Gramática básica de inglés

Unit 1: Present Simple

What is Present Simple?
How to Form the Present Simple:
Difference Between “There Is” and “There Are”:
Exercises
Unit 2: Present Continuous
What is Present Continuous?
How to Form the Present Continuous:
Distinguishing Between Present Simple and Present Continuous:
Exercises
Unit 3: Some vs. Any, Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns
Some vs. Any:
Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns:
“How Much” vs. “How Many”:
Exercises
Unit 4: Past Simple of Regular Verbs
How to Form the Past Simple:
When to Use the Past Simple:
Examples:
Exercises
Unit 5: Past Simple of Irregular Verbs
When to Use the Past Simple (Irregular Verbs):
Examples:
Exercises
Unit 6 - The Verb “Can”
Special Forms of “Can”:
Exercises
Unit 7 - Past Continuous
How to Form the Past Continuous:
When to Use Past Continuous:
Examples:
Using Past Simple and Past Continuous Together
Exercises
Unit 8 - Modal Verbs
Exercises
Unit 9 - Future Tenses
1. Future with “Will”
2. Future with “Going To”
3. Negative Sentences with “Will” and “Going To”
4. Questions with “Will” and “Going To”
Exercises
Unit 10 - Present Perfect
1. How to Form the Present Perfect
 2. Negative Sentences with “Have” and “Has”
3. Questions with “Have” and “Has”
4. When to Use the Past Simple and the Present Simple
5. Time Particles Associated with Present Perfect
Exercises

Unit 1: Present Simple

La Unidad 1 trata sobre el Presente Simple. Este tiempo verbal se utiliza para hablar de
acciones habituales, verdades generales o eventos que ocurren regularmente. Aquí tienes
una breve explicación:

● Presente Simple:
○ Uso: Utilizamos el presente simple para hablar de:
■ Acciones habituales o rutinas.
■ Hechos o verdades generales.
■ Eventos que ocurren regularmente.

What is Present Simple?

The Present Simple tense is used to talk about things that happen regularly or are
generally true. It’s like a snapshot of the present. We use it to describe routines,
habits, facts, and permanent situations.

How to Form the Present Simple:

1. Affirmative Sentences (Positive):

○ For most verbs, add -s to the base form of the verb for the third person
singular (he, she, it).
■ Example:
■ I play with my toys.
■ You play with your toys.
■ He plays with his toys.
■ She plays with her toys.
■ It plays with its toys.
■ We play with our toys.
■ You guys play with your toys.
■ They play with their toys.
2. Negative Sentences:
○ Use the auxiliary verb “do” (in the present tense) + not + base form of
the verb.
■ Example:
 ■ I do not (don’t) like vegetables.
■ You do not (don’t) like vegetables.
■ He does not (doesn’t) like vegetables.
■ She does not (doesn’t) like vegetables.
■ It does not (doesn’t) like vegetables.
■ We do not (don’t) like vegetables.
■ You guys do not (don’t) like vegetables.
■ They do not (don’t) like vegetables.
3. Questions:
○ Use the auxiliary verb “do” (in the present tense) + the base form of the
verb.
■ Example:
■ Do I play outside?
■ Do you play outside?
■ Does he play outside?
■ Does she play outside?
■ Does it play outside?
■ Do we play outside?
■ Do you guys play outside?
■ Do they play outside?

Difference Between “There Is” and “There Are”:

● Use “there is” for singular nouns (one thing).

○ Example: “There is a cat in the garden.”
● Use “there are” for plural nouns (more than one thing).
○ Example: “There are flowers in the vase.”

Exercises

Exercise 1: Conjugation

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in the present simple
tense:

1. She __________ (play) tennis every Sunday.

2. They __________ (study) English at the language school.
3. He __________ (watch) TV in the evenings.
4. We __________ (go) to the gym twice a week.
5. Maria __________ (work) as a nurse in the local hospital.

Exercise 2: Adding “s” for the Third Person

Rewrite the following sentences, adding the correct “s” to the verb for the third
person singular:

1. I eat breakfast every morning. → He __________ breakfast every morning.

 2. She reads novels in her free time. → He __________ novels in his free time.
3. They write emails to their friends. → She __________ emails to her friends.
4. Tom plays the guitar after dinner. → Tom __________ the guitar after dinner.
5. The cat sleeps on the windowsill. → The cat __________ on the windowsill.

Exercise 3: There Is vs. There Are (Negative and Questions)

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences:

1. ________ a cat on the roof. a) There is b) There are

2. ________ two apples in the basket. a) There is b) There are
3. ________ a book on the table. a) There is b) There are
4. ________ some interesting books in the library. a) There is b) There are
5. ________ a lot of people at the party. a) There is b) There are
6. ________ any milk left in the fridge? a) Is there b) Are there
7. ________ enough chairs for everyone in the room? a) Is there b) Are there
8. ________ any coffee shops open late in this neighborhood? a) Is there b) Are
there
9. ________ any mistakes in your essay? a) Is there b) Are there
10. ________ any good movies playing at the cinema tonight? a) Is there b) Are
there
11. ________ a swimming pool in their backyard? a) Is there b) Are there
12. ________ any clouds in the sky today? a) Is there b) Are there

Unit 2: Present Continuous

La Unidad 2 se centra en el Presente Continuo (o Present Continuous en inglés).
Aquí tienes una explicación en español:

● Presente Continuo:
○ Uso: El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar de acciones que están
ocurriendo en el momento actual o alrededor del momento en que se
habla. También se emplea para describir situaciones temporales o
eventos que están sucediendo en el presente.
○ Formación:
■ Se forma con el verbo “to be” (am, is, are) seguido del verbo
principal en su forma “-ing”.
■ Ejemplo: Estoy trabajando en mi proyecto.
○ Diferencias con el Presente Simple:
■ El presente continuo se utiliza para acciones temporales y
específicas que están ocurriendo ahora mismo o en un
momento cercano.
 ■ El presente simple se utiliza para describir hábitos, verdades
generales o eventos que ocurren regularmente.
○ Enfoque para los Estudiantes:
■ Los estudiantes deben concentrarse en comprender cuándo
usar el presente continuo y cómo formarlo correctamente.
■ Practicar la conjugación de los verbos en su forma “-ing” y
distinguir entre el presente simple y el presente continuo.

What is Present Continuous?

The Present Continuous tense describes actions that are ongoing, temporary, or
happening at the moment of speaking. It’s formed using the verb “to be” (am, is, are)
+ the base form of the main verb + -ing.

How to Form the Present Continuous:

1. Affirmative Sentences (Positive):

○ Use the correct form of the verb “to be” (am, is, are) + base form of the
main verb + -ing.
■ Example:
■ I am playing with my toys.
■ You are playing with your toys.
■ He is playing with his toys.
■ She is playing with her toys.
■ We are playing with our toys.
■ They are playing with their toys.
2. Negative Sentences:
○ Use the correct form of the verb “to be” (am, is, are) + not + base form
of the main verb + -ing.
■ Example:
■ I am not (aren’t) eating vegetables.
■ You are not (aren’t) eating vegetables.
■ He is not (isn’t) eating vegetables.
■ She is not (isn’t) eating vegetables.
■ We are not (aren’t) eating vegetables.
■ They are not (aren’t) eating vegetables.
3. Questions:
○ Use the correct form of the verb “to be” (am, is, are) + the base form of
the main verb + -ing.
■ Example:
■ Am I playing outside?
■ Are you playing outside?
■ Is he playing outside?
 ■ Is she playing outside?
■ Are we playing outside?
■ Are they playing outside?

Distinguishing Between Present Simple and Present Continuous:

● Present Simple: Describes routines, habits, and permanent situations.

○ Example: “She plays soccer every Saturday.”
● Present Continuous: Describes actions happening right now or around the
present moment.
○ Example: “She is playing soccer in the park.”

Exercises

Exercise 4: Conjugation of Verbs in Present Continuous (Different Pronouns)

Conjugate the following verbs in the present continuous tense for different pronouns:

1. I (study) __________ Spanish.

2. You (work) __________ hard.
3. He (play) __________ the piano.
4. She (run) __________ in the park.
5. We (swim) __________ in the pool.

Exercise 5: Forming Present Continuous (Negative Sentences)

Complete the sentences by using the correct form of the verb in the negative present
continuous tense:

1. She __________ (not read) a book right now.

2. They __________ (not play) football in the park.
3. He __________ (not watch) TV at the moment.
4. We __________ (not have) dinner with friends tonight.
5. Maria __________ (not study) for her exam this week.

Exercise 6: Distinguishing Between Present Continuous and Present Simple (Mixed

Sentences)

Decide whether to use the present continuous or present simple tense in the
following sentences:

1. My parents __________ (live) in London. (Present simple)

2. Sorry, I can’t talk now. I __________ (cook) dinner. (Present continuous)
3. She usually __________ (read) novels, but today she’s reading a magazine.
(Both tenses)
4. The train __________ (arrive) at 6:30 every morning. (Present simple)
5. Why __________ (you/look) so worried? (Present continuous)
Exercise 7: Present Continuous vs. Present Simple (Questions)

Choose the correct tense (present continuous or present simple) to complete the
questions:

1. __________ you usually (go) to the gym?

2. __________ the cat (chase) a mouse right now?
3. __________ your brother (work) as a chef?
4. __________ she (drink) coffee every morning?
5. __________ they (play) chess at the moment?

Unit 3: Some vs. Any, Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns

La Unidad 3 se centra en los conceptos de “some” y “any”, así como en la diferencia
entre sustantivos contables e incontables. Aquí tienes una explicación en español:

● Sustantivos Contables e Incontables:

○ Contables: Son cosas o personas que podemos contar
individualmente. Tienen una forma singular y una forma plural.
■ Ejemplos: manzana (manzanas), libro (libros), estudiante
(estudiantes).
○ Incontables: Son cosas que no podemos contar individualmente. No
tienen una forma plural.
■ Ejemplos: agua, arroz, tiempo, música.
○ “Some” y “Any”:
■ Some: Se utiliza en oraciones afirmativas con sustantivos
contables e incontables.
■ Any: Se utiliza en oraciones negativas y en la mayoría de las
preguntas con sustantivos contables e incontables.
○ “How much” y “How many”:
■ “How much”: Se utiliza para preguntar sobre cantidades de
sustantivos incontables.
■ “How many”: Se utiliza para preguntar sobre cantidades de
sustantivos contables.
● Enfoque para los Estudiantes:
○ Los estudiantes deben concentrarse en:
■ Comprender la diferencia entre sustantivos contables e
incontables.
■ Saber cuándo usar “some” y “any” en contextos afirmativos,
negativos y preguntas.
■ Dominar el uso de “how much” y “how many” para preguntar
sobre cantidades.
Some vs. Any:

● “Some” is used in positive sentences when we talk about an indefinite amount

or quantity.
○ Example: “I have some apples.”
● “Any” is used in negative sentences or questions when we talk about an
indefinite amount or quantity.
○ Example:
■ Negative: “I don’t have any bananas.”
■ Question: “Do you have any pencils?”

Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns:

● Countable nouns refer to things we can count individually (e.g., apples, books,
pencils).
● Uncountable nouns refer to things that cannot be counted individually (e.g.,
water, rice, information).

“How Much” vs. “How Many”:

● Use “how much” with uncountable nouns.

○ Example: “How much water do you need?”
● Use “how many” with countable nouns.
○ Example: “How many apples are there?”

Exercises

Exercise 8: Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Decide whether the following nouns are countable or uncountable. Write “C” for
countable and “U” for uncountable:

1. Water: ______
2. Books: ______
3. Sugar: ______
4. Chairs: ______
5. Information: ______
6. Apples: ______
7. Money: ______
8. Furniture: ______
9. Coffee: ______
10. Students: ______

Exercise 9: Some vs. Any (Positive and Negative Sentences)

Complete the sentences using either “some” or “any”:

 1. I need to buy ________ bread for breakfast.
2. She doesn’t have ________ oranges left.
3. Can you lend me ________ pencils?
4. There aren’t ________ chairs in the waiting room.
5. We have ________ interesting books in the library.

Exercise 10: How Much vs. How Many

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences:

1. ________ milk is in the jug? a) How much b) How many

2. ________ students are in your class? a) How much b) How many
3. ________ sugar do you put in your coffee? a) How much b) How many
4. ________ books did you read last month? a) How much b) How many
5. ________ chairs are needed for the meeting? a) How much b) How many

Unit 4: Past Simple of Regular Verbs

La Unidad 4 se centra en el Pasado Simple de Verbos Regulares. Aquí tienes una

explicación en español:

● Pasado Simple de Verbos Regulares:

○ Uso: El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de acciones o eventos que
ocurrieron en el pasado y que ya han finalizado.
○ Formación:
■ Los verbos regulares en pasado simple se forman añadiendo
-ed al infinitivo del verbo.
■ Ejemplo: Trabajé en la oficina ayer.
○ Conjugación para Diferentes Sujetos:
■ La forma del pasado simple no cambia para los pronombres I,
you, he, she, it, we y they.
● Enfoque para los Estudiantes:
○ Los estudiantes deben concentrarse en:
■ Comprender cuándo usar el pasado simple.
■ Aprender cómo formar el pasado simple correctamente.
■ Recordar que la conjugación de los verbos regulares es la
misma para todos los sujetos.

🕰️
The past simple tense is used to talk about actions that happened in the past. It’s like
a time machine that takes us back to moments before now!

How to Form the Past Simple:

 1. Base Form of the Verb: Start with the base form of the verb (the infinitive
without “to”). For example:
○ Play: I play soccer.
○ Dance: She dances beautifully.
2. Add “-ed” to Regular Verbs: Most regular verbs add “-ed” to the base form to
create the past simple. Here are some examples:
○ Walk: I walked to school yesterday.
○ Talk: They talked about their favorite animals.

When to Use the Past Simple:

1. Completed Actions in the Past: We use the past simple to talk about actions
that are finished and happened at a specific time in the past. For example:
○ Yesterday: I played with my toy cars.
○ Last week: She danced at the school talent show.
2. Past Habits or Routines: Sometimes, we use the past simple to describe
habits or routines that happened regularly in the past. For example:
○ Every morning: He walked to school.
○ On weekends: They watched cartoons.

📖
3. Narrating Stories: When telling stories or recounting events, we use the past
simple. Imagine you’re a little storyteller!
○ Once upon a time: The cat chased the mouse.
○ In the forest: The birds sang sweet songs.

Examples:

1. Positive Sentences:
○ I played with my toy cars.
○ She danced at the school talent show.
○ We watched a movie last night.
2. Negative Sentences:
○ He didn’t play video games.
○ They didn’t visit the zoo.
○ She didn’t bake cookies.
3. Questions:
○ Did you read a book?
○ Did they swim in the pool?
○ Did he draw a picture?

Exercises

Exercise 11: Forming the Past Simple of Regular Verbs

Complete the sentences by adding the correct past simple form of the regular verb in
parentheses:
 1. She __________ (walk) to school yesterday.
2. They __________ (play) football in the park last weekend.
3. He __________ (watch) a movie on Friday night.
4. We __________ (visit) our grandparents during the holidays.
5. Maria __________ (study) for her exams all week.

Exercise 12: Conjugating Past Simple for Different Subjects

Conjugate the following regular verbs in the past simple for different subjects (I, you,
he, she, we, they):

1. I (work) __________ late yesterday.

2. You (study) __________ hard for the test.
3. He (finish) __________ his project on time.
4. She (play) __________ the piano beautifully.
5. We (clean) __________ the entire house.
6. We __________ (visit) Paris last summer. a) visit b) visited
7. He __________ (watch) a documentary about space. a) watch b) watched

Unit 5: Past Simple of Irregular Verbs

La Unidad 5 se centra en el Pasado Simple de Verbos Irregulares. Aquí tienes una
explicación en español:

● Pasado Simple de Verbos Irregulares:

○ Uso: El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de acciones o eventos que
ocurrieron en el pasado y que ya han finalizado.
○ Formación:
■ Los verbos irregulares en pasado simple no siguen una regla
específica. Sus formas pasadas no terminan en -ed como los
verbos regulares.
■ Es necesario aprenderlos de memoria, ya que no siguen un
patrón regular.
○ Conjugación para Diferentes Sujetos:
■ La forma del pasado simple varía según el verbo irregular, pero
no cambia para los pronombres I, you, he, she, it, we y they.
● Enfoque para los Estudiantes:
○ Los estudiantes deben concentrarse en:
■ Aprender los verbos irregulares y sus formas en pasado simple.
■ Recordar que los verbos irregulares tienen la misma forma en
pasado simple para todos los pronombres.
Irregular verbs don’t follow the usual “-ed” pattern like regular verbs. Instead, they
have unique forms in the past simple. Let’s learn how to use them:

1. Base Form of Irregular Verbs: Irregular verbs have irregular past forms. You’ll
need to memorize them! Here are some examples:
○ Go: I went to the park.
○ Eat: She ate pizza for dinner.
2. No Fixed Rule: Unlike regular verbs, irregular verbs don’t follow a fixed rule.
Each one has its own past form. Here are a few more examples:
○ Have: We had a great time.
○ See: He saw a shooting star.

When to Use the Past Simple (Irregular Verbs):

1. Specific Past Actions: Use the past simple to talk about specific actions that
happened and are now complete:
○ Yesterday: She went to the zoo.
○ Last summer: They swam in the ocean.
2. Narrating Stories or Events: Irregular verbs help us tell exciting stories:
○ Once upon a time: The dragon flew across the sky.
○ In the magical forest: The elves built tiny houses.
3. Past Habits or States: Sometimes, irregular verbs describe habits or states in
the past:
○ Every morning: He woke up early.
○ When she was young: Grandma knew all the constellations.

Examples:

1. Positive Sentences:
○ I went to the library.
○ She ate ice cream.
○ We saw a rainbow.
2. Negative Sentences:
○ He didn’t have any homework.
○ They didn’t find the treasure.
○ She didn’t sleep well.
3. Questions:
○ Did you read a mystery book?
○ Did they ride bicycles?
○ Did he write a letter?
Exercises

Exercise 13: Simple Conjugation of Irregular Verbs

Conjugate the following irregular verbs in the past simple for different subjects (I,
you, he, she, we, they):

1. I (go) __________ to the store yesterday.

2. You (see) __________ the movie last night.
3. He (eat) __________ pizza for dinner.
4. She (have) __________ a great time at the party.
5. We (do) __________ our homework after school.
6. They (meet) __________ their friends at the café.
7. I (drink) __________ coffee this morning.
8. You (read) __________ an interesting book.
9. She (write) __________ a letter to her grandmother.
10. We (buy) __________ new shoes.

Exercise 14: Using Irregular Verbs in Sentences

Complete the sentences by choosing the correct form of the irregular verb. These are
the verbs you have to use (remember to change them to their past form):

wear forget run swim break sing drive bring see choose

1. Last summer, we __________ in the ocean every day.

 2. She __________ her keys at home yesterday.
3. He __________ to work when it started raining.
4. They __________ a beautiful sunset on their vacation.
5. I __________ my phone screen accidentally.
6. She __________ a stunning dress to the party.
7. We __________ the best restaurant for dinner.
8. He __________ his favorite song at the concert.
9. They __________ a marathon last month.
10. I __________ my camera to capture the moment.

Unit 6 - The Verb “Can”

La Unidad 6 se centra en el verbo “can” (poder). Aquí tienes una explicación en
español:

● El Verbo “Can”:
○ Uso: Utilizamos “can” para expresar habilidades, capacidades o
posibilidades. Es un verbo modal que nos permite hablar sobre lo que
alguien es capaz de hacer.
○ Formación:
■ “Can” no cambia su forma según la persona (I, you, he, she, it,

🤐
we, they).
■ No se dice “he cans”
■ Ejemplo: Ella puede hablar varios idiomas.
○ Diferencias con el Pasado y el Futuro:
■ Pasado: El pasado de “can” es “could” (podía / pudo).
■ Ejemplo: Cuando era niño, podía nadar muy bien.
■ Futuro: Para expresar habilidades o posibilidades en el futuro,
usamos “will be able to” (será capaz de).
■ Ejemplo: Después de practicar, será capaz de tocar la
guitarra.
● Enfoque para los Estudiantes:
○ Los estudiantes deben concentrarse en:
■ Comprender el uso de “can” para expresar habilidades y
capacidades.
■ Aprender cómo formar las diferentes formas verbales
relacionadas con “can” (could, will be able to).

The verb “can” is quite special! It helps us express abilities, possibilities, and
permissions. Let’s break it down:

1. Ability: When we say someone “can” do something, we mean they have the
skill or capability to do it. For example:
 ○ She can swim.
○ I can play the guitar.

🚪
2. Possibility: We use “can” to talk about things that are possible or likely to
happen. It’s like opening a door to opportunities!
○ It can rain tomorrow.
○ You can meet interesting people at the event.

🟢
3. Permission: “Can” also means having permission to do something. It’s like
getting a green light!
○ You can use my phone.
○ Students can’t leave the classroom during the test.

Special Forms of “Can”:

1. Past Tense: The past tense of “can” is “could.” It’s like a magical
transformation!
○ Yesterday, I could run faster.
○ When I was little, I could climb trees.
2. Future: To talk about future abilities or possibilities, we use “will be able to.”
○ Next year, she will be able to drive.
○ After practice, they will be able to solve complex puzzles.

Exercises

Exercise 15: Complete the sentences with the correct form of “can” (affirmative or
negative):

1. She __________ swim very well.

2. They __________ build a house.
3. He __________ use a computer.
4. We __________ ride a horse.
5. I __________ cook a delicious meal.
6. (negative) They __________ play the guitar.
7. __________ he speak three languages?
8. (negative) We __________ dance flamenco.

Exercise 16: Complete the sentences with the correct form of “can” (past or future):

1. Yesterday, she __________ swim very well.

2. Next year, they __________ play the guitar.
3. Last summer, he __________ speak three languages.
4. In a few months, we __________ dance at the party.
5. Last night, I __________ cook a delicious meal.
6. Tomorrow, you __________ solve this puzzle.
7. When he was younger, the cat __________ climb trees.
 8. By next week, they __________ find their way home.
9. In her childhood, she __________ ride a bike.
10. In the future, he __________ run a marathon.

Unit 7 - Past Continuous

La Unidad 7 se centra en el Pasado Continuo (o Past Continuous en inglés). Aquí
tienes una explicación en español:

● Pasado Continuo:
○ Uso: El pasado continuo se utiliza para hablar de acciones que estaban
ocurriendo en un momento específico en el pasado. Describe una
acción en progreso en un momento anterior.
○ Formación:
■ Se forma con el verbo “to be” en pasado (ya sea “was” o “were”)
seguido del verbo principal en su forma “-ing”.
■ Ejemplo: Estaba escribiendo una carta.
○ Conjugación para Diferentes Sujetos:
■ La forma del pasado continuo no cambia para los pronombres I,
you, he, she, it, we y they.
○ Cuándo Usar Pasado Simple y Pasado Continuo:
■ Pasado Simple: Se utiliza para acciones específicas que
ocurrieron y terminaron en el pasado.
■ Pasado Continuo: Se utiliza para describir acciones en progreso
en un momento específico en el pasado.
○ Cómo Usarlos Juntos en la Misma Oración:
■ Usamos “when” para indicar que una acción en pasado simple
ocurrió después de una acción en pasado continuo.
■ Usamos “while” para describir dos acciones en progreso que
sucedieron simultáneamente en el pasado.
● Enfoque para los Estudiantes:
○ Los estudiantes deben concentrarse en:
■ Comprender cuándo usar el pasado continuo.
■ Aprender cómo formar correctamente el pasado continuo.
■ Practicar la conjugación de los verbos en pasado continuo para
diferentes sujetos.
■ Dominar el uso de “when” y “while” para combinar pasado
simple y pasado continuo en una oración.

📸
The past continuous tense helps us talk about actions that were happening at a
specific moment in the past. It’s like capturing a snapshot of the past!

How to Form the Past Continuous:

 1. Subject + “was” (or “were”) + base form of the verb + “-ing”:
○ I was playing soccer.
○ She was dancing in the living room.
2. Conjugation for Different Subjects:
○ I/He/She/It: Use “was.”
■ Example: He was reading a book.
○ You/We/They: Use “were.”
■ Example: We were watching a movie.

When to Use Past Continuous:

1. Actions in Progress: We use the past continuous to describe actions that were
ongoing at a specific time in the past:
○ At 3 PM yesterday: They were playing hide-and-seek.
○ While I was cooking dinner: She was singing her favorite song.
2. Interrupted Actions: Sometimes, another action interrupts the ongoing action:
○ I was studying when the phone rang.
○ She was painting when her little brother spilled juice.
3. Parallel Actions: We can use the past continuous for two actions happening
simultaneously:
○ While he was reading a book, she was drawing a picture.

Examples:

1. Positive Sentences:
○ I was playing with my toy cars.
○ She was dancing at the school talent show.
○ We were watching a movie last night.
2. Negative Sentences:
○ He wasn’t playing video games.
○ They weren’t visiting the zoo.
○ She wasn’t baking cookies.
3. Questions:
○ Was I reading a book?
○ Were they swimming in the pool?
○ Was he drawing a picture?

Using Past Simple and Past Continuous Together

1. “When” and “While”:
○ “When”: We use “when” to show that one action happened during
another action. The action described by the past simple interrupts the
ongoing action in the past continuous.
■ Example: I was reading a book when the phone rang.
 ■ In this sentence, “I was reading a book” (past continuous)
was happening, and then the phone rang (past simple).
○ “While”: We use “while” to describe two actions happening
simultaneously. Both actions are in progress.
■ Example: She was singing while cooking dinner.
■ Here, she was doing two things at the same time: singing
(past continuous) and cooking (past continuous).
2. Combined Sentences:
○ We can combine past simple and past continuous in the same
sentence to give more context:
■ While I was studying, my brother came into the room.
■ Here, “while I was studying” (past continuous) sets the
scene, and then the action of the brother coming into the
room (past simple) happens.
■ When it started raining, we ran for cover.
■ The ongoing action (past continuous) is interrupted by
the sudden rain (past simple).

Exercises

Exercise 17: Conjugation of Past Continuous

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the past continuous (affirmative,
negative, or questions):

1. She _________________ (study) when the phone rang.

2. They _________________________ (play) football in the park.
3. _______________________ (work/ my dad) last night?
4. We _________________ (watch) a movie at that time.
5. (negative) The children ______________________________ (play) in the garden.

Exercise 18: complete the sentences using either the past continuous or the past
simple:

1. While I _________________ (cook) dinner, the phone ___________________ (ring).

2. When I __________________ (arrive) at the station, the train _________________
(leave).
3. She _________________ (read) a book when the power ________________ (go) out.
4. We ___________________ (walk) in the park when it _____________ (start) raining.
5. He __________________ (play) the piano while she _____________________ (sing).
6. They __________________ (have) a picnic when the storm ______________ (begin).
7. While I _________________ (study), my brother ____________________ (watch) TV.
Unit 8 - Modal Verbs

La Unidad 8 se centra en los verbos modales. Aquí tienes una explicación en

español:

● Verbos Modales:
○ Concepto: Los verbos modales son una categoría especial de verbos
auxiliares en inglés. Se utilizan junto con el verbo principal para
expresar posibilidad, obligación, consejo o capacidad.
○ Uso:
■ “Should”: Se utiliza para dar consejos o expresar
recomendaciones.
■ “Shouldn’t”: Es la forma negativa de “should” y se usa para
desaconsejar algo.
■ “Must”: Expresa necesidad o fuerte obligación.
■ “Mustn’t”: Es la forma negativa de “must” y significa que algo
está prohibido.
● Enfoque para los Estudiantes:
○ Los estudiantes deben concentrarse en:
■ Comprender el significado y uso de cada verbo modal.
■ Saber cuándo usar “should”, “shouldn’t”, “must” y “mustn’t” en
diferentes contextos.
■ Practicar la formación de oraciones con estos verbos modales.

Modal verbs are like little helpers in English. They add shades of meaning to our
sentences. Let’s discover how to use them:

1. “Should”:
○ We use “should” to give advice or express recommendations:
■ You should eat more vegetables.
2. “Shouldn’t”:
○ It’s the negative form of “should.” Use it to advise against doing
something:
■ He shouldn’t skip breakfast.
3. “Must”:
○ “Must” expresses necessity or strong obligation:
■ You must finish your homework.
4. “Mustn’t”:
○ It’s the negative form of “must.” It means something is prohibited:
■ Students mustn’t cheat during exams.
Exercises

Exercise 19: Complete the sentences using the appropriate modal verb (“should,”
“shouldn’t,” “must,” or “mustn’t”):

1. You __________ eat too much junk food; it’s not healthy.
2. We __________ forget to lock the door when we leave.
3. He __________ study harder if he wants to pass the exam.
4. She __________ be late for the meeting; it’s important.
5. They __________ talk during the movie; it’s annoying.
6. You __________ take an umbrella; it looks like rain.
7. We __________ waste water; it’s a precious resource.
8. She __________ drive carefully; the roads are slippery.

Unit 9 - Future Tenses

La Unidad 9 se centra en las formas de expresar el futuro en inglés. Aquí tienes una
explicación en español:

● Futuro con “Will”:

○ Uso: Utilizamos “will” para hablar sobre acciones o eventos futuros que
no están planeados o decididos previamente. Se refiere a situaciones
en las que tomamos decisiones en el momento de hablar.
○ Formación:
■ “Will” se combina con el verbo principal en su forma base
(infinitivo sin “to”).
■ Ejemplo: Mañana llamaré a mi abuela.
○ Conjugación para Diferentes Sujetos:
■ La forma de “will” no cambia según la persona (I, you, he, she, it,
we, they).
● Futuro con “Going To”:
○ Uso: Utilizamos “going to” para hablar sobre planes o intenciones
futuras que ya hemos decidido antes del momento de hablar.
○ Formación:
■ “Going to” se combina con el verbo principal en su forma base
(infinitivo sin “to”).
■ Ejemplo: El próximo año voy a viajar a Japón.
○ Conjugación para Diferentes Sujetos:
■ La forma de “going to” tampoco cambia según la persona.
● Cuándo Usar “Will” y “Going To”:
○ “Will”: Para acciones espontáneas o decisiones tomadas en el
momento de hablar.
○ “Going To”: Para planes o intenciones ya decididos antes del momento
de hablar.
 ● Enfoque para los Estudiantes:
○ Los estudiantes deben concentrarse en:
■ Comprender cuándo usar “will” y “going to”.
■ Practicar la formación de oraciones con ambas formas
verbales.
■ Distinguir entre situaciones espontáneas y planes predecididos.

🔮
The future tense helps us talk about things that haven’t happened yet. It’s like
peeking into tomorrow!

1. Future with “Will”

● We use “will” to express predictions, promises, and spontaneous decisions:

○ I will call you later.
○ She will travel around the world.
○ He will study hard for the exam.
○ They will visit the museum.
○ We will go to the beach.
○ You guys will enjoy the concert.
○ They will explore the forest.

2. Future with “Going To”

● We use “going to” to talk about planned actions or intentions:

○ They are going to visit the museum.
○ He is going to study hard for the exam.
○ She is going to bake a cake for the party.
○ We are going to have a picnic.
○ You guys are going to play soccer this weekend.
○ They are going to explore the forest.

3. Negative Sentences with “Will” and “Going To”

● To make negative sentences, we add “not” after “will” or use the contraction
“won’t”:
○ I won’t go to the party tonight.
○ She won’t be able to attend the concert.
○ He won’t study for the exam.
○ They won’t visit the museum.
○ We won’t have enough time.
○ You guys won’t forget your umbrellas.
○ They won’t explore the forest.
○ I am not going to write an email.
○ She isn’t going to join the dance class.
 ○ They aren’t going to swim in the lake.

4. Questions with “Will” and “Going To”

● To form questions, use the auxiliary verb “will” or “am/is/are” before the
subject:
○ Will I play tennis?
○ Will she travel around the world?
○ Will he study hard for the exam?
○ Will they visit the museum?
○ Will we go to the beach?
○ Will you guys enjoy the concert?
○ Will they explore the forest?
○ Am I going to bake cookies?
○ Is she going to join the dance class?
○ Are they going to swim in the lake?

Exercises

Exercise 20: Complete the sentences with the correct form of “will” (affirmative,
negative, or questions):

1. _______________________________________ (she/ travel) to Paris next month.

2. ______________________________ (my brother/ not eat) fast food anymore.
3. _______________ (you/ come) to the party on Saturday?
4. ______________________________________ (I/ study) harder for the final exams.
5. _____________________________________________ (my boyfriend and I/ watch) the
sunset at the beach.

Exercise 21: Complete the sentences with the correct form of “going to” (affirmative,
negative, or questions):

1. ____________________________________________ (I/ buy) a new phone next week.

2. _________________________________ (they/ not visit) their grandparents this
summer.
3. _______________________________________ (you/ attend) the conference next
month?
4. ______________________________ (Lucy/ start) her own business soon.
5. _____________________________________ (Peter and Sally/ move) to a bigger
house next year.

Exercise 22: Fill in the gaps using either “will” or “going to” for each sentence:

1. _________________________________________ (I/ will/ travel) to Japan next year.

2. ___________________________________________ (they/ will/ not forget) to bring
their passports.
 3. ___________________________________________________ (you/ going to/ join) the
hiking trip?
4. _______________________________________________ (she/ will/ learn) to play the
guitar.
5. ________________________________________ (we/ going to/ have) a barbecue this
weekend.
6. ______________________________________ (they/ going to/ not miss) the concert.
7. _________________________________ (you/ visit) your family during the holidays?
8. _______________________________________ (he/ will/ not be) late for the meeting.
9. __________________________________ (she/ going to/ start) a new job in January.
10. _____________________________________ (John/ will/ not go) to the party tonight.

Unit 10 - Present Perfect

El presente perfecto en español es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para hablar de acciones
pasadas que ocurrieron en un momento cercano al momento de hablar o que aún tienen
repercusiones en el presente. Aquí tienes una explicación detallada:

● Se construye con el verbo haber conjugado en presente y un verbo en

participio pasado.
● Usos del presente perfecto:
○ Para hablar de acciones recientes.
○ Para expresar experiencias de vida.
○ Para referirse a acciones pasadas no especificadas en cuanto al
tiempo.
○ No se menciona explícitamente cuándo ocurrió la acción.
● Diferencia entre presente perfecto y pretérito indefinido (pasado simple):
○ El presente perfecto se enfoca en acciones pasadas con relevancia en
el presente. Ese rango de tiempo aún no ha terminado y sigue vigente.
■ “Nunca he ido a la playa” (Significa que en toda mi vida, no he
ido a la playa).
■ “Esta semana he jugado con mis amigos” (Significa que durante
esta semana, he jugado con mis amigos).
○ El pretérito indefinido se usa para acciones pasadas con un tiempo
específico en el pasado. Ese rango de tiempo ya ha terminado.
■ “El año pasado visité a mi abuela” (Significa que
específicamente el año pasado, fui a ver a mi abuela).
■ “Ayer dibujé un árbol” (Significa que ayer, hice un dibujo de un
árbol).
 ⏰
The present perfect tense helps us connect the past with the present. It’s like
building a bridge between two time zones!

1. How to Form the Present Perfect

● We use the auxiliary verb “have” (or “has” for third person singular) with the
past participle of the main verb:
○ I have traveled to many countries.
○ She has read that book.
○ He has studied hard for the exam.
○ They have visited the museum.
○ We have gone to the beach.
○ You guys have enjoyed the concert.
○ They have explored the forest.

2. Negative Sentences with “Have” and “Has”

● To make negative sentences, we add “not” after “have” or “has”:

○ I haven’t been elected yet.
○ She hasn’t heard from him.
○ He hasn’t done his homework.
○ They haven’t studied for the exam.
○ We haven’t visited Paris.
○ You guys haven’t traveled abroad.
○ They haven’t completed the project.

3. Questions with “Have” and “Has”

● To form questions, use the auxiliary verb “have” or “has” before the subject:
○ Have I played tennis?
○ Has she traveled around the world?
○ Has he studied hard for the exam?
○ Have they visited the museum?
○ Have we gone to the beach?
○ Have you guys enjoyed the concert?
○ Have they explored the forest?

4. When to Use the Past Simple and the Present Simple

● Let’s compare the Present Perfect with the Past Simple and the Present
Simple:
○ Past Simple:
■ Refers to a specific action in the past with a clear start and end
time.
 ■ Often accompanied by a specific time marker.
■ Example: I went to Norway in 2014.
○ Present Perfect:
■ Refers to actions that started in the past but are still connected
to the present.
■ No specific time marker is needed.
■ Example: I’ve been to Norway several times.
○ Present Simple:
■ Refers to general truths, habits, or routines.
■ Often accompanied by adverbs of frequency.
■ Example: I visit my grandparents every Sunday.

5. Time Particles Associated with Present Perfect

1. “Ya” (Already):
○ Usamos “ya” para enfatizar que una acción ha sucedido antes del
tiempo esperado o más temprano de lo anticipado.
○ Ejemplo: “Ya he comido el almuerzo”. Aquí, “ya” enfatiza que el
hablante comió el almuerzo antes de lo esperado.
2. “Todavía” o “Aún” (Yet):
○ Usamos “todavía” o “aún” en oraciones negativas o interrogativas para
indicar que una acción no ha sucedido hasta el momento presente.
○ Ejemplos: “¿Has terminado tu tarea todavía?” o “Ella aún no ha
respondido a mi correo electrónico”.
3. “Alguna vez” (Ever):
○ Usamos “alguna vez” en preguntas para hablar sobre experiencias en
la vida de alguien. Implica en cualquier momento hasta ahora.
○ Ejemplos: “¿Alguna vez has viajado a Asia?” o “Él nunca ha visitado un
zoológico”.
4. “Nunca” (Never):
○ “Nunca” indica que una acción no ha sucedido en ningún momento
hasta el presente.
○ Ejemplos: “Nunca he estado en Australia” o “Ellos nunca han probado
sushi”.
5. “Since” y “for”
○ “Durante” o “desde hace” (For):
○ Usamos “durante” o “desde hace” para expresar la duración de una
acción (cuánto tiempo).
○ Ejemplo: “He vivido aquí durante cinco años”. “He comido en este
restaurante desde hace tres meses”
○ “Desde” (Since):
 ○ Usamos “desde” para especificar el punto de inicio de una acción
(cuándo comenzó).
○ Ejemplo: “Ella trabaja en la empresa desde 2010”.
6. “Recién” o “Justo” (Just):
○ “Recién” o “justo” se refiere a una acción que ocurrió hace muy poco
tiempo, enfatizando la inmediatez.
○ Ejemplos: “Acabo de terminar mi presentación” o “Ellos acaban de salir
de la fiesta”.

1. “Already”:
○ Usage: We use “already” to emphasize that an action has happened
before the expected time or sooner than anticipated.
○ Example:
■ I’ve already eaten lunch.
■ Here, “already” emphasizes that the speaker ate lunch
earlier than expected.
2. “Yet”:
○ Usage: “Yet” is used in negative and interrogative sentences to indicate
that an action hasn’t happened up to the present moment.
○ Examples:
■ Have you finished your assignment yet?
■ She hasn’t replied to my email yet.
3. “Ever”:
○ Usage: “Ever” is used in questions to ask about experiences in
someone’s life. It implies at any time up to now.
○ Examples:
■ Have you ever traveled to Asia?
■ He hasn’t ever visited a zoo.
4. “Never”:
○ Usage: “Never” indicates that an action has not happened at any time
up to the present.
○ Examples:
■ I’ve never been to Australia.
■ They haven’t never tried sushi.
5. “For” and “Since”:
○ Usage:
■ “For” is used to express the duration of an action (how long).
■ “Since” is used to specify the starting point of an action (when it
began).
○ Examples:
■ I’ve lived here for five years.
■ She’s been working at the company since 2010.
 6. “Just”:
○ Usage: “Just” refers to an action that happened a very short time ago,
often emphasizing immediacy.
○ Examples:
■ I’ve just finished my presentation.
■ They’ve just left the party.

Exercises

Exercise 23: Conjugation of Present Perfect

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present perfect (affirmative,
negative, or questions):

1. She __________ (visit) Paris three times.

2. They __________ (not see) a shooting star yet.
3. Have you __________ (finish) your homework?
4. He __________ (never eat) sushi.
5. We __________ (already watch) that movie.

Exercise 24: Present Perfect vs. Simple Past

Write ten sentences using either the present perfect or the simple past. The context
of the sentence and the use of time particles should guide your choice:
 1. I __________ (travel) to Japan last year.
2. They __________ (not visit) their grandparents recently.
3. __________ (you ever see) a rainbow?
4. She __________ (not read) that book yet.
5. We __________ (already visit) the museum.
6. He __________ (not play) tennis this week.
7. Have you __________ (ever swim) in the ocean?
8. They __________ (not finish) their project.
9. She __________ (just arrive) from London.
10. We __________ (not go) to the concert.

Exercise 25: Fill in the Gaps

Write fifteen sentences and remove the words “already,” “yet,” “ever,” “never,” “for,”
“since,” and “just.” The student should fill in the gap with these words:

1. I __________ visited New York.

2. She __________ finished her assignment.
3. They __________ been to Australia.
4. Have you __________ seen a kangaroo?
5. We __________ lived here for five years.
6. He __________ tried surfing.
7. She __________ been on a cruise.
8. We __________ met the famous chef.
9. Has he __________ climbed a mountain?
10. They __________ traveled by train.
11. I __________ been to a music festival.
12. She __________ visited the Eiffel Tower.
13. We __________ seen the Northern Lights.
14. Have you __________ tasted sushi?
15. They __________ been to a Broadway show.