Anthon Van Domingo

MS Mechanical Engineering

Module Exercise 2: Practical Applications

Answer the following practical exercises and tabulate the results terminating on the specified
conditions. Round off any computed value to 5 decimal places. Submit and upload your
answers in word document or pdf format only on the link provided.

Problem 1. In probability theory, a normal (or Gaussian or Gauss or Laplace–Gauss) distribution

is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable. The general
form of its probability density function is

Estimate the probability distribution given the empirical equation for Normal Distribution below
from x1 = -2 up to x2 = 1.6 using Multiple application Trapezoidal Rule for the following
segments n = 4, 8, 12, and 16. Show the step- by-step solution and tabulate the results.

Solution:

1.6−(−2)
for n=4 ; h= =0.9 We need to find values for x = -2, -1.1, -0.2, 0.7, 1.6
4

0.9
P= (2.00719)
2

P=0.90323
 1.6−(−2) We need to find values for x = -2, -1.55, -1.1, -0.65,
for n=8 ; h= =0.45
8 -0.2, 0.25, 0.7, 1.15, 1.6

0.45
P= (4.07837)
2

P=0.91763

We need to find values for x = -2, -1.7, -1.4, -1.1, -0.8,

for n=12 ; h= 1.6−(−2) =0.3 -0.5, -0.2, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1, 1.3, 1.6
12

0.3
P= (6.13539)
2

P=0.92031
 We need to find values for x = -2, -1.775, -1.55,
-1.325, -1.1, -0.875, -0.65, -0.425, -0.2, 0.025, 0.25,
1.6−(−2)
for n=16 ; h= 0.475, 0.7, 0.925, 1.15, 1.375, 1.6
=0.225
16

0.225
P= (8.18883)
2

P=0.92124
Problem 2. Estimate the probability distribution on problem (1) using Multiple application
Simpson’s 1/3 rule for the following segments n = 4, 8, 12 and 16. Show the step- by-step
solution and tabulate the results.

Solution:

1.6−(−2) We need to find values for x = -2, -1.1, -0.2, 0.7, 1.6
for n=4 ; h= =0.9
4

0.9
P= (3.06739)
3

P=0.920217

1.6−(−2) We need to find values for x = -2, -1.55, -1.1, -0.65,

for n=8 ; h= =0.45
8 -0.2, 0.25, 0.7, 1.15, 1.6

0.45
P= (6.14955)
3

P=0.92243
 1.6−(−2)
for n=12 ; h= We need to find values for x = -2, -1.7, -1.4, -1.1, -0.8,
12 -0.5, -0.2, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1, 1.3, 1.6
=0.3

0.3
P= (9.22447)
2

P=0.92245

1.6−(−2)
for n=16 ; h= We need to find values for x = -2, -1.775, -1.55,
=0.225 -1.325, -1.1, -0.875, -0.65, -0.425, -0.2, 0.025, 0.25,
16 0.475, 0.7, 0.925, 1.15, 1.375, 1.6

0.225
P= (12.29929)
3

P=0.92245
Problem 3. Estimate the probability distribution on problem (1) using Multiple application
Simpson’s 3/8 rule for the following segments n = 6, 9, 12 and 15 segments. Show the step-by-
step solution and tabulate the results.

Solution:

1.6−(−2) We need to find values for x = -2, -1.4, -0.8, -0.2, 0.4,
for n=6 ; h= =0.6
6 1, 1.6

3 (0.6)
P= (4.09597)
8

P=0.92159

1.6−(−2) We need to find values for x = -2, -1.6, -1.2, -0.8, -0.4,
for n=9 ; h= =0.4
9 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6

3 (0.4)
P= (6.14943)
8

P=0.92241

We need to fi n d values fo1r . x6 −= (-−2 , 2- 1) .7, -1.4, -1.1, -

0.8, fo r n
=12 ; h= =0.3
12
-0.5, -0.2, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1, 1.3, 1.6
 3 (0.3)
P= (8.19949)
8

P=0.92244

1.6−(−2 )
for n=15 ; h= =0.24 We need to find values for x = -2, -1.76, -1.52, -1.28,
15 -1.04, -0.8, -0.56, -0.32, -0.08, 0.16, 0.4, 0.64, 0.88,
1.12, 1.36, 1.6

3 (0.24)
P= (10.24942)
8

P=0.92245

Problem 4. Estimate the probability distribution on problem (1) using Multiple application
Boole’s Rule for n = 4, 8, 12 and 16. Show the step-by-step solution and tabulate the results.

Solution:
 1.6−(−2)
for n=4 ; h= =0.9
We need to find values for x = -2, -1.1, -0.2, 0.7, 1.6
4

2 (0.9)
P= ( 22.912402)
45

P=0.91240

1.6−(−2) W
for n=8 ; h= =0.45 e need to find values for x = -2, 1.55, -1.1, -0.65,
8 -0.2, 0.25 -
, 0.7, 1.15, 1.6

2 (0.45)
P= (
45
46.12901)

P=0.92258

1.6−(−2) We need to find values for x = -2, -1.7, -1.4, -1.1, -0.8,
for n=12 ; h=
12 -0.5, -0.2, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1, 1.3, 1.6
=0.3
 2 (0.45)
P= (
45
69.18397)

P=0.92245

1.6−(−2) We need to find values for x = -2, -1.775, -1.55,

for n=16 ; h= =0.225 -1.325, -1.1, -0.875, -0.65, -0.425, -0.2, 0.025, 0.25,
16 0.475, 0.7, 0.925, 1.15, 1.375, 1.6

2 (0.225)
P= ( 92.24477)
45

P=0.92245

Problem 5. Apply Romberg integration to improve the Trapezoidal rule integral estimates on
problem (1). Show the step-by-step solution and tabulate the results.
Richardson Extrapolation:
Formula:
1
D=D (h/ 2)+ [ D (h /2)−D ( h) ]
k
2 −1

for k=2
h
h=0.9; =0.45
2 4 ( 0.91763)−(0.90323)
D= 3 =0.92243

D (h)=0.90323 ; D 2
h
( )=0.91763
h
h=0.45; =0.225
2
h
4 (0.92124)−(0.91763)
D (h)=0.91763 ; D (2 ) =0.92124 D= 3 =0.92244

for k=3
h 1
D=0.92244 + [ 0.92244−0.92243]
3
h=0.9; =0.45 2 −1
2
D = 0.92244
D (h)=0.92243 ; D 2
h
( )=0.92244

Graphical Depiction of Romberg

Integration:

Problem 6. Evaluate for the Truncation errors for the different integral approximation
techniques using the specified segments that were previously computed.
 For Multiple application Trapezoidal Rule
with n = 4, 8, 12, and 16

Formula: Where:
b
−(b−a) 3 ∫f ' ' (x )
Ea= f́ ' '
12 n2 dx ´' ' a
f =

−
−1 −1 x2
1 −1 2 −x −1 2 2 x2 −1 x2 2
f ( x )= e 2 x
f ' ( x )= e 2 x ' ' ( x) x e 2 + 2 =e ( x2−1)
√2 π √2 π f =
√2 π √2 π e √2 π

−x2
1.6

2
e
( x −1) dx 2

Fo ´r n∫=4 √2 π
'' −2 For n=8
f = =−0.07929
(1.6+2)
−(1.6+2) 3
−(1.6+2)3
Ea= (−0.07929)=0.01927 Ea= (−0.07929)=0.00482
12 (4 )
2 12 (8 )2

I ( a )=0.90323+0.01927=0.9225 I (a )=0.91763+0.00482=0.92245

For n=16
For n=12
−(1.6+2)3
−(1.6+2) 3 Ea= (−0.07929)=0.00120
Ea= 2
(−0.07929)=0.00214 12(16 )2
12(12)
I (a )=0.92124+ 0.00120=0.92244
I ( a )=0.92031+0.00214=0.92245

For Multiple application Simpson’s 1/3 rule

with n = 4, 8, 12, and 16

Formula:
5
 Where:
b

∫f ''
''(x
)dx ´' ' ' ' a
f =

−
−1 −1 x2
1 −12 x −x −1 2 2 x2 −1 x2 2
x e =e
2
2 x
f ( x )= e f'(x e ' ' ( x) 2 + 2 ( x2−1)
√2 π )= √2 π f =
√2 π √2 π e √2 π
−x2 − x2
3 2 2 4
(3 x−x ) e ( 3−6 x + x ) e
f
'''(x)
= − √x 2 2
f 'x' ' '( )= 2

1.6
π
(3−6 x 2
+ x 4
) dx
√2 π
' ' ' ' ∫ √2 π
f´ =e−2 =−0.00830
(1.6+2)

For n=4 For n=8

−(1.6+2)5 −(1.6+2)5
Ea= 4 (−0.00830)=0.00011 Ea= 4 (−0.00830)=0.00001
180 (4 ) 180 (8)
I ( a )=0.92217+ 0.00011=0.92228 I (a )=0.92243+0.00001=0.92244

For n=12 For n=16

5

Ea=
−(1.6+2)5
(−0.00830)=0.00000 Ea= −(1.6+2) 4 (−0.00830)=0.00000
180 (12)4 180 (16)

I ( a )=0.92245+0.00000=0.92245 I (a )=0.92245+0.00000=0.92245

For Multiple application Simpson’s 3/8 rule

with n = 6, 9, 12, and 15

Formula: Where:
5 b
−(b−a) ´
Ea= f '''' ∫f ''
''(x
80 n 4 )dx ´' ' ' ' a
f =
D
FFooFFr 4forohfm(ror=−=hur0k0=l.k=a01. 0:: :=2362.2323T0101252r26362352655u521508470n2587871)c5−ha1)−t(e−
(d−00.2.222856574)578) ) FoFromrmulau:laM: MoroereAcAcucFcoruartetBCr
ea4enck(t−ewr0a.F2rid2n6iFt4ien8iD)t−1eiv(Di−dive0di.d2De2di8ff7De6irff)eencr ence
D==−h0=.2206.046+2+53;3 DD==− 0.22577 [ −0.22577=+−0.02.22528557]2
=[ −0[ −.00.32.12265644+=82=0−+=. + 3
−200−2.0.282.0226.825] 72566597797]
045 2 2
0−f.20
3 89x7. 323h64 3 −3 w ith h = 0 .12 5 , 02. 036−215, 0. 03125
'' '
2 079800h70
1 1 0 3 f−fx x− 4 f 8x f x f x 8 f x f x
1246 9251f07 −41
29fx0−0..x.303001.2
.3848020101918141
3761913674 ( i i+) −1=)=−00.( 0.
f( fhD ( ' fh=x= x i(i10)x=D0.
) ) = i1).=(12h25/ 5;2; ) + i−1)+ ( i−2 )
06 62[ 2D5 5 (h' /2=)
i− i1−
−=−=−0−0D (Tuurnf.20i0( fh2.2.
(nuc x2 2))54
) cnaa ]2123x)474+=7361246486127
edt de)()d) )i)−(1 ) i + 1=)
' +
((46882(TT(rr
−i−2 )( ia+cte2etae

( i ) D =22- ( (i ) i 2h 12 h D = -0.22576
D ==− )
2(2(00(0.2h2.20−00.2.222656
( h)=−0.22567487;
20.0 .0..0h23−0.
k

0.160.06131322
1610212155295
5252)
)55 )5hh
( (( ))
''
−
0−03..((200874..232178407092611957790179548+) (
191295376)8−)+(0−3(.003(30.023.4831251+0482
− 364 1910 )14)
22
1767
(0.2.3897012642848070))
+4)0)..321542907
'

.hh 20h8
Dx(h((()xx=h=) )))
f 'D ((ff=ii ===97− 4620 925 ==−
0
( (((
h0 .

( )) ))) ) −0..02.2558868 0 =−− .02.02.264566744788

−0.02.22=268686406−0748(0680M(...
==−

((M22oM22or5e5or87e8rA7e5Ac(A(AcMcuccccrcucouaurrtareeateA)Ate)ccur) ate )
i
22222(2((20((200(02.01..00(0.0.2(0031.0361(.612.01022022532.556515)15))2))2)
55))

− x2
2 4 2
( 3−6 x + x )
' ' ' ' ( x)
f =e
√2 π
 −
1.6 x22
e (3−6 x2+ x 4 ) dx
∫ √2
f´
''''
=
−2 =−0.00830
(1.6+2)

For n=3 For n=6

For n=9
−(1.6+2) 5 −(1.6+2) 5
Ea= (−0.00830)=0.00077 Ea= 4 (−0.00830)=0.00005
−(810.6(3 80 (6)
Ea= 4 5 4 (−0.00830)=0.00001
+) 80
2 )(9)
I ( a )=0.92159+0.00077=0.92236 I (a )=0.92241+0.00005=0.92246
I ( a )=0.92244+ 0.00001=0.92245

For n=12

−(1.6+2)5
Ea= 4
(−0.00830)=0.00000
80 (12)
I (a )=0.92245+0.00000=0.92245
Problem 7. Estimate the derivative of the
function in problem (1) at the x = 0.75 using the
following step sizes h = 0.125, h = 0.0625 and h = 0.03125 for the following techniques forward
finite, backward finite, and centered finite divided difference. Use both the truncated and more
accurate derivative estimate formulas. Improve the truncated derivative estimates using
Richardson’s extrapolation in each of the approximate derivative techniques. Show the step-
by- step solution and tabulate the results.

For Forward Finite Divided Difference

with h = 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125

Formula: More Accurate

Formula: Truncated
f ( x )− f ( x )f '
−f ( xi+ 2)+ 4 f ( xi +1 )−3 f ( xi
x =)
f ' ( xi )= i+1 i ( i)
h 2h