ANCHOR DESIGN - SEISMIC

DESIGN FOR POST

INSTALLED ANCHORS.

Faye Peate BEng (Hons)

AGENDA

1. The relevance of seismic

2. Earthquake influences in the anchorage resistance
3. Background and fundamental knowledge
4. Qualification of anchors for seismic loading
5. Design of anchors for seismic loading
6. Hilti anchoring solutions for seismic
7. Hilti Engineering support

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THE RELEVANCE OF SEISMIC

Earthquakes are unavoidable and can have catastrophic consequences

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THE RELEVANCE OF SEISMIC

Not only the Structure needs to be seismically designed to ensure safety, all
construction elements need to be considered

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THE RELEVANCE OF SEISMIC

Most of the costs (and casualties) after an earthquake result from non-
structural elements being inadequate when designing for seismic loading.

Source: Taghavi S. and Miranda E.: “Seismic Performance and Loss Assessment of Nonstructural Building
Components,” Proceedings of 7th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Boston, 2002.

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THE RELEVANCE OF SEISMIC

Hoehler 2006

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AGENDA

1. The relevance of seismic

2. Earthquake influences in the anchorage resistance
3. Background and fundamental knowledge
4. Qualification of anchors for seismic loading
5. Design of anchors for seismic loading
6. Hilti anchoring solutions for seismic
7. Hilti Engineering support

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EARTHQUAKE INFLUENCES IN THE ANCHORAGE RESISTANCE

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EARTHQUAKE INFLUENCES IN THE ANCHORAGE RESISTANCE

• When cracks form in concrete, there is a high chance that they will intersect
the anchor location, considering above all:

stresses from the pre-stressing or stress concentration caused by

loading of the anchor the anchor hole (notch effect)

Source: Prof. Rolf Eligehausen , University of Stuttgart: tests to assess the likelihood of cracks intercepting the position of anchors
and anchor holes

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EARTHQUAKE INFLUENCES IN THE ANCHORAGE RESISTANCE

As cracks intersect the anchor the load transfer will be changed due to an
unsymmetrical distribution of the anchor loads.

crack plane

stress distribution in stress distribution in

non-cracked concrete cracked concrete

The anchor’s ability to resist loading in cracks is a starting point for assessing
seismic performance

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EARTHQUAKE INFLUENCES IN THE ANCHORAGE RESISTANCE

Specific tests are required to assess the suitability of anchors under seismic
loading since they will need to cope with:

Load cycling Concrete crack cycling

Crack width
Shear

 Very wide cracks

Tension

(much above 0.3mm)

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EARTHQUAKE INFLUENCES IN THE ANCHORAGE RESISTANCE

Since mid-2013, EU regulation frameworks support the qualification and design

of anchors under seismic loading

Europe

Qualification
ETAG 001, Annex E
(“testing”)
Anchor resistance

Technical data European Technical

(“approval”) Approval: ETA

Design method EOTA TR045

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EARTHQUAKE INFLUENCES IN THE ANCHORAGE RESISTANCE

MEP Storage
Storage racks
racks Structural steel

Façades Utilities
Utilities Structural rebar

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AGENDA

1. The relevance of seismic

2. Earthquake influences in the anchorage resistance
3. Background and fundamental knowledge
4. Qualification of anchors for seismic loading
5. Design of anchors for seismic loading
6. Hilti anchoring solutions for seismic
7. Hilti Engineering support

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

Long-lasting partnerships with landmark investigations & code writers

2004 2006 2007

Start ETAG Annex E 7 stories UCSD Hilti Seismic project
Pioneering the 1st real scale Guideline work
EU seismic project to study with EOTA, CEN
regulation for anchoring
anchors connections

2009 2012 2013

Suspended ceiling (JP) BNCS project 1st ETA C2 anchors
Strengthen Evaluation of main State of the art
partnerships non-structural
C2 qualification of
within Japan applications post-installed
code team anchors

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

 7-story structure Ground motion selection

 Piping support and anchoring system
 1994 Northridge EQ, 0.88g, top floor

Ground motion scaling

Loads on the
anchors

Sub-system response Building response

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

Long-lasting partnerships with landmark investigations & code writers

2004 2006 2007

Start ETAG Annex E 7 stories UCSD Hilti Seismic project
Pioneering the 1st real scale Guideline work
EU seismic project to study with EOTA, CEN
regulation for anchoring
anchors connections

2009 2012 2013

Suspended ceiling (JP) BNCS project 1st ETA C2 anchors
Strengthen Evaluation of main State of the art
partnerships non-structural
C2 qualification of
within Japan applications post-installed
code team anchors

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

BI

FB

BI = base-isolated
FB = fixed-base

Hilti has a long heritage of seismic research and pioneering the most demanding seismic approvals is highly important to us.

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

Scientific knowledge Qualification criteria Anchor approvals

Anchors not affected by Un-cracked Un-cracked concrete
concrete cracks concrete (ICC-ES and ETA)
Static
Loading
High likelihood of anchors Cracked concrete
located in concrete cracks (ICC-ES and ETA)
Concrete
cracks (0.5mm)
Seismic loading affects Seismic Seismic
anchors performance (ICC-ES) C1 (ETA C1)

Concrete under seismic Seismic Wider concrete

exhibits wider cracks Loading cracks (0.8mm)
Seismic C2
C2 (ETA C2)
Under seismic concrete Cyclic cracking
cracks also open and close of concrete

It can’t be assumed that a cracked concrete approved anchor is suitable

for seismic, and even if so, lower resistance values shall be expected

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

Tests performed, even at service loads, show that the crack pattern very
often passes the exact location of the anchors.

This is explained mainly due to the notch effect and anchor forces.

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

Load (KN) Wedge anchor testing

Conclusions
Un-cracked concrete
Wedges can not be
Cracked concrete assessed by shape
Crack width 0.5mm

Double wedge anchors

Service failure are not better
 Not approved for
cracked concrete

Anchor displacement (mm)

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

In case an anchor has an uncontrolled displacement it can lead to

dramatic structural deflection and/or structural stability issues

Concrete

Anchors

Displacements Anchor: 2cm

verification Fixture @edge: 12cm !!!
Displacements from regular fixture deflection not considered

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

Summary of the ICC-ES and ETAG seismic qualification tests

Pulsating tension Alternating shear

& C1
Dw = 0.5mm Dw = 0.5mm

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

Pulsating tension Alternating shear Open/closing cracks

& C1 C2 C2
Dw = 0.5mm Dw = 0.5mm ; 0.8mm Dw = 0 – 0.8mm

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

C2

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

Requirements for seismic approvals as per US and EU regulations

Structural applications Non-structural applications
Vital projects Other buildings Vital projects Other buildings

<5%g ETA (not seismic)

5-10%g ETA C2 ETA C1

>10%g ETA C2 / ICC-ES ESR

Vital projects = Importance class IV (EC8): Buildings whose integrity is of vital
importance for civil protection, e.g. hospitals, fire stations, power plants, etc.

ETA C2 is required in most cases, apart from non-structural applications

in regular buildings and for mild seismicity levels

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

UBC 97 seismic zoning

Effective peak ground acceleration (475 year return period)
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.40

0 1 2A 2B 3 4

Static
approved Seismic approved anchors
anchors

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

Regulations for proper seismic assessment and design of anchor

US (UBC / IBC) EU (EOTA)

Qualification ACI 355 with

ETAG 001, Annex E
(“testing”) ICC-ES AC193/AC308
Anchor resistance

Technical data ICC-ES Evaluation Service European Technical

Report: ESR Approval: ETA
(“approval”)

ACI 318 Appendix D

Design method AC308
EOTA TR045

Proper specifications of a seismic-proof anchor start by considering an

approved anchor but the correct design is vital as resistances are lower

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

• If deformations are relevant for the connection it shall be demonstrated

that these deformations can be accommodated by the anchors
• Anchors awarded Seismic Performance Category C2 ETA’s provide the
anchor’s displacement for shear and tension

dN,req (DLS)  Defined by the designer ; dN,seis (DLS)  Provided in the relevant ETA

If dN,req (DLS) < dN,seis (DLS) meaning, anchor displacement above required

Note: Expression for the correction of tension design resistance; shear is done in the same manner

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

• In some cases, seismic based load combination will not be decisive

• However, anchor resistance to seismic is typically less than static

Design load
Design resistance - seismic approved anchor

KN

Wind based load Seismic based load

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BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

• Moreover, only selected anchors can also withstand seismic loading.

Design load
Design resistance - seismic approved anchor
Design resistance - non-seismic approved anchor
KN

Wind based load Seismic based load

For equal number, size and embedment of anchors plus equal spacing and edge distances

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AGENDA

1. The relevance of seismic

2. Earthquake influences in the anchorage resistance
3. Background and fundamental knowledge
4. Qualification of anchors for seismic loading
5. Design of anchors for seismic loading
6. Hilti anchoring solutions for seismic
7. Hilti Engineering support

39
QUALIFICATION OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

2006 2006 - 2013 2013

C2

1st seismic Seismic Research Improved testing

qualification Lab models and real scale testing More accurate evaluation
ACI 355 allowing real life situations to be
enacted.

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QUALIFICATION OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

Europe

Qualification
ETAG 001, Annex E
(“testing”)
Anchor resistance

Technical data European Technical

Approval: ETA
(“approval”)

Design method EOTA TR045

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QUALIFICATION OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

The C1 testing program was developed ~5 years ago and it denoted the best
knowledge at the time. EU regulation takes this as the 1st level

C1 Pulsating tension tests Alternating shear tests

Dw= 0.5mm

Note: for static approval crack width 0.3mm

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QUALIFICATION OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

This is the state-of-the art testing and it considers all the settings resulting from
real conditions.

Pulsating tension tests Alternating shear tests Open/closing crack width

C2

Dw= 0.8mm

Note: for static approval crack width 0.3mm Dw = 0 – 0.8mm

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QUALIFICATION OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

C2 is clearly required in most scenarios by the present regulations

Structural applications Non-structural applications

Vital projects Other buildings Vital projects Other buildings

<0.05g ETA (not seismic)

0.05-0.1 ETA C2 ETA C1

>0.1g ETA C2

Recommended seismic performance categories for anchors

Source: ETAG 001 Annex E and EOTA TR045

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AGENDA

1. The relevance of seismic

2. Earthquake influences in the anchorage resistance
3. Background and fundamental knowledge
4. Qualification of anchors for seismic loading
5. Design of anchors for seismic loading
6. Hilti anchoring solutions for seismic
7. Hilti Engineering support

45
DESIGN OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

Europe

Qualification
ETAG 001, Annex E
(“testing”)
Anchor resistance

Technical data European Technical

Approval: ETA
(“approval”)

Design method EOTA TR045

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DESIGN OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

• ACI 318 Appendix D is a well established regulation in the US

• EOTA TR045 has been developed during the revision of the CEN/TS 1992-4
series and complies with the final draft of EN 1992-4 (Eurocode 2, part 4)
This TR bridges the time span until the publication of EN 1992-4

• There are no substantial differences between both regulations, only

improvements and clarifications

< 2013 2013 2014 / 2015

ACI 318 ACI 318 ACI 318
- EOTA TR045 EN 1992-4

Design methods for anchors to resist seismic loading

DESIGN OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

- Ductile anchor {EU: option b}

• anchors must fulfill the ductility requirements and
steel failure must govern the anchor resistance

- Capacity Design {EU: option a1}

• anchors must resist the load corresponding to the
yielding of the fixture

- Elastic design {EU: option a2}

• anchors must resist the load resulting from an elastic
seismic design
DESIGN OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

Ref. Characteristic ETA values Calculated

resistance: R0k,seis (respective to Category C2) ETAG 001 Annex C / TR029
TENSION

Steel N0Rk,s,seis -
Pull-out * N0Rk,p,seis -
Concrete cone - N0Rk,c,seis

Steel V0Rk,s,seis -
SHEAR

Pry-out - V0Rk,cp,seis
Concrete edge - V0Rk,c,seis
* Chemical anchors: “combined pull-out and cone concrete”. Bond value shall be used with regular expressions

aseis fixed values by TR045 (0.75 - 1.0)

NRk,seis = agap ∙ aseis ∙ N0Rk,seis
agap = 1.0 Tension
VRk,seis = agap ∙ aseis ∙ V0Rk,seis = 1.0 Shear: annular gap filled
= 0.5 Shear: annular gap not filled
DESIGN OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

• US design is based on the absence of annular gaps

• EU design introduces the factor agap that induces a reduction of 50% if there
is an annular gap between the anchors and fixture
• Proper filling of the annular gap should not be taken for granted; use of the
Hilti Dynamic Set ensures effective and easy to inspect filling of the annular
gaps

The shear forces on the anchors are amplified in presence an

annular gap due to a hammer effect on the anchor
DESIGN OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

• If deformations are relevant for the connection it shall be demonstrated that

these deformations can be accommodated by the anchors
• Anchors awarded Seismic Performance Category C2 ETA’s provide the
anchor’s displacement for shear and tension
• If the required displacement is smaller than what the anchor displays, then
the following reduction is applied to the design resistance

dN,req (DLS)  Defined by the designer ; dN,seis (DLS)  Provided in the relevant ETA

Note: Expression for the correction of tension design resistance; shear is done in the same manner
DESIGN OF ANCHORS FOR SEISMIC LOADING

Selection of a seismic approved anchor

1
recommend the use of ETA Seismic Category C2

Identify the ULS seismic loads using a suitable design option

2
depending on your general design considerations

Define anchor arrangement that allows for adequate resistance

3
considering the technical data presented by the approval

If required, verify that the anchor displacements verify the DLS

.
use seismic loads respective to DLS; only possible as per ETA
HILTI ANCHORING SOLUTIONS FOR SEISMIC

The easiest way to ensure the design is done correctly with the added benefit of a printed design report.

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HILTI ANCHORING SOLUTIONS FOR SEISMIC

2. Conditions
1. Hilti’s long history
distressing an
of seismic
anchor during
research projects
an earthquake
e.g. BNCS project (2012)

4. Full set of
3. Full
approved
understanding
anchors and
about the latest
PROFIS
seismic
Engineering
guidelines
software

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AGENDA

1. The relevance of seismic

2. Earthquake influences in the anchorage resistance
3. Background and fundamental knowledge
4. Qualification of anchors for seismic loading
5. Design of anchors for seismic loading
6. Hilti anchoring solutions for seismic
7. Hilti Engineering support

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THANK YOU

Contact

 GB
Tel:0800886100
Email: gbtas@hilti.com

 IE
Tel: 1850 287 387
Email: IETeamTechnicalSupport@hilti.com
 Finland
Tel: 0207 999 350
Email: insinoorit@hilti.com

 Sweden
Tel: 020-555 999
E-post: tc@hilti.com

 Denmark Ask.Hilti.co.uk
Tel: 44 88 80 80
Email: tekniskafdeling@hilti.com

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