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Year 11
Unit 1 & 2

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1
 Purpose of this book
Hello!
This is a brief overview of Units 1 & 2 Mathematical Methods to help you learn and revise more efficiently. It is
essentially a cut down version of the Units 3 & 4 Overview.

It was originally designed as a reference book for students who use the online video tutorials on
MathsMethods.com.au but has since been used by many as their Bound Reference. Each page has a clickable link to
direct you to the relevant video tutorial if you have access and there’s plenty of other free resources if you don’t!

Please note, like many of our resources, this overview is designed to reinforce understanding and may not use the
exact notation you need to use when doing tests and exams.

Do well and I hope this overview makes the year a little less stressful for you :)

Kind regards

Alexander Bell | Author & Founder of MathsMethods.com.au

2
 Contents
Click a page number to instantly move to that topic

1. Purpose of the Book (Read First!)………………………………………….……………. page 2

2. Contents…………..………………………………………….……………………………………. page 3 to 6
3. TOPIC 1: Functions and Relations………………………………………….……………. page 7
4. Linear Equations……………………………………………………….…………….………. page 8
Contents

5. How to draw Parabolas……………………………………………………….……………. page 9

6. List of Main Functions ………………………………………………….……………….… page 10
7. How to Sketch Any Function………………………………………………………….…. page 11
8. Transformations………..……………………………………………………………………… page 12
9. Matrix Transformations………..…………………………………………………………… page 13
10. Domain and Range…..………..…………………………………………………………… page 14
11. Reading Any Function ……………………………………………………………………… page 15
12. Sketching Functions in Intercept Form……………………………………………… page 16
13. Inverse Functions …………………………………………………………………..………… page 17
14. Factorising Polynomials…………………………………………………………………..… page 18
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 Contents
Click a page number to instantly move to that topic

15. TOPIC 2: Logs and Exponentials……………………………………………………..….…page 19

16. Exponential Laws………………………………………………………………………..…. page 20
17. Understanding Logarithms.……………………………………………………..……… page 21
18. Log Laws…………………………..……………………………………………………..……… page 22
Contents

19. Sketching Logs and Exponentials………………………………….……………….…. page 23

20. Inverse Functions: Logs and Exponentials…………………….……………….….. page 24
21. TOPIC 3: Sin, Cos & Tan……………………………………………………………..….… page 25
22. Sin, Cos and Tan Definitions……………………………………….…………………… page 26
23. Radians …………………………………………………………………………………..………… page 27
24. Exact Values…………………………………………………………………………..………… page 28
25. Exact Values – for larger numbers…………………………………………………..… page 29
26. Finding Angles (θ) ……………………………………………………………………………. page 30
27. General Solutions for Sin, Cos and Tan.……………………………………………. page 31
28. Understanding Sin, Cos & Tan Graphs…………………………………………….. page 32
4
 Contents
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29. Sketching Sin, Cos & Tan Graphs …………………….…………………………….. page 33

30. Sketching a Tough Cosine Graph………………………………………….……………. page 34
31. TOPIC 4: Calculus ………….……………….…………….…………….……………….… page 35
32. What is Calculus?……………………………………………………………………….…. page 36
Contents

33. The First Principle of Calculus ………………………………………………………… page 37

34. How to Sketch 𝒇𝒇’(𝒙𝒙) (The Derivative) …..………………………………………… page 38
35. Finding 𝒇𝒇’(𝒙𝒙) (The Derivative) …….…………………………………….………….…. page 39
36. Derivatives and Differentiating Definitions…………………………..…………. page 40
37. Understanding 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅/𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅…………………………………….…………………………….. page 41
38. Stationary Points ………………………………..………………………………………….. page 42
39. Rate of Change………………………………………………….……………………..…….… page 43
40. Antidifferentiation ……………………………………………………………………….…. page 44
41. Why +𝒄𝒄 ?………………………………………………………………………….……………… page 45
42. Integration – Exact Area……………………………………………….…………………… page 46
5
 Contents
Click a page number to instantly move to that topic

43. Kinematics – Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration……………………… page 47

44. TOPIC 5: Probability and Statistics…….…………….…………….……………….… page 48
45. Basics of Probability…………………….…………………………………………………. page 49
46. Conditional and Independent Probability……………………………………….. page 50
Contents

47. Discrete Random Variables…………………………………………………………….. page 51

48. Measures of Centre …………………………………………….…………….……………. page 52
49. Measures of Spread..………………………………………………….……………….… page 53
50. Final Thought from the Author ………………………………………………………….. page 54
51. Distribution Information and Disclaimer ………………………………………….. page 55

6
 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see LINEAR EQUATIONS Perpendicular
Parallel means the −𝟏𝟏
Gradient-Intercept Form same gradient means 𝒎𝒎 =
𝒎𝒎

y = mx + c (0, c)
m means gradient
c means y-intercept y = 2x + 3 y = 2x - 2 y = 2x y = -½x
Linear Equations

Simultaneous equations y=x

Intercept Form means solving two or more Substitution
ax + by = c equations at the same time.
y=x
y=4–x

To find x-intercept, make y = 0 Elimination

To find y-intercept, make x = 0 y=4–x y+y=x+4–x
(x2, y2) Length of line
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
Segment = (𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 −𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 ) + (𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 −𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 )
Two point Form Co-ordinate 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 +𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 +𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐
= , 𝟐𝟐
y – y1 = m(x – x1) (x1, y1)
𝜽𝜽
of Midpoint 𝟐𝟐

𝜽𝜽 = 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐧𝐧−𝟏𝟏 𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠𝐠
(x1, y1) is any point on the line
𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦 rise
(x2, y2) is any different point on the line (x2, y2) gradient = 𝑥𝑥2−𝑥𝑥1 =
(x1, y1) 2 1 run

Want FREE RESOURCES on this topic? See LINEAR EQUATIONS (FREE VIDEO SERIES) For more resources, see MathsMethods.com.au
 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see PARABOLAS & QUADRATICS
Intercept Form 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒅𝒅(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒂𝒂)(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒃𝒃)
1. See if positive or negative
2. Draw in x intercepts (which are a and b) 𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃
How to draw Parabolas

3. Find y intercept (make x = 0)

Turning Point Form 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒉𝒉 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒌𝒌

1. See if positive or negative (𝒉𝒉, 𝒌𝒌)
2. Draw in turning point (h, k)
3. Find intercepts (make x = 0 and then y = 0)

General Form
1. See if positive or negative
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 + 𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄
2. Draw in y-intercept
−𝒃𝒃 ± 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
3. Find x-intercepts if there are any 𝑥𝑥 intercepts = 𝒃𝒃
𝟐𝟐𝒂𝒂 −
4. Find turning point 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Want FREE RESOURCES on this topic? See PARABOLAS For more resources, see MathsMethods.com.au
 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see HOW TO SKETCH ANY FUNCTION

y = sin(x)
y=x y= x2 y = x3
List of Main Functions

y = cos(x)

y = x½ y = x-1 y = x-2

y = tan(x)

y = ax y = 2x y = log2(x)
Want FREE RESOURCES on this topic? See SKETCHING FUNCTIONS (FREE VIDEO) For more resources, see MathsMethods.com.au
 5 STEPS: 1. Change form 2. Factorise inside 3. Turning Point 4. Shape 5. Reflections
𝟒𝟒
Covered in detail in video tutorials, see TRANSLATION – MOVING FUNCTIONS and STRETCHING AND REFLECTING 𝒚𝒚 = + 𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒−𝒙𝒙
𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑 𝟔𝟔 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏 1. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 − 𝒙𝒙 −𝟏𝟏
+ 𝟏𝟏
How to Sketch Any Function

𝟏𝟏
1. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑 𝟔𝟔 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏
2. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟒𝟒 −(𝒙𝒙 − 𝟒𝟒) + 𝟏𝟏
2. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑( −𝟐𝟐(𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑 ) + 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐

(𝟑𝟑, 𝟏𝟏) (𝟒𝟒, 𝟏𝟏) 4.

4.
5. Negative in front of 𝒙𝒙, 5. Negative in front of 𝒙𝒙,
flip around the 𝒚𝒚-axis flip around the 𝒚𝒚-axis

𝟒𝟒
𝒚𝒚 = − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚 = + 𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒−𝒙𝒙 𝟐𝟐
−𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏
1. 𝒚𝒚 = − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑 5. Negative in front of 𝒙𝒙,
𝟏𝟏 flip around the 𝒚𝒚-axis
𝒚𝒚 = − 𝟐𝟐(𝒙𝒙 + 𝟐𝟐) 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑 (𝟒𝟒, 𝟏𝟏)
4.
4.
1. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 − 𝒙𝒙 −𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏
5. Negative in front of 𝒚𝒚,
flip around the 𝒙𝒙-axis 2. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟒𝟒 −(𝒙𝒙 − 𝟒𝟒) −𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏
Want FREE RESOURCES on this topic? See HOW TO SKETCH ANY FUNCTION For more resources, see MathsMethods.com.au
 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see FUNCTIONS AND POINTS, USING MATRICES and SERIES OF TRANSFORMATIONS

(𝟒𝟒, 𝟗𝟗)
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 → − 𝟐𝟐(𝒙𝒙 − 𝟒𝟒 )𝟐𝟐 + 𝟗𝟗
−𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 = −𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 1. Reflection in the x-axis
1 2 3
Transformations

2. Followed by a dilation of
𝒇𝒇(𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙) = −(𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙)𝟐𝟐
factor ½ from the y-axis
𝟐𝟐 3. Then a translation of 4 units
𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟗𝟗 = − 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟗𝟗 in positive x-direction and 9
units in the positive y-direction

𝟏𝟏
𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 is a dilation of factor 𝒂𝒂 from the y-axis 𝒇𝒇 −𝒙𝒙 is a reflection in the y-axis
𝒂𝒂
(in the x-direction) −𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 is a reflection in the x-axis

𝒃𝒃𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 is a dilation of factor 𝒃𝒃 from the x-axis 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒌𝒌 is a translation along the y-axis
(in the y-direction) 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒉𝒉 is a translation along the x-axis

For more resources, see MathsMethods.com.au

 Positive
Power 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏 × 𝒙𝒙 × 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 × 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏
Covered in detail in video tutorials, see EXPONENTIAL LAWS (POWER LAWS)

𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
Exponential Laws

Negative
Power = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎−𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏 = 𝒙𝒙−𝒏𝒏 = 𝒏𝒏
𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎
Fraction 𝒎𝒎 𝒏𝒏
Power 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎

𝒏𝒏
𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏
𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎+𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎 )𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎𝒏𝒏 = 𝒏𝒏
𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚
Want FREE RESOURCES on this topic? See POWER LAWS (FREE VIDEO) For more resources, see MathsMethods.com.au
 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see WHAT ARE LOGARITHMS?

Logarithm is a Greek word

Log is power
Understanding Logarithms

Logos means how many there are

log28 = 3 to get 8
How many 2s are
multiplied together
Arithmos means number

23 =8 2
Logarithm originally means
how many numbers
Want FREE RESOURCES on this topic? See LOGARITHMS (MUSIC VIDEO) For more resources, see MathsMethods.com.au
 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see SKETCHING LOGS AND EXPONENTIALS

y = -3e(2x + 1) – 2 y = loge(-2x + 4) – 3
Sketching Logs and Exponentials
1) Find any reflections 1) Find any reflections
reflected in x-axis reflected in y-axis

2) Find asymptote 2) Find asymptote

y = -2 (-2x+4) = 0 x=2

3) Find intercepts 3) Find intercepts x-intercept, y = 0

y-intercept, x = 0 no x-intercepts y-intercept, x = 0 0 = loge(-2x + 4) – 3
y = -3e2x + 1 – 2 y = loge(4) – 3 3 = loge(-2x + 4)
y = -3e2(0) + 1 – 2 e3 = -2x + 4
y = -3e1 – 2 x = -½(e3 – 4)

4) Domain R, Range (C, ∞) 4) Domain (asymptote, ∞), Range R)

Domain R, Range (-∞, -2) Domain (-∞, 2), Range R
x=2
y = -2
(-½(e3 – 4), 0) (0, loge(4) – 3 )

(0, -3e – 2) For more resources, see

MathsMethods.com.au

Want FREE RESOURCES on this topic? See SKETCHING LOGS AND EXPONENTIALS
 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see DEFINITIONS OF SIN AND COS and THE UNIT CIRCLE

SOH CAH TOA In a unit circle, hypotenuse always = 1

𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛉𝛉 = Length of 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉 = Length of 𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀

5 y y
Sin, Cos and Tan Definitions

3
θ
sin(θ)
4 θ
x
θ
x
cos(θ)
Length of 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎 𝟑𝟑
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛉𝛉 = =
Length of 𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇 𝟓𝟓 Tangent is a line which touches a tan(θ) is the length of the tangent,
circle only at one point. cut off by the x axis and the radius.

Length of 𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 𝟒𝟒 y
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉 = =
Length of 𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇 𝟓𝟓

tan(θ)
Length of 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎 𝟑𝟑 tangent θ
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛉𝛉 = =
Length of 𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 𝟒𝟒 x
Want FREE RESOURCES on this topic? See SIN, COS AND TAN (FREE VIDEO) For more resources, see MathsMethods.com.au
 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see PROVING EXACT VALUES
Angle sin(θ) cos(θ) tan(θ)
𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏
𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟏𝟏 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟎𝟎
𝟔𝟔 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
Exact Values

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏

𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐
𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏 30° 60° 45°
𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭(𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒) = 𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑) = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔) =
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝝅𝝅 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑
𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏

90° 90° 90°

𝝅𝝅
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 undefined 𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗) = 𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗) = 𝟎𝟎 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐧𝐧 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 =undefined
For more resources, see MathsMethods.com.au
 Graphing SIN or COS in two different forms Graphing TAN
Covered in detail in video tutorials, see SKETCHING SIN, COS & TAN
Sketching Sin, Cos and Tan Graphs

y = Asin(k(x – b)) y = Asin(kx) + c y = Atan(k(x – b)) + c

1. Draw in starting point and amplitude 1. Draw in vertical translation and A 1. Draw in starting point (b, c)
𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅
𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅 2. Period = =
2. Period = = 𝝅𝝅 2. Period = = 𝝅𝝅 𝒌𝒌 𝟐𝟐
𝒌𝒌 𝒌𝒌
3. Divide period into 2
3. Divide period into 4 3. Write in period and divide it by 4
4. Add and subtract this to starting point
4. Add and subtract this to starting point 4. Find intercepts (see next page)
5. Draw in asymptotes
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 = 3sin2 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 = 3cos(2𝑥𝑥) + 1 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦= =
3tan
3tan(2𝑥𝑥 − ) + +
2 𝑥𝑥 − 11
4 44
3 4

1
0
𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝟑𝟑𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅
𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒
-3 -2
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 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see FINDING THE DERIVATIVE
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Derivative of 𝒙𝒙 = ×
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
is exactly the same as

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟓𝟓𝒙𝒙𝟒𝟒 𝒇𝒇′ 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟓𝟓𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 = 𝒇𝒇𝒇(𝒈𝒈 𝒙𝒙 ) × 𝒈𝒈𝒈 𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
1. Multiply the 𝒙𝒙 by the power
2. Minus one from the power Chain Rule (short version)
Finding 𝒇𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)

1. Derive outside function

2. Multiply it by derivative of the inside function
𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 = any number 𝒇𝒇′ 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎
𝟓𝟓
𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 − 𝟓𝟓
example 1. 𝟑𝟑
𝟓𝟓 × 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟓𝟓
𝟒𝟒

𝟐𝟐
𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓 − 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏 − 𝟒𝟒 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟒𝟒
2. = 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 − 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 −
𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒇𝒇′ 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟔𝟔𝒙𝒙𝟒𝟒 − × 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙 𝟑𝟑 + −𝟏𝟏 × 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙−𝟐𝟐 + 𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟑

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 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see TYPES OF STATIONARY POINTS and HOW TO FIND STATIONARY POINTS
Stationary point means where How to find stationary points 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝟏𝟏
the gradient of the curve is zero. 1. Find 𝒇𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝟎𝟎 and solve for x
𝒇𝒇′ 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎

2. Sub 𝒙𝒙 value into 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 Stationary point

Stationary Points

𝒇𝒇 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟐(𝟎𝟎)𝟑𝟑 +𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 at (𝟎𝟎, 𝟏𝟏)

𝒇𝒇′ 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎 3. To find type: Sub in two 𝒙𝒙 values (before and after the S.P.)
𝒇𝒇′ −𝟏𝟏 = 𝟔𝟔(−𝟏𝟏)𝟐𝟐 = 𝟔𝟔 𝒇𝒇′ 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟔𝟔(𝟏𝟏)𝟐𝟐 = 𝟔𝟔
Types of S.P positive positive

It is a point of infection (see diagram below)

Minimum Point of

Maximum inflexion
𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒇𝒇′ 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑

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 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see KINEMATICS – VELOCITY, ACCELERATION AND STUFF EQUATIONS
Instantaneous means gradient
Kinematics is the subject Distance means how far one point on the curve
about how objects move something has moved 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙 = displacement
𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
𝒅𝒅𝒙𝒙
= velocity Displacement means how 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
far away something is
Kinematics

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= acceleration 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒙𝒙 𝒕𝒕
2 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
Average means
𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
two points on the curve
𝒕𝒕
Differentiate  1 2 3
-1
instantaneous 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 velocity
=
𝒙𝒙 time 0 1 2 3 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 Distance 0 2 4 5 average 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
=
 Antidifferentiate Displacement 0 2 0 -1 velocity 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
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 Covered in detail in video tutorials, see RANDOM VARIABLES and DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
Discrete Random Variable is a letter that represents an Example: 10 balls in a bag: 4 blue and 6 orange
outcome in terms of countable numbers
If picking 3 balls at a time (with
Discrete Random Variables

Usually use capital letter 𝐗𝐗 replacement), what is probability

of only getting one blue ball?
Races won (out of 3) Sum of a die when rolling 3 times

𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 𝐗𝐗 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 𝐗𝐗 = 𝟖𝟖 Outcome X Pr(X)

BBB 3 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.4 = 0.064
BBO 2 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.6 = 0.096
BOB 2 0.4 × 0.6 × 0.4 = 0.096
OBB 2 0.6 × 0.4 × 0.4 = 0.096
OOB 1 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.4 = 0.144
OBO 1 0.6 × 0.4 × 0.6 = 0.144
A few rules BOO 1 0.4 × 0.6 × 0.6 = 0.144

If you add all the 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 𝐗𝐗 , it will = 1 OOO 0 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.6 = 0.216

𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 𝐗𝐗 = 𝒙𝒙 is always positive and never larger than 1

Pr 𝐗𝐗 = 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
To find 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 𝒂𝒂 ≤ 𝐗𝐗 ≤ 𝐛𝐛 , just add up all 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏(𝐗𝐗) from 𝒂𝒂 to 𝒃𝒃
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