11th Chemistry EM Unit 1 Study Materials English Medium PDF Download

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AwwCOMPLETE GUIDE
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New Edition -2023
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Dear students!
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CONTENT
NN e ett N N eett
lalai .i. S .No LESSON
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1 ww .
Basic Concepts P
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Calculations
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2 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom 30
N Neet t Periodic properties of elements NNeet t

lalai.i. 3
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. Earth metals . P
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Alkali andw w ww
5
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89
6 Gaseous state 108
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. Ne7 t t Thermodynamics
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8 Physical and Chemical Equilibrium
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9 Solutions
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10 Chemical
254
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11 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

N Neet t N Neet t
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13 Hydrocarbons
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Haloalkanes and Haloarenes w
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15 Environmental Chemistry 371
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CHEMISTRY.
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+1 CHEMISTRY PUBLIC EXAM BLUE PRINT
N Neett N Neett
lalai .i. MARCH 2019 JULY 2019
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MAY 2022 JUNE -2022
assaa ssaa ssaa

L 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
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1(2) 1(2) 1(2)
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8 1 1 1(2) 6 1 1 1(3) 6 1 1 1(2) 5 1 1 6 1 1 1 1(5) 11
N Neett N Neett C
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11 1 11 1 1 10 1 1 13 2 1 1(5) 10 2 1(5) 10
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12 1 7 1 1(3) 7 - 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 4
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0 0 0 0 0
NN e e tt Inorganic unit – 1, 2 ,3 , 4
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Physical unit – 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ,
N N
Organic unit – 11 , 12 , 13
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Total marks 35 35 40
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Unit 1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations
N N e t tof methane is completely burnt using 80 ml of oxygen

I. Choose the best answer.
e N Neetattroom temperature the volume of gas
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1. 40 ml
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a ad d aa s s a
a adda a s saa
ml CO gas 2
c) 60 ml CO gas and w 60w

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ml.H O gas
b) 40 ml CO gas and 80 ml H O gas
2
w w . P.P 2
2. An element w Xw
2
w w 2 d) 120 ml CO gas
has the following isotopic composition X= 90 %, w
w
wX=w8 % and X= 2 % . The
𝟐𝟎𝟎
2
𝟏𝟗𝟗
weighted average atomic mass of the element X is closest to
N N e e t t
a) 201 u b) 202 u c) 199 u
N Ne e t t d) 200 u
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3.. Assertion : Two mole of glucose contains 12.044× i10
l a
l a .i . 𝟐𝟑
molecules of glucose
l a
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:Total number of entities present in
a) both assertion and reasonP a a d s saamole of any substance is equal to 6.02× 10 aassaa
one
a ad d
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are true and the reason is the correction explanation of
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.are true but reason is not the correct explanationwofwassertion
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assertion.
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b) both assertion and reason
c) assertion is true but reason is false.
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d) Both assertion and reason are false.
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4. Carbon forms two oxides, namely carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The equivalent mass of
NN e e
whicht telement remains constant? N N e ett
l a
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a .i.a) carbon b) oxygen c) both carbon and l a
l ai .i. d) neither carbon nor oxygen l a
l i
a
sa
assaa 5. The equivalent mass of a trivalent aa is 9 g eq the molar mass of its anhydrous oxide aa
oxygen
dd aa
metal s s
element -1
ddaas iss
P
b).27
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a) 102 g
w w w g c) 270 g d) 78
wmolecules in a drop of water weighing 0.018 g iswww w
g
w w
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6. The number w
a) 6.022× 10
w
of water
𝟐𝟔 b) 6.022× 10 𝟐𝟑 c) 6.022× 10 d) 9.9× 10 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟐
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7. 1 g of an impure sample of magnesium carbonate (containing no thermally decomposable
NN e et t on complete thermal decomposition gave N 0.44e

N ge
toftcarbon dioxide gas. The percentage
l a
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a .i. of impurity in the sample is
impurities)
l alai .i. l a
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a
assaa a) 0% b) 4.4% d
aa daass aa
aaddaas saa
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c) 16% d) 8.4%
w w . P P
. is added to 30 g acetic acid solution,wthewwresidual . PP
. solution is
found to weigh
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8. When 6.3 g of sodium
ww33 w
bicarbonate
g. The number of moles of carbon dioxide releasedw inw
w
the reaction is
ww
a) 3 b) 0.75 c) 0.075 d) 0.3

9.
N N e e t t(g), formed is equal to N N ett
When 22.4 liters of H2 (g) is mixed with 11.2 liters of Cl2 (g), each at 273 K at 1 atm the molecules
e
l a
l i
a .i. of HCl
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa 10. a)Hot2 moles of HCl (g) b) 0.5 moles of HCla
aad
isd
a as s ac) 1.5 moles of HCl (g) d) 1 moles of HCla(g)assaa
(g)
a ad d
w w .P. P
concentrated sulphuric acid
ww . P
. P
a moderately strong oxidizing agent. Which of the following
a) Cu + 2H SO 2
w
ww→ w
reactions does not show oxidizing behaviour?
CuSO + SO + 2H O
4 4 2 2 b)C + 2H SO → ww w w
CO + 2SO + 2H O
2 4 2 2 2
c) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl d) none of the above
NN e ett N N e e tt
11. Choose the disproportionation reaction among the following redox reactions.
lalai.i.a) 3Mg(s) + N (g) →Mg N (s) b)P (s) + l3alNaOH+

ai .i. 3H O → PH (g) + 3NaH PO (aq) l a
l i
a
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2 3 2 4 2 3 2 2
d d aas s daass
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c) Cl2(g)+ 2KI (aq) →2KCl (aq) + I2 d) Cr2O3(s) + 2Al(s) → Al2O3(s) + 2Cr (s)
N N e t +t H O + 3e → MnO + 4OH N N e tt
12. The equivalent mass of potassium permanganate in alkaline medium is
e e
lalai .i. MnO 4
-
2
-
l a
l ai
2 .i.
-
l a
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assaa 13. a)Which31.6 b) 52.7
aa dd a as saac) 79 d) None of these
aaddaassaa
a) 5 moles of water w w P
. P
one of the following represents
. 180 g of water?
ww . P
. P
w w w w b) 90 moles of water
w w ww 𝟐𝟒
c) molecules of water d) 6.022× 10 molecules of water
14. 7.5 g of a gas occupies a volume of 5.6 litres at 0𝟎C and 1 atm pressure. The gas is (M-22)
N a) e
N ett N N eett
lalai.i. NO b) N O c) CO
l al i
a
2
.
i . d) CO
l a
l i
a
2
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assaa a) 6.022× 10 aa aa
15. Total number of electrons present in 1.7 g of ammonia is (June-2022)
d da as s d a
d s
a s
b)
.
𝟐𝟑
P
. P a a c) d)
. P
. Paa
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w w w order of the oxidation state of sulphur in the anions w
w w w
16. The correct increasing
SO , SO , w
4
2-
Sw 2-
O , S O is
3 2 4
2-
2 6
2- www
lai
a) SO32-< SO42-<, S2O42- < S2O62- b) SO42-< S2O42- < S2O62- < SO32-
N N eet t
c) S2O42- < SO32-< S2O62- < SO42- d) S O < S Ot t < SO < SO
N Ne e 2 6
2-
2 4
2-
4
2-
3
2-
l a
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a .
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17. The equivalent mass of ferrous oxalate is
l al i
a .
i . l a
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sa
assaa a) a ad da as aab)
s
aaddaassaa
ww . P
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c)
w
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d) none of these
ww change
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18. If Avogadro wnumber wwould

this 23 20
a) the ratio of chemical species to each other in a balanced equation

Pa
NN e ett
b) the ratio of elements to each other in a compound
N Ne ett
l a
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a .i.c) the definition of mass in units of grams lalai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa 19. d)Twothe22.4
mass of one mole of carbon.
a a d da s
a saa
B contains 8 g of CO and 8 g of SO respectively at aad da as saa
w.
. P
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liter containers A and
w w w
2
w . P
. P 273 K and 1 2
w w
atm pressure, thenw w ww w w
ww
a) Number of molecules in A and B are same

b) Number of molecules in B is more than that in A.
Nc) e
N e
Thet ratio
t between the number of molecules in A toNN e et t of molecules in B is 2:1
number
l a
l i
a .i.d) Number of molecules in B is three times greater
l a
l a i.i.the number of molecules in A. l a
l i
a
assaa 20. What is the mass of precipitateaformed aa50 ml of 8.5 % solution of AgNO is mixed withaa100 aa
than
dd aa s s
when
dd s s
P
. P
ml of 1.865 % potassium.chloridea . P
. P a a 3
w w w
w b) 7 g
solution?
w w w w
a) 3.59 g
ww c) 14 g
ww d) 28 g
21. The mass of a gas that occupies a volume of 612.5 ml at room temperature and pressure (25 C and 1 0
atm pressure) is 1.1 g. The molar mass of the gas is
N a) e
N e t tg mol -1
N N
-1
e e t t d) 662.5 g mol
-1 -1
lalai.22.i. Which of the following contain same number oflalcarbon

66.25 b) 44 g mol
a .i. atoms as in 6 g of carbon-12.
c) 24.5 g mol
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a) 7.5 g ethane b) 8 g methane c) both (a) and (b) d) none of these
N N e tt N N e tt
23. Which of the following compound(s) has/have percentage of carbon same as that in ethylene (C2H4)
e e
lalai .i. ( Mar-19)
l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 24. a)Whichpropene b) ethyne
a ad da a s saa c) benzene d) ethane
a ad daassaa
ww . P P
of the following is/are true
.u with respect to carbon-12?
w
w .P. P
w
wwwof carbon is +4 in all its compounds
a) relative atomic mass
b) oxidation number
is 12
w
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c) 1 mole of carbon-12 contain 6.022 x 1022 carbon atoms
N ee tt
d) all of these
N N N e tt
e
lalai.25.i. Which one of the following is used as a standardlalforai.atomic
i . mass. l a
l i
a
et
assaa MODEL a) C
6
12
b) C 7
aa
12
d da a s saac) C 6
13
d) C6
14
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
AND YEAR QUESTIONS:
. P P
. in CH F is (June– 2019) . P
. P
.N
w w w w w
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a) +4
w w
1. The oxidation number of carbon
b) -4
2 2
c) 0
ww
d)+2
lai
2. The relative molecular mass of ethanol is : (Sep-20)
N e etgt
a) 0.46
N b) 4.6 g c) 460 g
N N e et t d) 46 g
l a
l i
a .i. BACK – 2 AND 3 MARKS l al i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa 26. Define relative atomic mass aaddaassaa aa
BOOK
d a a s s
dunified
.
 The relative atomic massP. P . P
. P a a
w
atomic mass unit.w
w
w is defined as the ratio of the average atomic
w
mass
w w
factor to the
www
da
ww
 Relative atomic mass (Ar) =
Pa
N N e t tmole is the amount of substance of a system, which

27. What do you understand by the term mole? (JUNE -19)
e N Neet t as many elementary particles as
l a
l i
a .i. One
l a
lai .i. contains
l a
l i
a
assaa a ass aa The elementary particles can be molecules, atoms,
there are atoms in 12 g of carbon -12 isotopes.
aad d a ad d a as saa
w.
 1mole = 6.022x10 w w . P
. P
ions, electrons or any other specified particles.
w w . P
. P
www w 23
entities.
w
www
ww
28. Define equivalent Mass (or) Define Gram equivalent mass (May-22)
 Equivalent mass of an element, compound or ion is the number of parts of mass of an element
N Nee t t
combines
N N ee
or displaces 1.008 g hydrogen or 8 g oxygen or 35.5gt t chlorine.
l a
l i
a .
i . (
l a
la i.i. )
l a
l i
a
assaa 29. What do you understand by the aa aa

d d aa s s ( )
d a
d s
a s
 It is defined as the w . P P a a term oxidation number?
. charge left on the atom when all other atoms . PP a a
the.compound have
w w
imaginary
w w
ofw
been removedwwinw wwtowset of rules.
their usual oxidation states that are assigned according
 Oxidation number of Na = +1
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i.30. Distinguish between oxidation and reduction
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
S.no Oxidation Reduction
N N
1
ee t tAddition of oxygen
N N e ett
Removal of oxygen
lalai .i. 2 Removal of hydrogen

a i
a .i.
Addition
l l
of hydrogen
l a
l i
a
assaa 34 Loss of electrons
aad a
d s
a aaGain of electrons
s
aa dda as saa
. P
. P
Oxidation number increases
ww
Oxidation number decreases
w
w .P.P
www w www w
31. Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds (i) urea [CO(NH ) ] (ii) acetone 2 2
[CH3COCH3] (iii) boric acid [H3BO3] (iv) sulphuric acid [H2SO4]
N N e ett
(i) urea [CO(NH2)2]
N N e ett
lalai.i. Molar mass of [CO(NH ) ] = C + O + 2N + 4Hlalai.i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa a x 14) + ( 4 x 1)
+s(2a
aa
2 2
= 12 +a
d d as
16
d a
d s
a s
. PPa a
. = 60 g mol . P
. Paa
.N
= 12 + 16 + 28 + 4
wwww w
www
ww
(ii) acetane [CH COCH ]
3 3
w
w
-1
lai
Molar mass of CH3COCH3 = 3C + 6H + O
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. = 36 + 6 + 16 la
l i
a .i.= ( 3 x 12 ) + ( 6 x 1 ) + 16
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa a=d
a 58 a
d ga
s
mols
aa -1
aaddaassaa
(iii) boric acid [H BO ] .P. P . P
. P
w
Hw
w w w w
w
www
3 3
da
Molar massw ofw BO3 = 3H + B + 3(O)

3
= (3 x 1) + 11 + ( 3 x 16 )
Pa
N N ee t t = 3 + 11 + 48
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i.(iv) sulphuric acid [H SO ] = 62 g mol
l a
la i .i. -1
l a
l i
a
assaa 2
Molar mass of H SO = 2H + S +d
aa da a s saa
4
aaddaasaa
s
w.
4(O)
w
2
w . PP 4
. = (2 x 1) + 32 + (4 x 16 ) w
w . P
. P
w
www = 2 + 32 + 64 w
www
ww
= 98 g mol-1
N N et t mass of CO . N N e tt
32. The density of carbon dioxide is equal to 1.965 kgm-3 at 273 K and 1atm pressure. Calculate
e e
l a
l i
a .i. the molar 2
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa Given : AtThe273density of CO at 273K and s 1saapressure = 1.965 kgm s aa
s
-3
a ad d a a atm 2
ad
a a
d a
.P P
. × 22.4𝐿
K and 1 atm pressure,
w w
1 mole of CO occupies a volume of 22.4L
2
w w. P
. P
Mass of 1 mole ofw w
www CO = 2
www
=
N Neett Molar mass of CO2 = 44 gmol-1

N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.
33. Which contains the greatest number of moles of oxygen atoms (i) 1 mol of ethanol
l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
(ii) 1 mol of formic acid (iii) 1 mol of H2O
N N e t t
Compound
e Given no. of moles
N N e et t × 10
No. of oxygen atoms
lalai .i. Ethanol (C H OH)

2 5 1
l a
l i
a .i. 1 × 6.022 23
l a
l i
a
assaa Formic s aa 2 × 6.022 × 10
1s ss aa
23
acid (HCOOH)
aad d a a aaddaa
Water (H O 2
ww . PP
. contains the greatest number of moles of oxygen
1 1 × 6.022 × 10
w w .P.P
23
ww atomic mass of naturally occurring magnesium

 The Formic acid ( HCOOH)
waverage
34. Calculate the w
ww the following data
wwusing atoms.
Isotope Isotopic atomic mass Abundance (%)
NN e tt
e
Mg24 23.99
N Neett
78.99
lalai.i. Mg 26
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa Mg a11.01 aa
24.99 10.00
as
a s a a s
a s
25
25.98
PPaadd P Pad
a d
. . . .
.N
w w=w
w www
wwmass
Average atomic
( ) (
= www
) ( )
lai
= 24.31u.
N N ett N N ett
35. Mass of one atom of an element is 6.645 × 10-23g. How many moles of element are there in 0.
e e
l a
l i
a .i. 320 kg?
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa Given: Mass of one atom = 6.645 × 10 sgsaa ssaa
-23
aa d daa aaddaa
w w. P
∴ Mass of 1 mole of atom = 6.645
P
.= 40g × -23
10 g × 6.022 × 10 23
w
w . P
. P
w wof element in 0.320 kg w
www
da
wmoles
∴ Number ofw
Number of moles =
Pa
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. =
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa =
a addaa ssaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.
=.8P
. P . P
. P
w w ww mol.
w ww
w the molecular
ww
36. What is the difference between molecular mass and molar
w
mass
w
? Calculate
ww
mass and molar mass for carbon monoxide?

S.no Molecular mass Molar mass
N1e
N et t The sum of atomic masses of the elementsNNeTheetmass
t of one mole of a substance.
l a
l i
a .i. present in a molecule. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa 2 Its unit is u or amu aaddaassaa Its unit is g mol
aad da as
-1
a
s a
w w . P
. P Molar mass of CO:w . . P
P
3 Molecular mass
=(1 ×wwww
mass
of CO:
of C) + (1 × Mass of O)
www1× 16
w=w1×12.01+
= 1×12.01 amu + 1 × 16 amu = 28.01g mol-1
N Neet t= 28. 01 amu

N N e e tt
lalai.i.
37. What is the empirical formula of the following
l a
l
?
ai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d a as saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
(i) Fructose (C6H12O6) found in honey
N N ett N N e tt
(ii) Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) a substance found in tea and coffee.
e e
lalai .i. Compound Molecular Formula
l a i .i.
Empirical
l a Formula
l a
l i
a
assaa Fructose CH O
C H N Oa
6
add aa
12 s saaCH O
6 2
aaddaassaa
Caffeine
w w . P
. P 8 10 4 CHNO
2 4 5
ww.
2
P.P
w
www
38. How many moles
w
of ethane is required to produce 44 g of CO (g) after
w
wwcombustion.2
Balanced equation for the combustion of ethane
NN e ett
C2H6 + 3 ½ O2 →2CO2 + 3H2O
N Ne e tt
lalai.i.2C H + 7O →4CO + 6H O l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa ToTo produce aais required aa
2 6 2 2 2
d d a
4 moles of CO , 2 moles of
as s
ethane
d a
d s
a s
a a
2
produce 1 mole (44 g) ofP

. .P
CO a
required number of moles of ethane
. P
. P a
.N
w w w 2
www
ww= w x 1 mol CO 2
www
lai
= ½ mole of ethane
N N eet t = 0.5 mole of ethane

NN e ett
l a
l i
a .39.i. Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidising agent. It loxidises
a
l ai .i.ferrous ion to ferric ion and reduced itself lalai
sa
assaa to water. Write a balanced equation. a a dd aa ssaa
a adda as s aa
w w .
2e-P
. P w w . P
. P
wwww www w
da
-1 -2
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + H2O
Pa
NN e ett
2e- 1e-
1e-
NN eett
l a
l i
a .i.Step 1 : H O + 2Fe2+ → Fe3+ + H Olalai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa Step 2 : H2O2 + 2Fe2+ + 2H+aa ddaassa2a
aaddaasaa
s
w.
2 2
w w . P
. P → 2Fe3+ + 2H2O
w
w . P
. P
wwww w
www
ww
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
BOOK BACK – 5 MARKS
N N et t (a) 200 atoms of x + 200 atoms of y + 50 molecules

N N et tof z
40. In a reaction x + y + z2→ xyz2 identify the Limiting reagent if any, in the following reaction
e e
lalai .i. mixtures
l a
l i
a .i. 2
l a
l i
a
assaa (b)(d) 12.5molmolofofx +x +1 mol
5 mol of y + a
5ad da
of y + 3 mol of z
as a(c)a50 atoms of x + 25 atoms of y + 50 moleculesaofaszsaa
s 2
a add
2
ww . P
. P mol of z 2
w w . P
.P
www w
Reaction : x + y + z → xyz 2 2
wwww
Number of moles of reactants Number of moles of reactants Limiting
Question
N Neett allowed to react

N e t
e t consumed during reaction
reagent
i.i. i .
i xN
. i
lala x y z
l a
l a y z
l a
l a
et
assaa aa 50 atoms 50 atoms 50 atoms zaassaa
2 2
200 atoms 200 atoms 50 s s

a
aaddaa atoms
aadd 2
1P P P P
b 1 mol
. .mol 3 mol 1 mol 1 mol 1
.
mol
. x an y
.N
w ww
w 25 atom w
ww w
c
ww
50 atom
50
molecules
25 atom ww
25 atom
25
molecules
y
lai
d 2.5 mol 5 mol 5 mol 2.5 mol 2.5 mol 2.5 mol x
NN e ett N N ee tt
l a
l i
a .i. and is used in welding metals. (Atomic masslala .i. = 27u Atomic mass of
41. The reaction between aluminium and ferric oxide can generate temperatures up to 3273 K
ofi Al O = 16u) la l i
a
sa
assaa 2Al + Fe O →Al O + 2Fe ;aIf,adindathisassprocess
2 3 2 3
aa , 324 g of aluminium is allowed to reactawith
a ad as s
dexcess
aa
ww P
1.12 kg of ferric oxide. .(i)
. P
Calculate the mass of Al O formed. (ii)
w
How
w. P
.
much P
of the
w wend of the reaction? www w
da
2 3
ww
reagent is left at the
Given: 2Al + Fe2O3 →Al2O3 + 2Fe
Pa
N Ne e t t Reactants
N
FeN
e
Oe
t t Products
l a
l i
a .
i . Al
l a
lai .
i . Al O 2 3 Fe
l a
l i
a2 3
assaa Amount of reactant allowed

aadd a assaa
aa dd aasaa
s
w.
324 g 1.12 kg - -
to react
w w . P
. P w w. P
. P
ww
Number of moles wwallowed to
w
w ww
ww
react - -
N Nee tt
Stoichiometric co-efficient
2
N N1e ett 1 2
l a
l i
a .
i . l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa Number of moles consumed
aad da asaa
s
ad
a d-aasaa
s
during reaction
w w . P
. P 12 mol 6 mol -
ww. P
. P
www
Number of moles wof reactant w
www6
unreacted and number of 12
- 1 mol
moles of product formed mol mol
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
Molecular mass of Al2O3 = 2 (Al) + 3 (O) = [2x27] +[3x16]
N Ne etmass
t os Al O formed N N et t mass
= 102 g mol-1
e
lalai .i. Molar 2 3 = Number
l a
l ai
of .i.
moles x molecular
l a
l i
a
assaa s saax 102 g mol = 612 g ssaa
-1
Excess reagentaadda
= 6 mol
a aaddaa
ww . P P
of.Fe O
= Fe O 2 3
w
w .P.P
www w
Molecular mass = 2 (Fe) + 3 (O)
= [2x56] +[3x16] = 160 g molw
2 3
w
ww -1
Amount of excess reagent left at the end of the reaction = 1 mol x 160 g mol-1
N ee t t ee=t 160
t g
i.i. N
Calculate the empirical and molecular formula iof.iaN
. N i
lala 42.
l a
l a compound containing 76.6% carbon, 6.38
l a
l a
et
assaa % hydrogen and rest oxygenaitsadvapour da as saa is 47. (Sep-20 , June-22)
density
a adda as saa
. PP
. mass . PP
. Whole no
.N
w w w Atomic Relative number of
w w w
www www
Element Percentage Simple ratio
atoms
C 76.6 6
lai
12 = 6.38
N Nee
Htt N Neett 6
l a
l i
a .i. 6.38 1
l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa O 17.02
aa
16 ss
ddaa aa
aad
1 sa
daa s a
w w . P
. P
Empirical formula = C 6 H6 O
w
w . P
. P
wwww w
www
da
Pa
N Neett N N eett
l a
l i
a .i. Molecular Formula (C6H6O) × 1 =a
l la i .i.6O l a
l i
a
assaa 43. A Compound o analysis gaveaNaad=da aa aa
C 6H
a s s d da as s
aa
w.
.theP .P
14.31 % S = 9.97% H = 6.22% and O = 69.5% calculate the
molecular formula w w . Pcompound if all the hydrogen in the compound
w w . P
combinationw
w w of
ww is present in
wwof the compound is 322).
w oxygen as water of crystallization. (Molecular mass
with
ww
Atomic Relative number of
NNeettElement Percentage
mass
N N e e tt atoms
Simple ratio Whole no
l a
l i
a .i. Na l a
lai.i.= 0.62 l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
14.31 2
d
23
da s
a s d a
d1 s
a s
S 9.97
.P. Paa 32 . P
. Paa
w w w w w
w
H www6.22 1
www 20
N Neet t O 69.5 16
N N e e t t 14
lalai.i. Empirical formula = Na S H O

l a
l i
a .
i . l a
l i
a
assaa s saa s aa
s
2 20 14
d daa d a a
Kindly send me your P P aa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
Empirical formula mass = 2(Na) + S + 20(H) + 14 (O)
N Neett N Neett = [2x23] + 32 + [20 x1] + [14x16]
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
= 46 + 32+20+224 = 322
a
assaa a d
a a
d s
a aa
s
aaddaassaa
w w . PP
. = Na S H O w
w .P.P
Since allw
w
Molecular
whydrogen
the
formula
w in the compound present as water wwww 2 20 14
Molecular formula = Na2 SO4 . 10H2O
N eett NN eett
44. Balance the following equations by oxidation number method
N
lalai.i.i) K Cr O + KI + H SO → K SO + Cr (SOlal) a+Ii.i+H
.O l a
l i
a
et
assaa aa aa
2 2 7 2 4 2 4 2 4 3 2 2
+6
ddaas s -1
d a
d s
a s +3 0
K2Cr2O7
. P
.Paa + KI +
P
H2SO4
. . Paa K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + I2 +H2O
.N
w ww www
www
2 x 3e- 1e- www
lai
Step 1 : K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4 )3 + I2 + H2O
NN e et t2 : K Cr O + 6KI + H SO → K SO + Cr (SONN)e+3etIt + H O
Step
l a
l i
a .i. Step 3 : K Cr O + 6 KI + 7H SO → 4K2SOl4al+aiCr.i2.(SO4 )3 + 3I2 + 7H2O
2 2 7 2 4 2
l a
l i
a
4 2 4 3 2 2
sa
assaa a s
a aa
s aassaa
2 2 7 2 4
PP aad d P Paadd
ii) KMnO + Na SO → w w . . + Na SO + KOH ww. .
w
www+4
MnO
www w
da
4 2 3 2 2 4
+7 +4 +6
KMnO4 + Na2SO3 → MnO2 + Na2SO4 + KOH
Pa
N Ne ett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 3e -
2e
l a
lai .i. -
l a
l i
a
assaa Step 1: 2KMnO + 3Na SO → sMnO
ad
ad aa saa + Na SO + KOH
4 2
aaddaasaa
s 3 2 2 4
w.
w w. P P
Step 2: 2KMnO + 3Na SO
. → 2MnO + 3Na SO + KOH
4
w
w . P
. P
2 3 2 2 4
wwww
Step 3: 2KMnO + 4
w
www
3Na SO + H O → 2MnO + 3 Na SO + 2KOH 2 3 2 2 2 4
ww
iii) Cu+ HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO2+ H2O

0 t t +5 tt
i NNe e +2 +4
.i. Cu + HNO → Cu(NO ) + NO +laHlaOi.i. NN ee i
l a
l a l a
l a
assaa aa aa
3 3 2 2 2
ddaas s d a
d s
a s
2e -
1e
.P P aa
. → Cu(NO ) + NO + H O
-
. P
. Paa
Step 1 : Cu + wwww w
w w
w
w w2HNO
w
w
Step 2 : Cu + 2HNO + 2HNO → Cu(NO ) + 2NO + H O
3
3 3
3 2 2
3 2
2
2 2
Step 3 : Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2 H2O
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
iv) KMnO4+H2C2O4 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + MnSO4 + CO2 + H2O
N N
+7
e ett + H C O + H SO → K SO .+N
+3
Neet t +4 +2
lalai .i. KMnO 4

l a
l i
a
2
i . MnSO
2 + CO + H O
4 2
l a
l i
a4 2 4 4 2 2
assaa -
aaddaassaa -
aaddaassaa
5e 2x1e
ww . P
P
C O. + H SO → K SO + MnSO + CO w
. PP
+ H. O
w
ww
Step 1 : 2KMnO + 5H
Step 2 :2KMnO w+w5H C O + H SO → K SO + 2MnSO w
4
4
2
2
2+w
ww
2 4
10CO + H O
4 2
2
4
4
2
2
4
4 4
4
2
2
2
Step 3: KMnO4 + H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O
N N ee tt N Neett
lalai.45.i. Balance the following equations by ion electron
l a
l i
a .i.
method.
l a
l i
a
et
assaa a) KMnO + SnCl +HCl → MnCl
4
a ad da
2
a s
+ SnCl sa+aH O + KCl 2
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s 4 2
. P
.P . P
. P
.N
w w w www
www www
l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa
N Ne t t + Cr O
e N Neett
l a
l i
a .i.
b) C2O 4
2-
2 7
2-
l l i .i.
→ Cr3+ + CO2 (acid medium)
aa l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
c) Na2S2O3 + I2 → Na2S4O6 + NaI (acid medium)
N Neett N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
www w
www
N Nett
e
d) Zn +NO3- → Zn2+ + NO
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P
.N
w w
w www
www www
l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
www w
www
da
Evaluate Yourselfw
1. By applying the knowledge of chemical classification, classify each of the following into
Pa
N N eet t N Ne e t t
elements, compounds or mixtures. (i) Sugar (ii) Sea water (iii) Distilled water (iv) CO
2
l a
l i
a .
i .(v) Copper wire (vi) Table salt
a i .
i
(vii) Silver plate
l la . (viii) Naphthalene balls
l a
l i
a
assaa 1 Element Copper wire,a
a add aas s a plate

Silver
aadd a assaa
w.
2 Compound
w w . P PSugar, distilled water, carbon dioxide, Table salt,
. Naphthalene balls ww . P
. P
w
www Sea water www w
ww
3 Mixture
N N et t H OH)
2. Calculate the molar mass of the following.
e N N eet t permanganate (KMnO )
l a
l i
a .i. (i) Ethanol(C 2 5
l a
l ai.i.
(ii) Potassium 4
l a
l i
a
assaa (iii)(i)Potassium
molar mass of C H OH = aa d da
dichromate (K Cr O )
2 2
as s
7aa (iv) Sucrose (C H O ) 12 22 11
ad
a da s
a aa
s
ww
2
.P 5
P2(C) +6(H)+O
.
. = (2 x 12) + (5 x 1) + (1 x 16) + (1 x 1) www. P P
w
www = 46 g www
(ii) molar mass of KMnO4 = K + Mn + 4(O)
N Neett N N e e tt
= (1 x 39) + (1 x 55) + (4 x 16)
lalai.i. = 158 g
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
(iii) molar mass of K2Cr2O7 = 2(K) + 2(Cr) + 7 (O)
N Ne e t t N N ett
= (2 x 39) + (2 x 52) + (7 x 16)
e
lalai .i. = 294 g
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aad
12
=d
a s
22
saa + 11(O)
(iv) molar mass of C H O = 12(C) + 22(H)
a 11
aaddaassaa
ww . PP (12 x 12) + (22 x 1) + (11 x 16)
. = 342 g w
w .P.P
www w w
www
3. a) Calculate the number of moles present in 9 g of ethane.
N Nett
Molar mass of ethane, C2H6 = (2 x 12)+ (6 x 1)
e = 30 g mol-1
N Nee tt
lalai.i. n=
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa =
= 0.3 mole aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a daas saa
. P
.P . P
. P
.N
b) Calculate w w w w
w of molecules of oxygen gas that occupiesw w w w
w of 224 ml at 273
w
the number
K and 3 atm pressure.
aw
volume
lai
At 273 K and 1 atm pressure 1 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L
NN e e tt NN e ett
l a
l i
a .i. Number of moles of oxygen, that occupies alalvolume
Therefore,
ai .i. of 224 ml at 273 K and 3 atm pressure lalai
sa
assaa = ( )
x 0.224 L xaad d aas saa
aadd a as saa
w w . P
. P 273 K x 3 atm
w w . P
. P
wwww www w
da
=0.03mole
23
1 mole of oxygen contains 6.022 x 10 molecules
0.03 mole of oxygen contains = 6.022 x 1023 x 0.03
Pa
N N ee t t = 1.807 x 10 molecules oft oxygen

N Nee t 22
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 4. a) 0.456 g of a metal gives 0.606agadofditsaachloride.
ssaa Calculate the equivalent mass of the metal.
a add a s
a aa
s
w.
Mass of the metal = 0.456 g.P P . P P

Mass of the metal w
ww .0.606 g w ww .
w w w
chloride =
w w w
ww
0.456 g of the metal combines with 0.15 g of chlorine.
Mass of the metal that combines with 35.5 g of chlorine = x 35.5
N Nee tt NNe e tt
l a
l i
a .i.a) Calculate the equivalent mass of potassiumlaldichromate.
ai.i. The reduction half-reaction in acid lalai
= 107.92 g eq . –1
assaa 2-
a d
a→
a
d as aa
s+
2 Cr +7H O- 3+
aadd a as saa
medium is, Cr O + 14H +6e
2
Equivalent mass of w
7
w . P P
. agent = 2
w
w. P
. P
wwww a oxidising
www w
=
= 48.7 g eq-1
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
5. A Compound on analysis gave the following percentage composition C=54.55%, H=9.09%,
NN eett N N ett
O=36.36%. Determine the empirical formula of the compound.
e
lalai .i. Elements Percentage
l al i
a .i. Relative no.of.atoms =
l a
l i
a
assaa s aa s aa
Atomic mass Simple ratio
composition
ddaa s d d a a s
. PPaa .P P aa
ww %. w
w .
C
w
www
54.55 12
w
www
H 9.09 % 1
NNett
e N Neett
lalai.i. O l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa aa aa
36.36 % 16
ddaas s dda as s
. P
.Pa aEmpirical formula (C H O)
. P
. Pa a
.N
2 4
w w w w ww
6.
www www
Experimental analysis of a compound containing the elements x,y,z on analysis gave the
lai
following data. x = 32 %, y = 24 %, z = 44 %. The relative number of atoms of x, y and z are 2,
N e
1 and
N et0.5,t respectively. (Molecular mass of the compound
NN eist400
e t g) Find out.
l a
l i
a .i. i) The atomic masses of the element x,y,z. ii)lalEmpirical
ai .i. formula of the compound l a
l i
a
sa
assaa iii) Molecular formula of the compound. a ad da a s aa
s
aad d a assaa
w w .
Percentage P
. P Relative no.of.atoms = Atomic mass =
w w. P P
.Simple ratio
w w wwww
da
Elements
wwcomposition
Pa
X 32 % 2 16 4
NNeett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. Y l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 24 %
ad
adaassaa
1 24
a
2
addaasaa
s
w.
44ww . P
. P w
w . PP
. 1
Z
w
www % 0.5 88
w
www
ww
Empirical formula (X4Y2Z)
NN e e tt N N ee tt
l a
l i
a .i. Calculated empirical formula mass = ( 16 x 4 ) l+al( a24i.ix.2 ) + 88 l a
l i
a
assaa aa d da as saa
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w w .P P
. n=
= 64 + 48 + 88 = 200
w
w. P
. P
www w w
www
= =2
N Neett
Molecular formula (X4Y2Z)2 = X8Y4Z2
N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
7. The balanced equation for a reaction is given below
N N e tWhich eet t of products formed.

t is the limiting reagent? (ii) Calculate theNNamount
2x+3y → 4l + m : When 8 moles of x react with 15 moles of y, then
e
lalai .i. (i)
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa a ad da as saa left at the end of the reaction.
(iii) Calculate the amount of excess reactant
a adda a ssaa
ww . P
. P
Content Reactant
y w w .P P
.l products
ww
Stoichiometric
w w
coefficient
x
2 ww3 w w 4
m
1
No. of moles allowed to react 8 15 - -
N Ne e t t
No. of moles of reactant reacted and product formed
N Neet 8t 12 16 4
lalai.i. l a
l i
a
No. of moles of un-reacted reactants and the product .i . l a
l i
a
et
assaa formed aa aa
- 3 16 4
d d aa s s d a
d ass
. P
. P a a . P
. Paa
.N
Limiting reagent
w w w :x
w w
w
www
Product formed ww
: 16 moles of l & 4 moles of mw
lai
Amount of excess reactant : 3 moles of y
8.
N Ne e t+tHNO + H O → H AsO +H SO +NO NNeet t
Balance the following equation using oxidation number method
l a
l i
a .i. As S 2 3 3 2
l a
l i
a
3 .i. 4 2 4
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa a s saa a ssaa
+5
+3 -2
dd a
As2 S3 + H N O3 + H2O
aa aadd a +5
H3As O4 + H2 S O4 + N O
+6 +2
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
www w w
www
da
2x2e- 3x8e- 3e-

4e- 24e-
Pa
NNe ett 28e-

N N e ett
l a
l i
a .i. 3 As S + 28 HNO + H O → H AsO + H lSOalai+.iNO. l a
l i
a
assaa a+a9 H SO + 28 NO aa
2 3 3 2 3 4 2 4
3 As S + 28 HNO + H O → 6 H a
d d as
AsO s ddaass
2 3
a a
3 2 3 4 2
aa
4
w.
.
 Difference is 8 hydrogen
w w P P
atoms & 4 oxygen atoms .
. the reactant side by '4'.Balanced equation is,www. P
P
w w w w
 Multiply H O molecule
2 on
w w w
ww
3 As S + 28 HNO + 4 H O → 6 H AsO + 9 H SO + 28 NO
2 3 3 2 3 4 2 4
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:
1.
NN e et trelative molecular mass N N eett
l a
l i
a .i. Relative molecular mass is defined as the ratio
Define
l a
la i..
ofithe mass of a molecule to the unified atomic lal i
a
assaa aa d
mass unit. The relative molecular d aas
mass
saany
of
a compound can be calculated by adding the relative
a ad da as saa
ww . P
. P
atomic masses of its constituent atoms.
w w . P
. P
2. What is Molar ww ww
Mass? www w
 Molar mass is defined as the mass of one mole of a substance. The molar mass of a compound is
equal to the sum of the relative atomic masses of its constituents expressed in g mol-1.
N
Neet t Molar mass of hydrogen atom = 1.008 g molN N e e tt
lalai.i. Examples:
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
-1
assaa d d aas saa

daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
3. Calculate relative molecular mass of glucose ( C6H12O6)
N N et t
 Relative molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6)
e N N ee tt
= (6 × 12) + ( 12 ×1.008) + (6 ×16)
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i.
= 72+12.096+96
l a
l i
a
assaa 4. Define Molar volume aaddaassaa = 180.096 u aad d a as saa
w w . P
. P
by one mole of any substance in the gaseous state at a w w . P P
.temperature and
www w
 The volume occupied
pressure is called molar volume. www w given
 273 K and 1 atm pressure (STP) – 22.4 L

5.
N Nee tt N N e e tt
Define : Basicity. Find the basicity of ortho-phosphoric acid. (Sep-20)
lalai .i. The number of moles of ionisable H ions present

+
l a
l ain.i1. mole of the acid
i l a
l i
a
et
assaa aa d daa ssaa
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
. P . P
. P
.N
 Basicity of H PO =w3w ww
6. Define : Aciditywwww3 4
www w
lai
 The number of moles of ionisable OH– ion present in 1 mole of the base
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa 7. HowAcidity of KOH = 1
a ad da as saa
aaddaassaa
. P
. P
will you find out the equivalent
w w
mass of an acid? Give example
w
w . P
. P
www w w
ww
da
( ) w
Basicity = no.of moles of ionisable H+ ions present in 1 mole of the acid

Pa
N Nee t t : Gram equivalent of H SO = 49 g eq NNeet t

l a
l i
a .i. Example 2 4
l a
lai .i. -1
l a
l i
a
assaa 8. How will you find out the equivalent
a ad daas saa
aaddaasaa
s
w.
mass of an base? Give example
w w . P
. P w
w . P
. P
www w ( ) w w
ww
ww
Acidity = no.of moles of ionisable OH- ions present in 1 mole of the base
NNe ett
Example : Gram equivalent of KOH = 56 g eq-1
NN e tt
e
l a
l i
a
9..i.How will you find out the equivalent mass of lanalaoxidizing
i.i. agent? l a
l i
a
assaa a ad da as saa
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w w . P
. P w
w. P
. P
10. How will youw
w
wout
find
wthe equivalent mass of an reducing agent? wwww
NN e ett N N e e tt
lalai..
11.i Define – Whole number (n) l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
( )
NN e ett NN eett
lalai .i.(i) Benzene (ii) Tartaric acid (iii) Lactic acidlal(iv)
12. What is the empirical formula of the following ?
a i .iHydrogen
. peroxide (v) Acetic acid l a
l i
a
assaa S .no Compound
a a d da as saa
Molecular Formula Empirical Formula d
aa a
d s
a aa
s
Benzenew w . P
. P w w .P.P
1
2 w w
wwacid
Tartaric
CH
CHO
6
4
6
6 6
CH
Cw
Hw
2O
w w 3 3
3 Lactic acid C3H6O3 CH2O
N Nett
e
4 Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
N Neet t HO
lalai.i. 5 Acetic acid CHO

l a
l i
a .
i . CH O
l a
l i
a
et
2 4 2 2
assaa 13. What is Empirical formula? a ad da as saa

a ad da as saa
. P P
. the simplest ratio of the number of different . PP
.present in one
.N
w ww w w w
www
 The formula written with
molecule of the compound as subscript to the atomic symbol.
www atoms
lai
 Empirical formula of acetic acid is CH2O
e tt
e e
14. Differentiate b/w empirical formula and molecular formula.
NN N N e tt
l a
l i
a .i.S .no Empirical formula l a
l ai .Molecular
i . formula l a
l i
a
sa
assaa 1 Empirical formula of aaacompound d da as aisathe Molecular formula of a compound isatheassaa
s
a d
a d of
w w . P
.
formula written with Pthe simplest ratio of formula written with
w
the
w . P
.
actualPnumber
w
the numberw of different atoms present in different atoms presentww
da
w w ww in one molecule as a
one molecule of the compound as subscript subscript to the atomic symbol.
Pa
to the atomic symbol.
N2 e
N et tEmpirical formula of acetic acid is CH O molecular
N Ne et tformula of acetic acid is C H O
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
2 2 4 2
l a
l i
a
assaa 15. What do you understand by stoichiometry
a a d da a s saa
a adda as saa
w.
calculations? (or) Define Stoichiometry

 Stoichiometry is theww . P P
. relationship between reactants andwproducts w w . PP
. in a balanced
w quantitative
wwwin moles. The quantity of reactants and products canwwbew
chemical equation expressed in moles or in
ww
terms of mass unit or as volume.
N N e t ta reaction is carried out using non-stoichiometric

16. What is meant by limiting agent? ( June-22)
e N Neet t of the reactants, the product
l a
l i
a .i.
 When
l a
lai .i. quantities
l a
l i
a
assaa from taking place and is calledaad da a s aais completely consumed. It limits the further reaction
yield will be determined by the reactantsthat
a ad d aa s saa
17. What is excess agent?w w . P P as the limiting reagent.
.What is meant by excess agent? ww . P
. P
 The reactantw
w
wwthan the limiting reagents which are in excess arew
other
(or)
ww w
called the excess reagents.
NNee tt N N e e tt
lalai.i.What is the electronic concept of oxidation andlalreduction
18.
ai .i. reactions? l a
l i
a
assaa d da as saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
 Oxidation reactions : It is defined as a reaction in which one or more electrons is lost, by atom,
N Ne et→t Fe + e (loss of electron-oxidation). NNeet t

ion or molecule.
lalai .i. Fe 2+ 3+ -
l al i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa  Reduction aa d da s saa in which one or more electrons is gainedabyasansaa
reactions : It is defined as a reaction
a a ad d
atom, ion or molecule.
–
w w . P P
of.electron-reduction) w w . P
. P
2+
w
ww Give an example
Cu + 2e → Cu (gain
19. Define redoxw reaction. www w
 The reaction involving loss of electron is oxidation and gain of electron is reduction. Both these
N Ne ett N Ne ett
reaction take place simultaneously and are called as redox reaction.
lalai.i. Example : C + O → CO l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa 20. Write aa aa
2 2
note on Combination reaction ss s s

a ad da a aad aa
dcalled
.
Redox reactions in whichP
.Ptwo substances combine to form a single
. P
. P
compound are
.N
w w w w w w ww
w w
combination reaction.
 Example : C + O → CO 2 2
ww
lai
21. Write note on decomposition reaction
e et t reactions in which a compound breaks downNNinto

 Redox
NN eettwo
t or more components are called
l a
l i
a .i. decomposition reactions. These reactions are lopposite
a
l ai .i.to combination reactions. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa  2KClO → 2KCl + 3O aaddaassaa aaddaassaa
3
w w .
22. Write note on displacement P
. P
2
ww . P
. P
w
wwinwwhich an ion (or an atom) in a compound is replaced w
wwbywan ion (or atom) of
da
 Redox reactions
another element are called displacement reactions. They are further classified into (i) metal
Pa
N Nee t tdisplacement reactions: N N ett

displacement reactions (ii) non-metal displacement reactions.
e
l a
l i
a .i.
 Metal
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa  CuSO (aq) + Zn (s) → Cu (s) + ZnSO s
4
Non-metal displacement a a ddaa saa

(aq) 4
aaddaassaa
w.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnClw +w
. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www reactions (or) What are Auto redoxwreaction?
23. What are disproportionate
H 2 2
w
ww Give an example
ww
(JUNE -19)
NNe ett NN e ett

 In some redox reactions, the same compound can undergo both oxidation and reduction. In such
l a
l i
a .i. reactions, the oxidation state of one and the same
l a
lai.i. is both increased and decreased. These lalai
element
assaa  reactions aa d a as saa

are called disproportionation reactions.
d a ad da as saa
2H O → 2H O + O
2 2
w w .
2 P
. P 2
w w . P
. P
www w www w
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
24. Predict the spontaneity of the reaction when a copper strip placed in zinc sulphate solution.
N N e t ta metallic copper strip in zinc sulphate solution.NNIfecopper

Justify your answer.
e et t replaces zinc from zinc sulphate
lalai .i.
 Place
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa solution, Cu ions would be released intoa
s s asolution and the colour of the solution would change
s saa
2+
to blue. But no such change isa ad a

d a the
a a dda a
w w . P P observed.
. among zinc and copper, zinc has more tendency w w .P P
. electrons
and copper wtow
w w
 Therefore, we conclude that
accept the electrons. www w to release
25. Predict the type of Following reactions:
N N ee tt
a) 2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2
N Ne ett
lalai.i.b) C + O → CO l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa c) HaO →2 2KClO aa aa
2 2
2 H O+O
2 2
ddas
a s 2
d a
d s
a s
→ 2 KClP
. P a a . P Paa
ww. .
+ 3 O Decombination reaction
.N
C+O w→w
3 2
www
w
b
c
w w CO
H O →2H O+O
2 2
2 Combination reaction
2
2
w
Disproportionate reactions
2
w
l a
l i
a N e ett
lai
.i.Arrange the order of following metals by electron
l a
l i
a N N e ett
26. Arrange the following based on their reactivity – Justify. ZnSO4, AgNO3 and CuSO4 (or)
N .ireleasing
. tendency. Copper, silver, zinc. (or) lalai
sa
assaa write the descending order ofaad da as
electrons areleasing
a tendencies of the Zn,Cu and Ag metals.
a ad da as saa
Arrange the metals Zn.,P . P . P
. P
w w w Cu and Ag in the descending order of
w
their
w welectron releasing
ww www
da
tendency. w
 The correct order is ZnSO4 >CuSO4 >AgNO3 (or) Zinc > Copper > Silver
Pa
NN e ett N Nee tt
l a
l i
a .i.Explain determination of Empirical Formulalfrom
5 MARKS
ala i .Elemental
i. Analysis Data. l a
l i
a
assaa  Step 1: Since the compositionaadisdexpressed
aassaain percentage, we can consider the totalamass s saa
1.
addaa
w.
of the
compound as 100 gw w .theP
. Ppercentage values of individual elements as massww P P
in .grams.
.
wwwthewmass of each element by its atomic mass. Thisww ww
and
 Step 2: Divide gives the relative number of
ww
moles of various elements in the compound.
N N et t of them to get the simplest ratio. N N ett

 Step 3: Divide the value of relative number of moles obtained in the step 2 by the smallest
e e
l a
l i
a .i. number
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa  Step 4: (only if necessary) in case s
numbers then they may be a ad da a s
theasimplest
a ratios obtained in the step 3 are not awhole
a ad d as s aa
w w . P
. P converted
ww . P
. P
into whole number by multiplying by a suitable smallest
number.
www w www w
2. What is oxidation number? State the rules to find the oxidation number.
 It is defined as the imaginary charge left on the atom when all other atoms of the compound have
NNe ett N N e e tt
been removed in their usual oxidation states that are assigned according to set of rules. A term that
lalai.i. is often used interchangeably with oxidation number

l a
l i
a .i.is oxidation state l a
l i
a
assaa d da as saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
 The oxidation state of a free element (i.e. in its uncombined state) is zero.
N Ne etatmonatomic ion, the oxidation state is equal to theNNe et t on the ion.

Example : each atom in H2, Cl2, Na, S8 have the oxidation number of zero.
lalai .i.
 For
l a
l ai .i. net charge
l a
l i
a
assaa s saain Na is +1. s saa
+
a add a
Example : The oxidation number of sodium
a
chlorine in Cl is –1. –
aad da a
 The algebric sum ofw w PP
The oxidation number
. of
. states of all atoms in a molecule is equal w w w .P P
. in ions, it is
equal to thew
w
w on the ion.
wcharge
net
oxidation
www
to zero, while
 Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 in all its compounds except in metal hydrides where it
N Ne ett
has – 1 value.
NN e tt
e
lalai.i. Example: Oxidation number of hydrogen iin.ihydrogen
l a
l a . chloride (HCl) is + 1. l a
l i
a
et
assaa  Fluorine has an oxidation
Oxidation number ofs
stateaad d a a saa in sodium hydride (NaH) is –1.
hydrogen
a a d d aassaa
. P P of – 1 in all its compounds.
.
. in most compounds is –2. Exceptions arewperoxides, PP
. super oxides
.N
w w
 The oxidation state ww ww w
w w of oxygen
ww
and compounds with fluorine. Example : Oxidation number of oxygen in water (H O) is –2.
2
lai
 Alkali metals have an oxidation state of + 1 and alkaline earth metals have an oxidation state of +
2eintall
t their compounds. e tt
i N
.i. N e i N
.i. N e i
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
sa
assaa Problems related to Mole concept: aaddaassaa aaddaassaa
w w P
. P
1. How many moles of H is.required2 to produce 10 moles of NH ?
w
3
w. P
. P
w
www N (g) +equation ww
da
The balanced stoichiometric

w
for the formation of ammonia is
3 H (g) → 2 NH (g)
w
2 2 3
2 = 3
Pa
NNe e t t 2 x 10 N Ne ett
l a
l i
a .i. ∴ to produce 10 moles of ammonia =3
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aad daas aa
s
aaddaasaa
s
w.
w w . P
. P = 15 moles of hydrogen are required.
w
w . P
. P
www w www w
ww
2. Calculate the amount of H O produced by combustion of 32 g CH .

2 4
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

As t t the stoichiometric equation, Combustion of 1N t tg) CH produces 2 moles (2 × 18 =
i NNe eper
.i. 36 g) of water. i.i. Ne e
mole (16 4
i
l a
l a l a
la l a
l a
assaa Molar mass of CH = 12 + (4 x 1 ) =a
4
a ad d a
16 s
gs
aa
mol -1
aa d da as saa
Molar mass of H O = (2.xP P . P P
w w w
2
.1) + 16 = 18 g mol -1
w ww .
Combustionw w32wg CH produces =
of 4 32 g CH 4www
= 72 g of water
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
3. How much volume of carbon dioxide is produced when 50 g of solid calcium carbonate is
N N e t t chemical equation is, CaCO (s) CaO(s)NN

heated under standard conditions?
e e t t(g)
e
lalai .i.The balanced 3
l a
l i
a .i. + CO 2
l a
l i
a
assaa AsMolarpermass of CaCO = 40 +12 a +a(3d
a
xd
a s saa CaCO on heating produces 1 mole CO aassaa
the stoichiometric equation, 1 mole (100g)
-1
3
aadd
2
At STP, 1 mole of CO w
3
w . PP 16) = 100 g mol

. a volume of 22.7 litres w
w .P.P
www w occupies
2
www w
∴ At STP, 50 g of CaCO on heating produces =
3 50 g CaCO 3
= 11.35 litres of CO2
NN e e tt NN e ett
lalai.i.The balanced equation for the formation of HCl lisalai ..
4. How much volume of chlorine is required to form 11.2 L of HCl at 273 K and 1 atm. pressure?
H i(g) + Cl (g) → 2 HCl (g) l a
l i
a
et
assaa As per the stoichiometric equation,aadunder s saaconditions, s aa
s
2 2
d a a given
ad
a a
d a
. P
. P . P
. P
.N
w w
w
To produce 2 moles of HCl, 1 mole of chlorine gas is required
w
wof HCl, 22.4 litres of chlorine gas are required. www w w
ww
To produce 44.8 litres
∴ To produce 11.2 litres of HCl =
lai
11.2 L of HCl
NN e et t NN ee tt
== 5.6 litres of chlorine are required.
i5..i.Calculate the percentage composition of the elements i .i. present in magnesium carbonate. How lalai
l a
l a l a
l a
sa
assaa many kilogram of CO can be a 2
d d a
obtained
a a s aa 1 kg of 90 % pure magnesium carbonate?
bysheating
aad daassaa
w w . P
. P
The balanced chemical equation is MgCO → MgO + CO
ww . P
. P
w w
3 2
wwis 84 g mol . www

da
Molar mass ofwMgCO 3

–1
84 g MgCO3 contain 24 g of Magnesium.

Pa
N N et t
∴ 100 g of MgCO3 contain =
e 100 g MgCO
N Neett 3
l a
l i
a .i. = 28.57 g Mg.
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa i.e. percentage of magnesium = 28.57
a ad d%. ss
a a aa
aaddaasaa
s
w.
w w . P
. P w
w . P
. P
www w w
www
ww
N N e et
∴ 100 g MgCO3 contain =
t 100 g MgCO
N Neett 3
l a
l i
a .i. = 14.29 g of carbon. i.i.
l a
la l a
l i
a
assaa ∴84Percentage of carbon = 14.29 %.
aad da a s saa
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
. P
g MgCO contain 48 g of oxygen
3
ww w
w. P
. P
www w
∴ 100 g MgCO contains
3 100 g MgCO w
www
3
= 57.14 g of oxygen.
∴ Percentage of oxygen = 57.14 %.
N N ee tthet stoichiometric equation, 84 g of 100 % pureN N e e tont heating gives 44 g of CO .

lalai.i.As per
l a
l i
a .i.
MgCO 3 2
l a
l i
a
assaa d da a s saa
d aassaa
questions and answerkeys to us : PP d
Padasalai.Net@gmail.com aa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
∴ 1000 g of 90 % pure MgCO3 gives = 90 % x 1000 g
N Neett N Neett
= 471.43 g of CO2
lalai .i. = 0.471 kg ofa

l l i
a
CO .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
2
d da a ss ddaass
. PP aa
. of H SO ( Mar-19) .P.Paa
w w w
Problems related to Equivalent
w Mass:
w
w w
w
H SO basicity
2 4
w w
1. Calculate the equivalent mass
= 2 eq mol -1
2 4
w
w
Molar mass of H2SO4 = (2x1) + (1x32) + (4x16)
N Nett
e = 98 g mol-1
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa Gram equivalent of H SO = a
d a
49d
=a
as aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. PP
. of KOH.
g eq -1
. P
. P
.N
w w
2 4
w w w w w w
w w
2.
KOH basicity
w
Calculate the equivalent mass
= 1 eq mol -1
w
lai
Molar mass of KOH = (1x39) + (1x16) + (1x1)
N Ne ett -1
N Nee tt
l a
l i
a .i. = 56 g mol
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa Gram equivalent of KOH = =a56adgdaeqassaa a ad daa s saa
ww . PP -1
. of Mn in KMnO (in acid medium). (or)wcalculate

w w . PP
.the equivalent
w w w
da
w w
3. Calculate the equivalent mass
w w
4
mass of potassium permanganate .The reduction Half reaction is acid medium is MnO + 8H + 4
- +
5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O.

Pa
N Ne
KMnOe t tis an oxidizing agent, N Neett
l a
l i
a .i.Molar mass of KMnO = (1x39) + (1 x 55) + (4x16)
4
l a
la i .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ssaa saa
s
4
= 158 g mol aa aa
a add -1
aadd
w.
MnO + 8H + 5e → Mn .P . P . P
. P
4
- +
w w w
-
+ 4H2+
O 2
w w
w
n = 5 eq mol w ww-1
www
ww
N Ne et t mass of KMnO = = 31.6 g eq N Neett

.i. .i.
-1
l a
l i
a
Equivalent
l
4
a
lai l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaas saa
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w w.P. P w
w. P
. P
www w w
www
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
Problems related to Molecular and Empirical formula:
N N et t 64% Oxygen. Find the empirical formula

N N etthet compound.
1. An acid found in tamarinds on analysis shows following percentage composition: 32% Carbon;
e e
lalai .i.4% Hydrogen;
l a
l ai .i. of
l a
l i
a
assaa Element % Molar massaaddaaRelative ssaano.of Simplest Simplest ratio sa
aad daa s a
w
w . P
. P moles ratio
ww. P
. P
( in whole
w www w
w w
w number)
C 32 12 2
Ht t t t
i. N
.
i ONee 4 1
i .
i N
. Nee 3
i
lala l a
l a l a
l a
et
a
assa 64 16
aa ssaa 4
a assaa
PPaadd P P aadd
. .O . .
.N
w w w w ww w w
2.
w w
The empirical formula is2C H 3 3
w w
An organic compound present in vinegar has 40 % carbon, 6.6 % hydrogen and 53.4 % oxygen.
lai
Find its Empirical formula.
NN e ett N NeetSimplest
t Simplest ratio
l a
l i
a .i. Element l a
l i
a .i.
Relative no.of
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa amoles
a aa
% Atomic mass ( in whole
ddaass ratio
number) a
d d s
a s
. P
12.
Paa . P
.1Pa a
w w w w w
w
www www
da
C 40
H 6.6 1 2
Pa
e Ot t
e eett
l a
l i
a N
.i. N 53.4 16
l a
lai N
.i. N 1
l a
l i
a
assaa The empirical formula is CH O d
aa da as aa
s
aadda s
a saa
w.
3. A compound havingw w . P P 2
. P
the .empirical formula C H O has the vapour density
ww P
. 47. Find its
w
www(Mar-19)
Molecular formula.
6 6
wwww
ww
Empirical formula = C 6 H6 O
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa a a ddaas aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
O)P
Molecular Formula (C6H6. P
. 66 . P
. P
w ww × 1 = C H O
w w
w
www www
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
Problems related to Oxidation state:
NN et t Oxidation number of the N N ett

1. Calculate oxidation number of oxygen in H2O2. ( Mar-19)
e e
lalai .i. S.No l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
Compound Calculation
element
dd aass ddaass
.
O . PPa a 2(+1) + 2x = 0
.P.Paa
1
w ww HO 2x = -2
w w w
www www
2 2
x = -1
2. Calculate the oxidation number of underlined elements. a) CO2 b) H2SO4 (May-22)
N Ne et t Oxidation number of the CompoundNNeet t Calculation

lalai.i. S.No
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa aa aa
element
ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
1 C
. P
.Pa a CO
x + 2 (– 2) = 0
. P
. Paa
.N
2
w w ww x = +4
w ww
w2) = 0
2
w w S H SO4
2 (+ 1) + xw
2+x–8=0
+w4 (–
2
lai
x = +6
N N ee tt N Neett
l a i
a3..i.Find the oxidation state of underlined element:
l a i
a .i. l a i
a
l l l
sa
assaa a) Cr O b) CH F c) SO aad)ddMnO
2 7
2-
2 2 2 aassaae) OF f) KO g) Na S O h) KClO
4
-
2 2
aaddaassaa
2 2 3 3
i) HNO 3 j) Cr O
2
w
3
w . P
. P w w . P
. P
w
wwwnumber of the compound w w
da
S.No
Oxidation ww
Calculation
element
Pa
2x + 7(-2) = -2
N Ne
1ett Cr
N Neett 2–
2x-14 = -2
l a
l i
a .i. l a
la i .i. Cr2O7
x = +6
l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa x+ 2(+1) + 2(-1) = 0
aaddaasaa
s
w.
2 C CH F
ww . P
. P x = 0
2 2
w w . P
. P
3
w
wwwS SO
x+
www
2(-2) = w
0
ww
2
x = +4
x + 4 (-2) = -1
N Neett NNeetxt= -1 +8
l a
l i
a .i. 4 Mn
l a
la i.i. x= +7
MnO4-
l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P x + 2 (-1) = 0
w
w. P
. P
5 w
www O OF
x = +2 w ww2w
+1 + 2x = 0
N Neett
6 O KO2
N N e e t t
2x = -1
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. x=-½
l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
2(+1) + 2x + 3(-2) = 0
2x + 2-6=0
N N
7
eett S
N Neett
Na2S2O3
2x = +4
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. x =+2
l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
aaddaa
(+1) + x + 3(-2) = 0ssaa
8
w
Cl
w . P
. P KClO x +1 -6=0
3
w w.P.P
w
www x = +5
www w
+1 + x + 3(-2)= 0
9 N HNO3 x+1-6=0
N Nee tt N Neetxt= +5
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .
i . l a
l i
a
et
2x + 3(-2) = 0
assaa aaddas
a aa
s 2x -6 = 0
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
10 Cr
. P
.P Cr O 2 3
. P
. P
.N
2x= 6
w ww w w
w
www x =3
www
l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
N Neett N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
www w
www
N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
et
assaa aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P
.N
w w
w www
www www
l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www
N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa

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ww..

New Edition -2023

permission of the publisher.P P P P

N Neet t Periodic properties of elements NNeet t

6 Gaseous state 108

11 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

15 Environmental Chemistry 371

+1 CHEMISTRY PUBLIC EXAM BLUE PRINT

assaa ssaa ssaa

1 1 1(2) 1(2) 1 1(2) 1

Unit 1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

N N e t tof methane is completely burnt using 80 ml of oxygen

c) 60 ml CO gas and w 60w

weighted average atomic mass of the element X is closest to

7. 1 g of an impure sample of magnesium carbonate (containing no thermally decomposable

NN e et t on complete thermal decomposition gave N 0.44e

a) 3 b) 0.75 c) 0.075 d) 0.3

c) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl d) none of the above

lalai.i.a) 3Mg(s) + N (g) →Mg N (s) b)P (s) + l3alNaOH+

aa dd a as saac) 79 d) None of these

18. If Avogadro wnumber wwould

a) the ratio of chemical species to each other in a balanced equation

a) Number of molecules in A and B are same

atm pressure) is 1.1 g. The molar mass of the gas is

lalai.22.i. Which of the following contain same number oflalcarbon

a) 7.5 g ethane b) 8 g methane c) both (a) and (b) d) none of these

a ad da a s saa c) benzene d) ethane

N N e t tmole is the amount of substance of a system, which

S.no Oxidation Reduction

lalai .i. 2 Removal of hydrogen

[CH3COCH3] (iii) boric acid [H3BO3] (iv) sulphuric acid [H2SO4]

Molar massw ofw BO3 = 3H + B + 3(O)

N Neett Molar mass of CO2 = 44 gmol-1

(ii) 1 mol of formic acid (iii) 1 mol of H2O

lalai .i. Ethanol (C H OH)

ww atomic mass of naturally occurring magnesium

Isotope Isotopic atomic mass Abundance (%)

mass and molar mass for carbon monoxide?

N Neet t= 28. 01 amu

(i) Fructose (C6H12O6) found in honey

Balanced equation for the combustion of ethane

produce 1 mole (44 g) ofP

N N eet t = 0.5 mole of ethane

BOOK BACK – 5 MARKS

N N et t (a) 200 atoms of x + 200 atoms of y + 50 molecules

N Neett allowed to react

200 atoms 200 atoms 50 s s

assaa Amount of reactant allowed

Molecular mass of Al2O3 = 2 (Al) + 3 (O) = [2x27] +[3x16]

Atomic Relative number of

lalai.i. Empirical formula = Na S H O

Empirical formula mass = 2(Na) + S + 20(H) + 14 (O)

N Neett N Neett = [2x23] + 32 + [20 x1] + [14x16]

Molecular formula = Na2 SO4 . 10H2O

iii) Cu+ HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO2+ H2O

Step 3 : Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2 H2O

iv) KMnO4+H2C2O4 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + MnSO4 + CO2 + H2O

lalai .i. KMnO 4

Step 3: KMnO4 + H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

c) Na2S2O3 + I2 → Na2S4O6 + NaI (acid medium)

a add aas s a plate

(iii) molar mass of K2Cr2O7 = 2(K) + 2(Cr) + 7 (O)

N N ee t t = 1.807 x 10 molecules oft oxygen