SET

LECTURE NOTES

Allen Career Institute Kota

FTP DIVISION -PMC BUILDING

 AIEEE
LECTURES NOTES SET (VERSION-2)

(I ) NUMBER SYSTEM :
(i) Natural Numbers : (N) = {1, 2, 3....}
(ii) Wh ole Num bers : (W) = {0, 1, 2, 3.....}
( i i i ) Integers : (Z or I) = {........–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3.....}

( I +) (I–) (I 0)
{1, 2, 3 .... } {....–3, –2, –1} {....–2, –1, 1, 2....}
Pos itive In tege rs Neg ative Intege rs Non-zero In tege rs

(I – I + ) (I – I – )
{.... –2, –1, 0} {0, 1, 2,....}
Non-pos itive In tege rs Non-neg ative Intege rs

(iv) Ra t ional Numbers : (Q) A number which can be expressed in form of p/q.

p
Q , p, q R, q 0
q

2 1 0
Ex. , , , 1.5, 1.33.....
3 2 1
Terminating decimal no. are rational no.
Non terminating repeating decimal no. are rational no.

p
E x . 1 Convert in form of
q

(i) 1.33..... (ii) 1.23 (iii) 2.37 (iv) 3.425 (v) 2.5712

(v) Ir rat ional Numbers : (Q c ) Non terminating non repeating decimal number are irrational number.

QC { 2, 5, , e.....}

Napier constant

(vi) R ea l Nu mber s (R ) : Q Qc
(vii) Prime Numbers : A number which is divisible by '1' or itself is called prime no. eg. 2,3,5,7,11,.....
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

( v ii i ) Tw in Prime Numbers : Two prime number is said to be tw in if their differenece is '2'

(ix) Coprime Numbers : Two natural numbers are comprime if their H.C.F. is '1'

eg. (1, 2) (3, 4) (5, 6)

(x) Compos ite Number s : A number that has more than two divisor.

4 6
Ex. 6
1 2 4 1 2 3

2 E
 MATHEMATICS
Remember :
Sum of rational and irrational no. is irrational.
Two prime no. is always coprime but converse need not true.
'1' is neither prime nor composite.
'2' is only even prime number.
'4' is smallest composite number.
Square root of positive number is always positive.
Only prime number having difference is '1' is (3,2)
If sum of square of 2 or more real number is zero then all these numbers must be equal '0'.
x2 + y 2 = 0 x, y R
x = 0 and y = 0
E x . 1 If (x – 1) + (y – 2) 2 + (z – 3) 2 = 0. Then x + y + z = ?
2

S o l . it is true only when

x – 1 = 0, y – 2 = 0, z – 3 = 0
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
x + y + z = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6

E x . 2 If x 2 x 3 0 x R Then x ?
S o l . It is true only when

x2 = 0 and x 3= 0
x = 0 and x – 3 = 0
x = 3
So no such value of 'x' which satisfy to these equation.
(II) INDICES
(i) x° = 1 x R0
(ii) x m . x n = x m+ n

(iii) x m ÷ x n = x m–n

m 1
(iv) x
xm

(v) (x m ) n = x mn
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

(vi) n
a (a)1/ n

(vii) n
anb n
ab

n
a n
a
(viii) n
b b

(ix) m n
a mn
a (a)1 / mn

E 3
 AIEEE
7 5
4 5
Ex.1 ?
5 4

7 5 7 5 2
4 4 4 4 16
Sol. = =
5 5 5 5 25

1
3
Ex.2 64 2 =?

1
1 1 1 1 1
2
Sol. 3 =
64 2
(64) 3 (64) 3 2 (64) 6

1 1
6 6
6
6 1
1
= (2 ) 2 2
2

Ex.3 3
9x 92 . Then x = ?

x 2 x 2 4
Sol. (9) 2 93 x=
2 3 3

Ex.4 If ax = b, by = c, cz = a, where a,b,c are distinct numbers then value of xyz.

Sol. We have,

axyz = (ax)yz

axyz = (b)yz [ ax = b]

axyz = (by)z

axyz = cz [ by = c]

axyz = a [ cz = a]

axyz = a1

xyz = 1

Ex.5 3x – 1.2x + 1 = 24, then value of x is.

D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

33 x 1
Sol. ·2 24
3

2·3 x ·2 x = 2 3 × 3 2

(6) x = (6) 2

x = 2

4 E
 MATHEMATICS

3 2
Ex.6 a b 2 . Then value of 'a' and 'b'.
3 2

3 2 3 2
Sol.
3 2 3 2
(3 2)2 9 6 2 2 11 6 2 11 6 2
= = = =
9 2 7 7 7 7
11 6
a = , b =
7 7

1
E x . 7 If x = 3 8 , Then value of x is
x
2
1 1
Sol. x x 2
x x

1 3 8
= (3 8) 2 = + 1 – 8
(3 8) 9 8

= 3 + 8 + 1 – 8
= 4

1
x 2
x

( I II ) REM AINDER T HEOR EM

If f(x) be a polynomial and of x – a is one of factor of f(x), then remainder is f(a).
E x . 1 x3 + ax2 + 6x – a is divided by x + a
S o l . Let p(x) = x3 – ax2 + 6x – a
p(a) = a 3 – a(a) 2 + 6(a) – a
= a 3 – a 3 + 6a – a = 5a
So, by the Remainder theorem, remainder = 5a

POLYNOMIAL

Linear Quadratic Cubic

ax + b ax2 + bx + c ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
a 0, degree (1) a 0, degree (2) a 0, degree (3)
E x . 2 If polynomial ax3 + 4x2 +3x – 4 and x2 – 4x + a leaves same remainder when divided by (x – 3). Find 'a'
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

S o l . Let p(x) = ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4

q(x) = x2 – 4x + a
p(x) and q(x) divided by (x – 3) and gives same remainder, then
p(3) =q(3)
27a + 36 + 9 – 4 = 9 – 12 + a
26a = – 44

22
a=
13

E 5
 AIEEE
(IV) FACTORIZATION :
(a) (a ± b) 2 = a 2 ± 2ab + b 2 = (a b) 2 ± 4ab
(b) a2 – b 2 = (a+b) (a–b)
(c) (a+b) 3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3ab(a+b)
(d) (a–b) 3 = a 3–b 3 – 3ab (a–b)
(e) a 3 + b 3 = (a +b) (a 2–ab + b 2) = (a + b) 3 – 3ab(a+b)
(f) a3 – b 3 = (a–b) (a 2 + ab + b 2) = (a – b) 3 + 3ab(a–b)
(g) (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(h) a3 + b 3 + c 3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc – ca)

1
= (a + b + c){(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2}
2
E x . 1 (3x – y)2 – (2x – 3y)2
S o l . Use a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)
(3x – y)2 – (2x – 3y)2 = (3x – y + 2x – 3y) (3x – y – 2x + 3y)
= (5x – 4y) (x + 2y)
E x . 2 a 6 – b6
S o l . a6 – b6 = (a2)3 – (b2)3
= (a2 – b2) (a4 + a2b2 + b4)
= (a – b) (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) (a2 + ab + b2)
E x . 3 9x4 – 10x2 + 1
S o l . 9x4 – 10x2 + 1 = (9x2 – 1) (x2 – 1 )
= (3x – 1) (3x + 1) (x – 1) (x + 1)
E x . 4 x3 – 13x – 12
S o l . x3 – 13x – 12 x = –1 satisfies given expression
x + 1 is a factor
2
x +1 x3 – 13x – 12 x – x – 12
x3 + x 2
2
–x – 13x – 12
2
–x – x
–12x – 12
–12x – 12
0

x3 – 13x – 12 = (x + 1) (x2 – x – 12)

= (x + 1) (x – 4) (x + 3)
E x . 5 8x3 + y3 + 27z3 – 18xyz
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

S o l . 8x3 + y3 + 27z3 – 18xyz = (2x)3 + (y)3 + (3z)3 – 3(2x) (y) (3z)

= (2x + y + 3z) (4x2 + y2 + 9z2 – 2xy – 6xz – 3yz)
Do You r s elf:
1. Factorize x2 – 2x – 3
2. Square root of 16 + 252 is –

(p q)3 (q r)3 (r p)3

3. ?
(p q)(q r)(r p)

6 E
 MATHEMATICS
(V ) RATIO AND PROPOR ATION :

a c
If = , then
b d
a+b c+d
(i) = (Componendo)
b d
a–b c–d
(ii) = (Dividendo)
b d
a+b c+d
(iii) = (Componendo and dividendo)
a–b c–d
a a+c a–c
(iv) = = .
b b+d b–d

a c e 1a 2c 3e...
(v) ...... , where ......... are real numbers
b d f 1b 2d 3 f...
3

1
a c e an n
c e n n
(vi) If ......, then each ratio =
b d f bn dn f n
E x . 1 Two positive numbers are in the ratio of 4 : 5. If the difference between these numbers is 24, then find the
numbers.
S o l . Here a = 4, b = 5 and x = 24.

ax 4 24
The first number = = = 96.
b a 5 4

bx 5 24
and the second number = = = 120.
b a 5 4
(VI) INTERVALS : If there are two number a, b R such that a < b
(a) Open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
(b) Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a x b} i.e. end points are also included.
(c) Semi open or semi closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x b} ; [a, b) = {x : a x < b}
(d) Infinite intervals :
(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x a}
(iii) (– , b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (– , b] = {x : x b}
(v) (– , ) = R
( V I I ) Modulus Function :
x x 0
y = x
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

x x 0
graph

y =x y = –x y = |x|

E 7
 AIEEE
Proper t y : (i) if |x|= a then x = ±a
(ii) |x|2 = x2
(iii) |x| = |–x|
(iv) |x · y|=|x|·|y|
(v) |x ± y| |x| ± |y|

(VIII) SET THEORY

A group of well defind object is called set.
Ex. A = {2, 3, 5, 7....} Set of prime no.
B = {0, 1, 2, 3....} Set of whole no.

Representation

Roaster Form Set Builder Form

A = {1, 2, 3, 4} , P = {x : x N, x 5}
(1) Order of set
(2) Types of set :
Null set or Empty set : A set having no element in it is called an Empty set or a null set or void set it is denoted by
or { }
Ex. A = {x N : 5 < x < 6} =
A set consisting of at least one element is called a non-empty set or a non-void set.

Singleton : A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.

Ex. Then set {0}, is a singleton set
Finite Set : A set which has only finite number of elements is called a finite set.
Ex. A = {a, b, c}
Order of a finite set : The number of elements in a finite set is called the order of the set A and is
denoted O(A) or n(A). It is also called cardinal number of the set.
Ex. A = {a, b, c, d} n(A) = 4
Infinite set : A set which has an infinite number of elements is called an infinite set.
Ex. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....} is an infinite set
Equal sets : Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A is a member of B, and every
element of B is a member of A.
Ex. A = {1, 2, 6, 7} and B = {6, 1, 2, 7} A = B
Equ ivale nt s ets : Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their number of elements are same
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

i. e. n(A) = n(B)
Ex. A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {a, b, c, d}
n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 4 n(A) = n(B)
Note : Equal set always equivalent but equivalent sets may not be equal
Subsets and Superset : Let A and B be two sets if every element of A is an element B, then A is called
a subset of B and B is called superset of A, if A is a subset of B. we write A B
Exa mple : A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} A B

8 E
 MATHEMATICS
Proper subset : If A is a subset of B and A B then A is a proper subset of B. and we write A B

The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2n

Number of proper subsets of a set having n elements is 2n–1.
Empty set is proper subset of every set except itself.

Universal set : A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the discussion is called a Universal set
and is denoted by U
Note : All sets are contained in the universal set
Ex. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7} then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken as the
Universal set.

Power set : Let A be any set. The set of all subsets of A is called power set of A and is denoted by P(A)
Ex.1 Let A = {1, 2} then P(A) = { , {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}
Ex.2 Let P( ) = { }
P(P( )) = { , { }}
P(P(P( )) = { , { }, {{ }}, { , { }}
Note-1 : If A = then P(A) has one element
Note-2 : Power set of a given set is always non empty

OP ER AT IONS OF S ET S :
(a) Union of sets : It is represented by A B or A + B and contain all these element which are in A or in
B or in both.
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3} B = {2, 3, 4, 5}
A B

A B
A B = { x ; x A or x B }
(b) Intersection of sets : It represented by A B and contains all these element which are common in A
and B both
e.g. A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {c, d, e, f}
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

A B

A B
A B = { x ; x A and x B }

E 9
 AIEEE
(c ) Difference of sets : It is represented by A–B and contain all these element which are in A not in B.
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5}

A B A B

A – B B – A
(d) Sym metric Diffe renc e of S et s :
A B = (A – B) (B – A)

A B

A B

(e) Complement of a set : It is denoted by A'

A' = {x : x U but x A} = U – A

(f) Disjoint Set: If A B = , Then A, B are disjoint.

A B

A B=
E x . 1 If U = {1, 2, 3, 4,......,8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {2, 4, 6, 8} C = {3, 4, 5, 7}
Then find –
(1) A' (2) (A C)' (3) (B – C)' (4) (A B)'
S o l . (1) A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
U = {1, 2, 3, 4,......,8, 9}
A' = U – A = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(2) A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {3, 4, 5, 7}
A C = {3, 4}
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

(A C)' = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(3) A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {3, 4, 5, 7}
B – C = {2, 6, 8}
(B – C)' = {1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
(4) A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
(A B)' = {5, 7, 9}
Do your s elf :
Q. Draw venn diagram of following:
(1) (A B)' (2) A' B' (3) A' B'

10 E
 MATHEMATICS
Algebra of S et :
(i) Commutative : A B = B A ; A B = B A
(i i) Associative : (A B) C = A (B C) ; (A B) C = A (B C)
(ii i) Distributive : A (B C) = (A B) (A C) ; A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(i v) De-Morgen's Law : (A B)' = A' B' ; (A B)' = A' B'
(v) (A')' = A
(v i) A = A, A = ,A U = U, A U= A

(vi i) A B A B'
B A B A'

A (B C) (A B) (A C)
(viii)
A (B C) (A B) (A C)
(ix) n(A–B) = n(A) – n(A B)
n(B–A) = n(B) – n(A B)
(x ) n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) – n (A B)
if A B =
n(A + B) = n(A) + n(B)
(xi) n(A B C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A B) – n(B C) – n(A C) + n(A B C)
Ex.1 In a group 50 people, 35 speak hindi, 25 speak both hindi and english and all people atleast one of two languages.
How many people speak english.
Ans. 4 0

H E 50
10 25 15
Sol.

n(H) = 35, n(H E) = 25, n(H E) = 50

n(E) = n(H E) – n(H) + n(H E)
= 50 – 35 + 25 = 40
Ex.2 In a survey of 400 student, 100 were taking apple juice, 150 take orange juice and 75 were take both apple and
orange juice find how many were taking neither apple nor orange juice?
Ans. 225

400
25 75 75
Sol.
A B
D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

n(A) = 100, n(O) = 150, n(A O) = 75

neither apple nor orange = n(A O)'
= U – (n(A) + n(O) – n(A O))
= 400 – (100 + 150 – 75) = 225
Ex.3 In a group of 65 people, 40 like cricket, 10 like both cricket and tennis. how many like tennis only and not. Cricket?
How many like tennis?
Ans. 25, 35

E 11
 AIEEE

65
30 10 25
Sol.
C T

n(C) = 40, n(C T) = 10, n(C T) = 65

n(T) = n(C T) – n(C) + n(C T)
= 65 – 40 + 10 = 35
n(T C') = n(T) – n(T C) = 35 – 10 = 25
Ex.4 For two set A and B (A B)' (A' B) is equal
(1) A' (2) A (3) B' (4) B

D:\TEACHING NOTES-2017-18\MATHS\VERSION-2\34 Set\Set.p65

12 E