EXPERIMENT 6

Experinment
Aim ofthe Amoeba and (b) budding in Yeast with the
binary fission in
To study (a) help of the
slides.

Materials Required
prepared
Domenent slides of budding of Yeast and binary fission in Amoeba
compound
Procedure
microscope.
Observe the slides under the microscope and comment on them

Observations
(A) Asexual reproduction by budding:
Mother
cel
1. One side of the yeast cell (mother cell) gets ballooned
and a bud appears on it.
Bud

2 The size of this bud increases gradually.

3. By mitosis, the nucleus and cytoplasm divide, and one

part of it shifts into the bud.

4. Gradually, this enlarged bud separates from its mother

cell due to construction of the cell wall.

5. This new yeast cell is formed by budding.

>Daughter
cells

6
These yeast cells show budding and a chain of buds
can be seen. This chain is called 'pseudomycelium.
showing budding
Fig. 6(a) Stages

8
 IIN
Asexual reproduction by
B)
Amoeba cell shows binary fission:
1 lengthwise increase in its size.
Nuclear and cytoplasmic
2.
furrow appears in the division take place by
3
A
centre of the means of
mitosis.
divides
Mother cell into two mother cell.
4
After some time, these daughter cells by binary
fission.
5.
daughter cells become full
developed Amoeba.

Cytoplasm Furrow
Nucleus
Mother cell
B
A

Daughter cell

Fig. 6b) Stages showing binary

E
fission in Amoeba.

ConcluAsexual
sion
Process of binary reproduction
fssion in
in the yeast cell takes
place by the process of budding and by the
Amoeba.
 EXPERIMENT 4
Aim of the Experiment
(a) To observe the action of aluminium, zinc. iron and copper metals on the roilowing
salt solutions:
Al,(S0,),(aq) ii. ZnS0, (aq) iii. FeS0, (aq) iv. CuSO, (aq)
(b) Arrange Al, Zn, Fe and Cu metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on
the above results.

Materials Required
Measuring cylinder, boiling tubes, stand, beaker, sand paper, four pieces of zinc, iron,
copper and aluminium strips, aq. solutions of aluminium sulphate, zinc sulphate, iron
sulphate and copper sulphate.
Theory
The series in which the metals are arranged in the decreasing order of their reactivity
is called as metal activity series. Metals lying above in the activity series displace metals
which are lying below in their metal activity from their salt solutions.
Reactivity of metals is compared with hydrogen. A more reactive metal can displace a
less reactive metal from their aqueous solution. The reaction is known as a simple
displacement reaction.
Procedure
1. Take all metal strips. Clean them with sandpaper and place them on clean and
dry filter paper.
2. Take four boiling tubes and mark them as A, B, C, and D.
3. Pour 25 ml of aluminium sulphate, zinc sulphate, ferrous sulphate and copper
sulphate into the boiling tubes labelled A, B, C, and D respectively.
4. Dip pure aluminium strips in all the four boiling tubes for about 30 to 45 minutes.
5. Observe the deposition of metals on the strips. Record the observations.
6. Repeat procedure in the step (4) and step (5) with different metal strips.
Observations
Pure metal Solutions of metal salts

Al,(S0,), (A) ZnSO, (B) FeSO, (C) CuSO, (D)

Al No reaction Displacement Displacement Displacement

No reaction
Zn
Fe No reaction

Cu No reaction
Conclusion
reactive element.
their salt solutions, So Al is the most
L. Al displaces all the metals from
Cu 1s
Al. Zn and Fe from its salt solution. So,
Z. Cu is displaced by all the metals
the least reactive element.

The reactivity series for metals is

Al Zn Fe Cu

Precautions
1 The metal strips should be cleaned properly.
2. For the preparation of solutions use only distilled
water.
 EXPERIMENT3

Aim of the
Experiment
To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap 1n soft and hard watas

Materials Required
Soap, distilled water, hard water (if hard water is not available in your locality
calciumprepareand
some hard water by
dissolving hydrogen carbonates/ sulphates / chlorides of
magnesium in water), test tubes.

Theory
A soap molecule has a polar part
consisting of COONa called polar end and a non-nolow
part consisting of a long chain of 12-18 carbon
atoms called hydrocarbon end. The polar end ie
water soluble whereas hydrocarbon part is
water repellent or oil soluble. When an oily
piece of cloth is put into soap (dirte)
itself to the oily dirt and the solution, the hydrocarbon part of the
- CO0 end orients soap molecule attaches
solution arrange themselves around the itself towards water. The Na ions in
formed entraps the oily dirt. The CO0 ions. The negatively charged micelle s0
negatively charged
electrostatic repulsion. Therefore, the tiny oily dirt micelles repel each other due to the
away in water during
rinsing. particles not come
do
together and washed
Soap mnicelle
Soap solution
Dirt

-Oil droplet
Soap micelle
Fig. 3(a)
Procedure Cleansing action of soap. Soap
1. Take about 10 ml of micelles
entrap the oily dirt
tubewell hand-pump) distilled particles
in test water
or in test
2. Add a couple of tube B. tube 'A' and 10 ml of water (from a
hard
3.
Shake the test drops of soap solution to both.
tubes
foam formed. vigorously for an equal period of time and amount of
70 observe the
4. In which test tube do you get more foam?
5. In which test tube do you observe a white curdy precipitate?

Fig. 3(b) Test tube A - Soap in distilled Fig. 3(c) Test tube B- Soap in hard water
water gives lather does not give laiher

Observations

S No. Test tube Observation Inference

1. A Soap gives lather A soap gets decomposed to give off

free higher fatty acid, which remains
sticking to the clothes.
2. B Soap does not Due to the presence of Ca' and Mg*
give lather. ions, soap gives insoluble fats of
calcium and magnesium salts of fatty
acids, called scum stick to the clothes
and make their cleaning difficult.
 EXPERIMENT L0
of an embryo of a dicot seed!
To identify the different parts

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Dicot seeds (gram, pea, rajma, etc), petri dish, forceps, needle, hand lens or dissecting
microscope and cotton cloth/wool.

THEORY/PRINCIPLE
The Seed
In plants, the process of fertilisation leads to formation of fruits which is the ripened ovary. It
contains seed (one or many) which is a mature ovule.
Aseed has following parts,i.e. a hilum, seed coat, an embryo andan endosperm. Hilum is
the scar present on the seed coat, found atached to the plant stalk. Seed coat is the outer
covering of the plant, it protects and nourishes the embryo present within the seed.
The embryo is formed by multiple divisions of the zygote. It is an immature plant which grows
when appropriate conditions are present.
Anembryo contains following parts:
(a) A radicle It forms the root system of the developing
(b) A plumule It constitutes the embryonic shoot
embryo.
plumule. system, i.e. new shoots arise from the
(c) The cotyledons The green, fleshy
leaves of the embryo which forms the
nutrients especially proteins and starch for providing storehouse of
embryo. nutrients to the developing
Classification of Seed
On the basis of number of
into two types (as shown incotyledons
Fig. 1).
present in aseed, the angioSperm plants are
classitieo
Plants
Angiosperms
On the basis of
number of cotyledonsGymnosperms
Monocots
Plants with seeds having Dicots
only one cotyledon Plants with seeds
Fig. 1 two cotyledonshaving
Classification of seed
 oed is attached by a Scar like
structure called hilum tothe inner line of the fruit. A pore
like
structure. micropyle is present at one end of the hilum.
the water
and under other favourable Through this pore, the seeds take up
developinto asmall, immature conditions like air, temperature and light, the seedlings
germination. embryonic plant from the seed coat. This process is called as
The process of germination involves:
(a) Swelling of seeds and development of plumule into shoots.
(b) Roots start rising fromthe radicle of the seed.
i Cotvledons torms; one in case of
monocots and two in case of dicots.
Inangiosperms, a tisSue called endosperm is present which also contains
nutrients for growing
embryo. On the basis of endospermic tissue, seeds are lassified as:
o Endospermic seeds The presence of endosperm in mature seeds.
Monocots have
these seeds, e.g. wheat and maize.
fi) Non-endospermic seeds The absence of endosperm in mature seeds (because
endosperm has been used during seed development). Dicots have such kind of seeds,
e.g. pea and gram.

PROCEDURE
1. Take about 25-30 seeds of gram (Cicer arietinum).
2 Soak these seeds in water for germination for 3-4 days by placing them on a moist cotton
cloth.
3. After 3-4 days, select a few well germinated seeds and place them in a petri dish.
4. Swiftly select one seed and remove the seed coat using a forcep and a needle.
5. Separate,very gently, the two parts of the seeds.
dissecting microscope, take
6. Study the different parts of seeds, using a hand lens. In case of
the embryo out, place it in water and study its structure.
7. Record your observations and make well labelled diagrams.

OBSERVATION
showed following features:
10
Ine germinating seeds when split open, be
coloured covering called seed coat (testa) which can
I. Ihe gram seed has a brown 10th
seeds.
Separated very easily from germinating through
found present at the grooved sides of the seeds. It is a pore, Class
C.Amicropyle is coat, thus starting the process of
germination.
which water enters the seed radicle and a
seeds will have an intact, small embryo, with a sCIENCE
O. Gently teased apart mature embryo appears as given
in Fig. 2.
plumule emerging from it. A
Point of attachment
Plumule of cotyledon Manual
Epicotyl Tigellum
Hilum -Hypocotyl Laboratory
Radicle

Micropyle -Seed coat

Seed coat -Cotyledon

(b) parts
mature embryo with its
(a) whole seed (b) A
Lateral view of
Fig. 2 Bean seed (a)
 plumule andthe radicle part of the embryo,
"*. Tne part present between the called as embryonicaxis or tigellum.
I.e. the middle portion of the seed is
portion between plumule and the attachment point of cotyledons is knownas epicohl
O. Tne the attachment point of cOtyledons is called
a
and the point between the radicle and
epicotyl and hypocotyl.
nypocotyl. Thus the embryonic axis bears both axie
are broad, fleshy leaf-like structure of the seeds attached with embryonal
O Tne COtyledons to be the sOurce of the reserve food materials
tWO in numbers (dicot), These are said
necessary for the germination of seeds.
and root systems of the seed respectivelv.
7. The plumule and radicles form the shoot
plumule give rise to shoots and radicle give rise to roots, thus developing into a new plant.
1.e.
RESULT in
observed, hence the gram is a dicot seed. It is brown
On observation, two cotyledons were
colour and may be smooth or wrinkled in appearance.
seed coat. The embryo has plumule, radicle
It contains a small embryonic plant within its
cotyledons (two in number) and tigellum.

PRECAUTIONS
Choose healthy seeds for the experiment.
appropriate availability of necessary
Before placing the seeds for germination, ensure
conditions/requirements
moist.
Cloth used should be clean and
Use only properly germinated seeds.
the embryo can break.
While opening the seeds, be gentle otherwise