SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS

Y
GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

Alexander D. Rahm

University of French Polynesia

Universidad Andina del Cusco, 13 de junio 2024

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

Example of a dynamical system

Extract from Oliver Knill’s lecture notes “Dynamical Systems”, Harvard University 2005

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

The logistic map T (x) = 3x(1 − x)

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

The logistic map T (x) = cx(1 − x) for another c ∈ [0, 4]

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

Billiards

Extract from Oliver Knill’s lecture notes

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

The hyperbolic plane

Painting by Maurits C. Escher, hyperbolisation by Jos Leys

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

The upper-half space model of the hyperbolic plane

Poincaré disk model Upper-half space model

Here, the modular tree for SL2 (Z) was drawn by the author over the following
drawings.
Left: Drawing by Maurits C. Escher.
Right: Drawing by Robert Fricke for Felix Klein’s lecture notes, 1892

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

SL2 (Z) acting on the hyperbolic plane (Image by Keith Conrad)

   
0 −1 1 1
S= , T =
1 0 1 0
Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS
SL2 (Z) acting on the hyperbolic plane

Interactive version at https://roywilliams.github.io/play/js/sl2z/

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS
SL2 (Z) acting on the hyperbolic plane

Interactive version at https://roywilliams.github.io/play/js/sl2z/

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS
SL2 (Z) acting on the hyperbolic plane

Interactive version at https://roywilliams.github.io/play/js/sl2z/

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS
SL2 (Z) acting on the hyperbolic plane

Interactive version at https://roywilliams.github.io/play/js/sl2z/

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS
SL2 (Z) acting on the hyperbolic plane

Interactive version at https://roywilliams.github.io/play/js/sl2z/

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS
SL2 (Z) acting on the hyperbolic plane

Interactive version at https://roywilliams.github.io/play/js/sl2z/

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS
Billiards trajectory in universal covering space

Extract from Oliver Knill’s lecture notes

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

Billiards tables tessellating a universal covering space

Extract from Oliver Knill’s lecture notes

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS
Billiards in the hyperbolic plane (Image by Castle, Peyerimhoff & Siburg)

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

Polyhedral tessellation of hyperbolic 3-space (Image by Claudio Rocchini)

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

Action of Bianchi modular groups SL2 (O−m ) on hyperbolic 3-space HR3

√ integer, let O−m denote the ring of

For m a positive square-free
algebraic integers in Q( −m ).

SL2 (Z) ,→ SL2 (R) ⟳ HR2

↓ ↓ ↓
SL2 (O−m ) ,→ SL2 (C) ⟳ HR3

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

The Bianchi groups

Definition
For m a positive square-free integer, let O−m denote the ring of
algebraic
√ integers in the imaginary quadratic field extension
Q[ −m] of the rational numbers.
The Bianchi groups are the projective special linear groups
Γ := PSL2 (O−m ).

Motivations
• Group theory
• Hyperbolic geometry
• Knot theory
• Automorphic forms
• Baum/Connes conjecture
• Algebraic K -theory
• Heat kernels
• Quantized orbifold cohomology

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

The upper-half space model acted on by PSL2 (Z)

Underlying picture by Robert Fricke for Felix Klein’s lecture notes, 1892

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

The PSL2 (Z)-equivariant retraction

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

 √
A fundamental domain for Γ := PSL2 (Z[ −6 ])

(Picture created by Mathias Fuchs, using coordinates from Bianchi.gp)

PSL2 (Z) ,→ PSL2 (R) ⟳ HR2

↓ ↓ ↓
PSL2 (O−m ) ,→ PSL2 (C) ⟳ HR3

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

 √
Cell structure for Γ := PSL2 (Z[ −6 ])

a2 v

s
a3 a
b u

v1
b1 a1

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

 √
Cell stabilisers in Γ := PSL2 (Z[ω]), ω := −6
a2 v

s
a3 a
b u

 
−1
A := ± ,
1
  D E
−1 − ω 2−ω Γu = B, S | B 2 = S 3 = (BS)3 = 1 ∼= A4 ,
B := ± ,
2 1+ω
D E

−ω 5−ω

v1 Γv = B, R | B 2 = R 3 = (BR)3 = 1 ∼= A4 ,
R := ± ,
1 1+ω
b1 a1 D E
  Γa = SB | (SB)3 = 1 ∼= Z/3Z,
−1
S := ± ,
1 1 D E
Γb = A | A2 = 1 ∼= Z/2Z,
 
1−ω 3
V := ± , 2
3 1+ω Γs = ⟨V , W | VW = WV ⟩ ∼
= Z .
 
7 3ω
W := ± .
2ω −5

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

History of computations for the Bianchi groups

Luigi Bianchi (1856-1928)

▶ Fundamental domains in eleven cases by Bianchi, 1892

▶ Concept for an algorithm by Swan, 1971
▶ Fundamental polyhedra implementation by Riley, 1983
▶ Mendoza complex implementation by Vogtmann, 1985
▶ Fundamental domains by Cremona and students, 1984-2010
▶ Program for GL2 (O) by Yasaki, 2010 (Gunnells’ algorithm)
▶ Recent SAGE package for Bianchi groups by Maite Aranes
▶ Recent MAGMA package for Kleinian groups by Aurel Page
Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS
Dan Yasaki: A GL2 (O) tessellation of hyperbolic space by ideal polyhedra

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

  √ 
Aurel Page: A fundamental domain for Γ = PSL2 Z[ −163+1
2 ]

PSL2 (Z) ,→ PSL2 (R) ⟳ HR2

↓ ↓ ↓
PSL2 (O−m ) ,→ PSL2 (C) ⟳ HR3

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

Features of the Bianchi.gp script in PARI/GP
3 computed with
A fundamental domain for PSL2 (O−427 ) in HR
Bianchi.gp :

Features of the Bianchi.gp script in PARI/GP :

▶ Computation of the group cohomology, especially of the
torsion Grunewald–Poincaré series
▶ Computation of the Bredon homology for operator K-theory
▶ Quantized orbifold cohomology computations
▶ Dimension computation for Bianchi modular forms spaces

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS

Sulpayki

Gracias por
su atención !

Alexander D. Rahm SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS Y GEOMETRÍA DE GRUPOS