes/cm) (sec.) performance (°C)
F1 (4 mL) 23 Very Not 38 142 Good 25
good detected

F2 (6 mL) 24 Very Not 37 150 Good 25

good detected
F3 (8 mL) 26 Very Not 36 152 Good 25
good detected
F4 (10 mL) 28 Very Not 34 153 Good 25
good detected
F5 (10 mL) 29 Very Not 33 160 Good 25
good detected
Marketed 26 Very Not 32 185 Good 25
good detected

TABlE 7: Viscosities of A. elegans gel formulations.

Formulation Viscosity Speed (rpm) % FSR Shear stress Stress rate Temperature
s (poise) (°C)
F1 (4 mL) 13.56 60 37.89 112.87 899.99 25

F2 (6 mL) 26.47 60 66.67 168.38 899.99 25

F3 (8 mL) 26.66 60 69.52 169.94 899.99 25

F4 (10 mL) 26.73 60 69.11 169.72 899.99 25

F5 (10 mL) 26.45 60 68.78 169.11 899.99 25

Marketed 26.92 60 69.98 169.91 899.99 25

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 CONCLUSION

While there are many claims as to Aloe vera benefits and its uses, It is belonging to the Asphodelaceae family,
and is related to onions and asparagus. The Aloe genus appears naturally in Africa, although many members of
the genus are popular houseplants and can be found around the world. The most famous member of the genus
is Aloe Vera, known for its medicinal uses and applications. Though there are several common medical uses
for Aloe Vera, the most frequent use of the plant is in the form of a topical gel. Gels made from Aloe are used
to treat burns and minor scrapes. Aloe vera benefits range from soothing inflammation, pain relief, and a
reduction in the likelihood of infection. Studies have also shown that regular use of an Aloe vera based gel will
actually speed the healing process in minor wounds, and even severe burns. It has been used in this capacity for
hundreds of years.

The thick leaves can be snapped open, and the moist open ends of the leave can be rubbed onto a burn or scrape
directly. In industrialized areas, the moisture form the Aloe leaves are extracted and made into the popular gel
most people are familiar with. In more recent years, it has become more popular than ever and has found its
way into skin lotions, cosmetic products, shampoos, lip balms, soaps and sunscreens. Some Aloe vera benefits
include a strong moisturizing capacity, and its extract contains a number of vitamins and minerals that are
believed to promote healthy skin. It is a very gentle substance in itself, so one of the benefits of Aloe vera is
that it can be used in sensitive areas, such as around the eyes. Aloe plants, have also found medicinal uses
internally. Used in this way primarily as a laxative, the juice from aloe can be dried into a dark powder composed
of yellowish granules that are quite bitter to taste. Internal use of Aloe is marketed as a treatment for coughs,
ulcers, muscle pain, headaches, and even cancer and HIV. The only proven Aloe vera benefit in internal use is
the relief of constipation. Additionally, even in this use, internal use of the plant has a number of side effects,
can cause nausea, and should not be taken by women who may be pregnant.

Aloe vera, owing to its beneficial medicinal effects has found applications in a variety of products including
pharmaceuticals, foods and cosmetics. The consumption of Aloe vera can be increased by developing
appropriate processing techniques. Establishment of standards for its incorporation in various science council
as well as in countries including European union, China and Korea. The application of Aloe vera in fields like
functional foods and cosmetics will increase with time. Precautions need to be considered while using Aloe
vera in some specific conditions and with some specific compounds. It is recommended that its continuous use
for extended period of time should be avoided in order to avoid any possible complication.

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