BON SEASON 2024

KỸ THUẬT CASIO KẾT HỢP CHUẨN HÓA

MIN MAX SỐ PHỨC
 KỸ THUẬT CASIO KẾT HỢP CHUẨN HÓA MIN MAX SỐ PHỨC

1. Dạng lượng giác của số phức

1.1. Số phức dưới dạng lượng giác
a) Acgumen của số phức z ≠ 0
- Định nghĩa 1: Cho số phức z  0. Gọi M là điểm trong mặt y

phẳng phức biểu diễn số z. Số đo (radian) của mỗi góc lượng M(z)
giác tia đầu Ox, tia cuối OM được gọi là một acgumen của z. φ
Chú ý: Nếu  là một acgumen của z (hình 1) thì mọi acgumen O x

của z có dạng   k2, k  . (Người ta thường nói: Acgumen

Hình 1

của z  0 xác định sai khác k2, k  ).

y
Nhận xét: Hai số phức z và lz (với z  0 và l là số thực N(lz)

dương) có acgumen sai khác k 2, k  , vì các điểm biểu diễn M(z)

của chúng cùng thuộc một tia gốc O (hình 2). x

O
b) Dạng lượng giác của số phức Hình 2
Xét số phức z  a  bi  0  a , b  . Kí hiệu r là môđun của z y

và  là một acgumen của z (hình 3) thì dễ thấy rằng: M(a + bi)

r
a  r cos , b  r sin . φ

Vậy z  a  bi  0 có thể viết dưới dạng z  r  cos   i sin   . O x

- Định nghĩa 2: Dạng z  r  cos   i sin  , trong đó r  0,

Hình 3

được gọi là dạng lượng giác của số phức z  0. Còn dạng z  a  bi  a , b   được
gọi là dạng đại số của số phức z.
Nhận xét: Để tìm dạng lượng giác r  cos   i sin  của số phức z  a  bi  a , b  
khác 0 cho trước, ta cần:
1. Tìm r : đó là môđun của z, r  a2  b2 ; số r đó cũng là khoảng cách từ gốc O đến
điểm M biểu diễn số z trong mặt phẳng phức.
a b
2. Tìm  : đó là một acgumen của z ;  là số thực sao cho cos   và sin   ; số
r r
 đó cũng là số đo một góc lượng giác tia đầu Ox, tia cuối OM.
Chú ý:
1. z  1 khi và chỉ khi z  cos   i sin    .
2. Khi z  0 thì z  r  0 nhưng acgumen của z không xác định (đôi khi coi acgumen
của 0 là số thực tùy ý và vẫn viết 0  0  cos   i sin  ).
3. Cần để ý đòi hỏi r  0 trong dạng lượng giác r  cos   i sin  của số phức z  0.
 KỸ THUẬT CASIO KẾT HỢP CHUẨN HÓA MIN MAX SỐ PHỨC

 BON TIP Định lí:

Nói một cách khác, để Nếu z  r  cos   i sin  , z  r  cos   i sin   r  0, r  0 ,
thì zz  rr cos       i sin       ,
nhân các số phức dưới
dạng lượng giác, ta lấy
tích các môđun và tổng
z r
các acgumen; để chia  cos       i sin      ,  khi r  0  .
các số phức dưới dạng z r
lượng giác, ta lấy
thương các môđun và
hiệu các acgumen.

1.2. Công thức Moa-vrơ (Moivre)

Từ công thức nhân số phức dưới dạng lượng giác, bằng phương pháp quy nạp toán
học dễ dàng suy ra rằng với mọi số nguyên dương n,
r  cos   i sin   r n  cos n  i sin n
n

và khi r  1, ta có:  cos   i sin   cos n  i sin n.

n

Cả hai công thức đó đều được gọi là công thức Moa-vrơ.

2. Dạng bài toán về công thức góc

Bài toán tổng quát: Cho hai số phức z1 , z2 thỏa mãn điều kiện z1  a; z2  b và
mz1  nz2  c. Tính giá trị của biểu thức P  z1 ; z2 

2.1. Phân tích dữ liệu bài toán

* Gọi A1 , B1 lần lượt là các điểm biểu diễn số phức z1 , z2 thì y
B
OA1  a,OB1  b. Trên tia OA1 ,OB1 lấy các điểm A,B thỏa mãn
B1
OA  m.OA1 và OB  n.OB1 A
A1
* Khi đó ta có OA  m. z1  ma; OB  n. z2  nb và β
α

AB  mz1  nz2  c. O x

* Đặt góc AOB   thì ta tìm mối liên hệ giữa z1 , z2 theo góc .
Hướng suy luận bài toán:

OA2  OB2  AB2  ma    nb   c

2 2 2

* Theo định lý hàm số cosin ta có cos   

2OA.OB 2ma.nb
* Nếu ta chọn một số phức z1 bất kì thỏa mãn điều kiện z1  a (thường chọn luôn

z1  a ) thì góc   xOA được xác định (nếu chọn z1  a thì   0 ).

* Khi đó dạng lượng giác của số phức z2 được xác định bởi z2  b       và từ
đó cũng xác định được dạng đại số của z2 .
 KỸ THUẬT CASIO KẾT HỢP CHUẨN HÓA MIN MAX SỐ PHỨC

2.2. Quy trình sử dụng MTCT để giải bài toán

Từ hướng suy luận ở trên, tôi xin đưa ra cách sử dụng MTCT để giải quyết bài toán
dạng này như sau:
* Bước 1: Chọn z1 thỏa mãn điều kiện z1  a rồi gán vào
 BON TIP
Một số chú ý quan A. Ta thường chọn luôn số phức z1  a và khi đó   0.
trọng khi giải bài toán * Bước 2: Tính z2
bằng MTCT:
* Góc nên được đưa về   ma 2   nb 2  c 2 
chế độ - Nhập vào máy cos  1  .
qw4(Rad).  2ma.nb 
 
* Để đưa kí hiệu Z
vào máy tính, ta sử - Về w2, nhập vào máy b       =, kết quả hiện ra
dụng lệnh qz.
chính là số phức z2 gán vào B.
* Bước 3: Nhập vào máy để tính giá trị của biểu thức
P  z1 ; z2  theo hai biến nhớ đã gán A và B.
 KỸ THUẬT CASIO KẾT HỢP CHUẨN HÓA MIN MAX SỐ PHỨC

BON 01 Xét các số phức z, w thỏa mãn z  w  1 . Khi z  2w  3  4i đạt giá trị
lớn nhất thì z  w bằng
A. 5 5 . B. 8 . C. 3 . D. 2 .
 LỜI GIẢI
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 KỸ THUẬT CASIO KẾT HỢP CHUẨN HÓA MIN MAX SỐ PHỨC

BON 02 Xét các số phức z, w thỏa mãn z  2 và w  1. Khi iz  w  3  4i đạt

giá trị nhỏ nhất, z  w bằng
29 221
A. 3. B. 5. C. . D. .
5 5
 LỜI GIẢI
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