VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI

KARNATAKA- 590018

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT ON

“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SANDALWOOD GRINDING

MACHINE”
Submitted in the partial fullfillment of the award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING DEGREE

IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
4DM20ME018
KUMAR TEJAS
4DM20ME036
PAWAN LAXMAN
SHETTIGAR PRAVEEN 4DM20ME037
VIVEK 4DM20ME045

Under the guidance of

Ms Vani R
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
YIT, Moodbidri.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING YENEPOYA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
MOODBIDRI- 574225

2023-2024
 YENEPOYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NH – 13, Thodar, Moodbidri - 574225, Mangaluru, D. K

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified That The Major project work entitled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION
OF SANDALWOOD GRINDING MACHINE” carried out by KUMAR TEJAS
(4DM20ME018), PAWAN LAXMAN SHETTIGAR(4DM20ME036), PRAVEEN
(4DM20ME037), VIVEK (4DM20ME045) inpartial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the Visveswaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2022 - 23. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for
Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental
library.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of Project work prescribed for the said Degree.

Prof. Vani R Prof. Ravindra Naik Prof. Vani R

Project Guide Head of the Project Coordinator
Department

External Viva
Name of the examiners Signature with date

Date: 1.
Place: Moodbidri
2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On the successful completion of any work would be incomplete without mentioning the people
who made it possible. We are extending our gratitude to all the people who supported us during
the emergent phase of the major Project.
First and foremost, we would like to express our deepest thanks to our project guide Ms Vani
R, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for the constant support
and encouragement and providing with necessary facilities. We are highly indebted to him for
taking keen interest in our work, monitoring and providing guidance throughout the course.
We thank Prof Vani R and , Department of Mechanical Engineering, who is also the major
project coordinators , for all their support and encouragement.
We thank Mr. Ravindra Naik, Professor & Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
for all his suggestions and timely guidance.
We also thank Dr. R.G. D’Souza, Principal, YIT and the Management and Trustees of
Islamic Academy of Education for their constant support.
Finally, we thank all the people who have directly or indirectly helped us throughout the Project

KUMAR TEJAS 4DM20ME018

PAWAN SHETTIGAR 4DM20ME036
PRAVEEN 4DM20ME037
VIVEK 4DM20ME045

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page no
Title
no

i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii
1
INTRODUCTION 1-3
2
LITRETURE REVIEW 4-8
3
PROBLEM STATEMENT 9
4
OBJECTIVE 10

ii
LIST OF FIGURES

iii
 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
CHAPTER 1 SANDALWOOD GRINDING MACHINE

INTRODUCTION
Sandalwood is a class of woods from trees in the genus Santalum. The woods are
heavy, yellow, and fine-grained, and, unlike many other aromatic woods, they retain their
fragrance for decades. Sandl wood oil is extracted from the woods. Sandalwood is often cited
as one of the most expensive woods in the world.

Fig 1.1 Sandal Wood

Sandalwood is mainly found in the drier tropical regions of India and the Indonesian
islands of Timor and Sumba. In India, the main sandal tracts are in most parts of Karnataka
and adjoining districts of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh. Wood is
widely used as fuel, construction material, and raw material in cellulose and lignocellulose
based products such as paper and board. For many applications, wood has to be pre-treated by
grinding it into a particulate form to produce ‘wood powder’ or ‘wood flour’. Mechanical
grinding of lignocellulosic substances.

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
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Sandalwood, derived from the fragrant wood of the Santalum genus, is a precious and
aromatic resource with a rich history deeply rooted in cultural, religious, and commercial
domains. Indigenous to tropical regions such as India, Australia, and Southeast Asia, this
fragrant wood comes primarily from two commercially significant species: Santalum album
(Indian sandalwood) and Santalum spicatum (Australian sandalwood).
Beyond its aromatic qualities, sandalwood has faced sustainability challenges due to
high demand. Overharvesting has led to concerns about the depletion of sandalwood
resources. Efforts are underway to regulate cultivation and harvesting practices, aiming for
sustainable management to preserve this valuable natural commodity.
The economic importance of sandalwood is evident in its historical role in
international trade. Its high market value has sometimes resulted in illegal logging, prompting
conservation measures to protect these slow-growing trees.
In conclusion, sandalwood stands as more than a fragrant wood; it is a cultural
symbol, a key player in various industries, and the focus of conservation efforts to ensure its
sustainable existence. From perfumes to religious ceremonies, sandalwood continues to
weave its aromatic and cultural tapestry across the globe, a testament to its enduring allure
and significance.
Application of sandal wood

 Fragrance:- Sandalwood oil has a warm, woody scent and is used in cosmetics,
perfumes, soaps, and incense. It also acts as a fixative in fragrances.
 Food and beverage flavoring: Sandalwood is used as a flavor in foods and beverages.
 Carving:- Sandalwood is valued for carving because of its dense character.
 Furniture:- Sandalwood is used in making furniture.
 Spiritual:- Sandalwood has spiritual significance and is said to bring devotees closer
to god.

The Sandalwood Grinding Machine serves a pivotal role in extracting the essence and
therapeutic properties of sandalwood, enabling its incorporation into a variety of products
such as incense and perfumes. Comprising essential components like a grinding chamber,
abrasive stones, motor, and control panel, this machine operates with precision to finely grind
sandalwood, preserving its aromatic richness.

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
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The operation of the machine is straightforward, involving the placement of sandalwood

pieces into the grinding chamber and activating the mechanism. As the grinding stones rotate,
they meticulously break down the wood into a fine powder, a process that demands careful
adjustments to achieve the desired texture. The significance of these machines extends
beyond mere functionality, intertwining with cultural practices and traditions in regions
where sandalwood holds sacred value.
Regular maintenance is imperative for the sustained efficiency of the sandalwood
grinding machine. Cleaning the grinding chamber, inspecting and replacing stones as needed,
and ensuring the motor's optimal performance contribute to the longevity of the machine and
the quality of the resulting sandalwood powder.

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION
OF SANDALWOOD GRINDING
MACHINE
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
Pasi Karinkanta, et.al [1]

Fine grinding of wood,2018

Due to its abundance, wood is the pre-eminent lignocellulosic raw material for a sustainable
bioeconomy based society. wood breakage mechanisms and the mechanisms of size reduction
are presented, followed by fine grinding techniques and wood pre-treatment methods.n fine
grinding, energy consumption and wood powder properties are closely related to the particle
size of the product. In fine grinding, it is also common practice to classify processes as wet or
dry. Wet grinding typically means the grinding of a material containing about 50% of
uncombined water by volume [4], although other liquids apart from water can also be used.

Subhash Vasantrao Jagtap Jalgaon, et.al [2]

Chandan (Sandalwood) Paste Making Machine, 2019

Subhash has developed many machines like forging, drilling and plywood cutting machines
and has been engaged in fabrication.The Sandalwood Paste making machine is an electrically
operated motorised rotary grinder. The Sandalwood logs of small size, are placed on the
circular shaped grinding stone. The motor rotates the grinding stone over the sandalwood log,
a small quantity of water gets added with the result that a smooth Sandalwood paste gets
formed. The capacity of the machine is 5 kg per hour.He observed the painstaking and
laborious task of manually grinding sandalwood paste in temples and realized that they have a
continuous and repetitive requirement of pure sandalwood paste, for religious rituals on a
regular basis

Hanumanta Narayanrao Balpande, et.al [3]

Design and Fabrication of Mini Belt Grinder Machine.2023.

This project gives details of grinding various shapes and sizes of components. This machine
can be widely applied in almost all type of industries. By varying the pulley sizes I can get a
high end speed of over 10,000 rpm if needed. A belt, covered in rough material, is kept
running over the surface to be handled so as to evacuate material or create the ideal finish.
This Belt Grinder machine is designed on a CAD software. It consists of 775 HP motor
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which is
fundamentally rotates the pulley attached to it, along with a mini grinder, grinding paper and

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
SANDALWOOD GRINDING MACHINE

an abrasive belt grinder. Machine is designed using DC motor, spring, base Frame (support
frame), abrasive grinder belt, coupling and a pulley. This machine helps to shape the material
without putting much effort and getting better surface finish, and also getting larges area of
belt for grinding operation than wheel grinding.

Asha Saturday et.al [4]

Design, Analysis and Development of a Studs Grinding Machine.2016

The tests and analysis were carried out by using vertical throw electromagnetic sieve to
determine particle size distribution on the grinded roasted soya beans by the stud grinder to
show its efficiency of specific size of 50 to 80 .at an optimum speed of 2880RPM powered by
a single phase 2hp 1440RPM electric motor . This would diversify storage options for the
grains, deepen and widen the available food choices for all Nigerians and enhance food
security and rural development. This study show case the design and analysis of a stud grinder
with all equations involving the design synthesized and detailed to be use for the fabrication
in SEDI Enugu. The stud grinding machine is comprise of three main units- power
transmission unit, grinding unit, and delivery unit besides the frame. Power transmission unit
includes v-belt ,v- pulley with power shaft and machine shaft.

Nguyen Hoang Hiep, et.al [5]

A study on the design of bamboo grinding machine,2019

Its advances in manufacturing technology have created high-value products such as bamboo
flooring and bamboo furniture that can substitute for wood flooring and wood furniture.
According to the biology studies, the bamboo has the characteristics that can replace the
natural wood, but the direction of development from the stage of cultivation to the stage of
finished products has not been exploited thoroughly. The result of the design was applied for
manufacture a typical bamboo machine in the CAD-CAM workshop of DCSELAB in the
framework of a project between DCSELAB and PhuAn Village Corporation that has
evaluated with satisfaction the real proof of the design. The machine has been in the session
of initial testing and exploitation.

Swapnil V , et.al [6]

Development & Fabrication of Pedal Operated Multi-Purpose Incense Stick Making
Machine,2019

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
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The main components of this machine include a foot-pedal, a pawl and ratchet mechanism,
rack and pinion system and an extruder. As the paste used is of a semi-solid nature and a high
force was needed for extrusion, the foot lever and a pawl and ratchet mechanism was
designed ergonomically to obtain an estimation of the force required for the extrusion so that
the applied force results in a minimal foot-muscle fatigue for the operator. The workers in the
agarbatti industry face severe health hazards ranging from bruising of palm-skin to back-pain
problems and are paid a pittance for such arduous work.

Subasinghe, et.al [7]

Sandalwood Research: A Global Perspective,2013

India’s sandalwood production dropped from 4,000 MT heartwood per year in the 1950s to a
mere 500 MT in 2007 as against the global annual demand of about 5,000 to 6,000 MT wood
and around 100 to 120 MT oil (Dhanya et al, 2010). In addition to that, grazing and land
conversion to agriculture crops such as sugar cane and pine apple have caused the sandalwood
resource decline especially in Australia and Hawaii. The reasons for the sandalwood oil
content variation are still not properly known and therefore it is vital to identify the high oil
producing trees especially S. album which is intensively used for sandalwood plantation
establishment in Australia, China and Sri Lanka. However, the specific aroma of sandalwood
oil is produced mainly by two chemical compounds known as alpha and beta santalols.
Therefore in order to maintain the oil quality, ISO standards have been formulated by ISO
3518:2016 for S. album and S. spicatum as given in the Table 2 for those two compounds.

Steve R Reid , et.al [8]

High rate crushing of wood along the grain,2015

The results of tests carried out to measure proximal end and distal end loads during dynamic
crushing of oak along the grain over a velocity range of 20–260 m/s are presented. A stress
enhancement factor of roughly 2 is seen in the distal end loads for impact velocities from 34
to 225 m/s. At impact velocities up to approximately 46 m/s the deformation of end-grain oak
is extremely difficult to predict as behavior associated with both quasi-static and dynamic
loading patterns is seen. The theoretical impact velocity required for crushing to start at the
moment of
impact 'Vy' is 4.28 m\s. The laterally constrained end-grain American oak was impacted at

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speeds between 20 and 263m\s

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
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J. Webster, et.al [9]

Innovations in Abrasive Products for Precision Grinding,2016,

This paper is a review of recent developments in the design and manufacture of precision,
fixed- abrasive tools. The role of each component within the “engineered composite” is also
discussed, with examples showing how the components have been enhanced to achieve their
current high levels of performance. The paper also looks at examples where innovations in the
abrasive tool have enabled the development of innovative abrasive processes. A vision of
future abrasive product developments is also presented by the authors.

Caroline Hamon, et.al [10]

Functional analysis of stone grinding and polishing tools from the earliest Neolithic of
north,2018.
Study on grinding and abrading tools from the earliest neolithic of north-western Europe. Low
magnification observations enable us to determine the motion of a tool, the kind of processed
matter (vegetal, animal, mineral) and its texture. In the future, accuracy could certainly be
improved by defining new microscopic diagnostic criteria at higher magnifications, together
with tribological modelling and the multiplication of experimental type The 271
archaeological sandstone tools from three Linear Bandkeramik and four Villeneuve-Saint-
Germain sites located in the Aisne and Marne valleys were analyzed with a new
understanding of use-wear gained through the above described experiments.

Oluwafemi Oyedeji, et.al [11]

Impact of drying-grinding sequence on loblolly pine chips preprocessing effectiveness,2017.

The chips were air dried to about 12% moisture content and stored indoor at Auburn
University Center for Advanced Science, Innovation, and Commerce (CASIC) building until
the time of use. Representative sample from the chips was prepared for proximate analysis
(ash, volatile matter and energy contents. Although the particulate size distributions of
resulting grinds were similar, the geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviations
were significantly different (p < 0.05). The bulk density and tap density of grinds varied from
267.1 kg/m3 to 98.0 kg/m3 and from 342.6 kg/m3 to 153.7 kg/m3, respectively. This
information would be useful in the design of drying-grinding.

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Aditya Sharma, et.al [12]

Structural analysis and optimization of machine structure for the measurement of cutting force
forwood,2023.
Numerous techniques have been employed to assess the orthotropic characteristics of wood.
To estimate these parameters many researchers has used an off-axis tension test using digital
image correlation experiments.The machine tool must meet the demands of the stiffness and
easy maintenance; in absence of this the desired machining accuracy during cutting operation
is not achieved.only few manufacturers make use of advance technology and instruments to
check out different design configurations due to its high cost involved and large time
consumption. Therefore, there is a need for easy-to-use and dependable simulation software to
avoid these problems.

Jouko Niinimaki, et.al [13]

Fine grinding of wood – Overview from wood breakage to applications,2018.

The established uses of wood powder, like co-firing with coal and biofuel production, there
are also novel uses and process applications, e.g., advanced wood-plastic composites and
biochemical production are emerging for which the pulverization or fine grinding of wood is
an essential pre-treatment step.A comparison of the specific energy consumption of wood fine
grinding in both a gaseous and liquid environment is illustrated. Additionally, examples are
given of the role played by pre-treatment methods in decreasing energy consumption. The
.
particleas pect ratio is discussed briefly. Finally, the use and requirements of wood powders in
various applications are discussed.The FAO 2010 survey reports that 31% of the total land
area of the Earth is covered by forests [1], accounting for about 50% of terrestrial gross
primary production i.e. a carbon flux produced by terrestrial plants through photosynthesis [2]
and 80% of total plant.

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CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM STATEMENT
There are some crucial issues to ensure the quality of the resulting sandalwood
powder and the longevity of the grinding machine. Contamination of sandalwood powder
with impurities or foreign particles can occur if the grinding chamber or grinding stones are
not adequately cleaned. Regular cleaning and maintenance are essential to prevent
contamination and maintain the purity of the sandalwood powder. Inconsistent grinding
may lead to variations in the particle size of the sandalwood powder. This can result from
unevenly worn grinding stones or improper adjustments. Operators should regularly inspect
and replace grinding stones as needed and ensure that the machine is properly calibrated
for consistent results . Continuous operation of the grinding machine without breaks can
lead to overheating, affecting the quality of the sandalwood powder. To prevent
overheating, it's important to allow the machine to cool down at regular intervals during
extended use. If the sandalwood powder is not ground to the desired fineness, it may not
release its full fragrance and therapeutic properties. Adjusting the settings on the grinding
machine and ensuring that the wood pieces are properly sized before grinding can help
achieve the desired fineness. Problems with the motor, such as overheating, unusual
sounds, or malfunctions, can impact the performance of the grinding machine. Regular
maintenance and timely replacement of worn-out parts can help prevent motor-related
issues. Misalignment of the grinding stones or other components can lead to uneven
grinding and poor results. Regular inspections and adjustments to ensure proper alignment
are essential for the efficient operation of the machine

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CHAPTER 4

OBJECTIVE
• To develop a grinding machine which is generally faster and more efficient than manual
grinding, allowing for larger quantities to be processed in a shorter time.
• To ensures a consistent particle size in the ground sandalwood, which can be important
for applications such as cosmetics, perfumes, or pharmaceuticals.
• To provide precise control over the grinding process, resulting in a finer and more
uniform powder.
• To reduce the need for manual labor, saving time and costs associated with manpower.
• To minimize contamination, maintaining the purity of the sandalwood powder for various
applications

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