1. Why study composites? To design
What are the Composite Processing
materials with desirable combinations of
properties
2. It is artificially produced multiphase materials
with desirable combinations of the best
properties of the constituent phases.
COMPOSITES
3. What is a simple classification scheme for
composite materials? PARTICLE-
REINFORCED, FIBER-REINFORCED,
STRUCTURAL, NANOCOMPOSITES
4. Which type of composite features dispersed
equiaxed particles? PARTICLE-
REINFORCED COMPOSITES
5. Which type of composite features a
dispersed phase with fiber geometry,
characterized by a high length-to-diameter
ratio? FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
6. Which composites are multilayered and
engineered for low densities and high
structural integrity? STRUCTURAL
COMPOSITES
7. Which composite contains dispersed phase
particles with dimensions on the order of
nanometers? NANOCOMPOSITES
8. What are the two main types of Particle-
reinforced composites? LARGE-PARTICLE
COMPOSITES AND DISPERSION-
STRENGTHENED COMPOSITES
9. What is an example of a large-particle
composite? CONCRETE
10. What are the three classifications of Fiber-
reinforced composites? CONTINUOUS AND
ALIGNED, DISCONTINUOUS AND
ALIGNED, AND DISCONTINUOUS AND
RANDOMLY ORIENTED.
11. It contains at least two different fiber types,
allowing us to design materials with better all-
around properties. HYBRID COMPOSITES
12.
Techniques? PULTRUSION, LAYUP,
FILAMENT WINDING
13. It is a perfect example of advanced
composite usage in aerospace. It extensively
incorporates low-density composite
materials, showcasing their importance in
modern aircraft construction. BOEING 787
DREAMLINER
14. Why is studying imperfections in solids
crucial? Because they significantly impact
material properties
15. The Imperfections in these materials are
about irregularities that occur on the atomic
scale. CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS
16. What are the three main classifications of
crystalline materials? POINT DEFECTS,
LINEAR DEFECTS, AND INTERFACIAL
DEFECTS OR BOUNDARIES.
17. Which type of defect involves irregularities
associated with one or two atomic positions?
These are like little hiccups in the regular
arrangement of atoms within the crystal
lattice. POINT DEFECTS.
18. These are defects that occur along lines or
planes within the crystal lattice. Dislocations
can affect how materials deform under stress
and can even influence things like material
strength and ductility. LINEAR DEFECTS
19. These occur at the boundaries between
different crystalline regions or between the
crystal and its surroundings. INTERFACIAL
DEFECTS
20. What do interfacial defects occur at?
BOUNDARIES
21. These are like the smallest unit of
imperfection, involving just one or two atomic
positions within the lattice. POINTS
DEFECTS
22. These occur along lines within the lattice
structure. One common example is a
dislocation, where there's a misalignment of
atoms along a line. LINEAR DEFECTS /
ONE-DIMENSIONAL DEFECTS
23. These are two-dimensional imperfections
found at the interfaces between different
regions of the crystal lattice. INTERFACIAL
DEFECTS
24. It occurs where crystals of different
orientations meet in a polycrystalline
material. These boundaries can impact
things like how the material corrodes or how
it conducts electricity. GRAIN BOUNDARIES
25. The example scenario for this is where
sometimes, instead of having just the atoms
of the host material, we intentionally
introduce other atoms into the mix.
IMPURITIES
26. It's not pure silver but rather a blend of 92.5%
silver and 7.5% copper. STERLING SILVER
27. It is essentially a blend of two or more
elements, typically metals, that come
together to form a new metallic substance.
It's like mixing different ingredients to create
a unique recipe. ALLOY
28. What are the two main types of solid
solutions? SUBSTITUTIONAL AND
INTERSTITIAL
29. What type of solid solution involves impurity
atoms substituting for host atoms within the
crystal lattice? SUBSTITUTIONAL SOLID
SOLUTION
30. What type of solid solution occur when
relatively small impurity atoms squeeze into
the spaces, or interstices, between the host
atoms.? INTERSTITIAL SOLID
SOLUTIONS
31. One-dimensional crystalline defects,
categorized into edge and screw types.
DISLOCATIONS
32. What type of defect involves lattice distortion
along an extra half-plane of atoms? EDGE
DISLOCATION
33. It resembles a helical planar lamp. SCREW
DISLOCATIONS
34. A vector specifies the magnitude and
direction of lattice distortion. BURGERS
VECTOR
35. It observes microscopic defects and
elements, including optical and electron
microscopes. Transmissive and reflective
modes are chosen based on the specimen
and defect type. MICROSCOPY
36. It includes transmission (TEM) and scanning
(SEM), each with distinct imaging methods.
Scanning probe microscopes produce three-
dimensional images with nanometer
resolution. ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
37. It examines how materials behave under
cyclic loading. Think of it as the wear and tear
a material experience over time due to
repeated stress cycles. FATIGUE
38. It investigates how materials deform under
constant stress at elevated temperatures.
CREEP BEHAVIOR
39. It involves studying how materials respond to
stress when flaws or cracks are present. This
is essential for understanding the integrity of
structures and components in various
applications. FRACTURE MECHANICS
40. It is a measure of a material's ability to
absorb energy before fracturing.
TOUGHNESS
41. It is about how well a material resists failure
when there's already a flaw present, like a
crack. FRACTURE
42. What is fracture toughness often quantified
using? Klc
43. It is like simulating the wear and tear a
material experience over time due to
repeated stress cycles. FATIGUE TESTING

44. We use tools like this to understand how
stress levels correlate with the number of
cycles a material can endure before failure.
This information is crucial in designing
durable components for applications ranging
from automotive to aerospace. S-N CURVE
45. It is slow, steady deformation under
prolonged stress at high temperatures.
CREEP
46. In semiconductors, it plays a pivotal role in
modulating conductivity by altering the
concentration of charge carriers.
IMPURITIES
47. Why Study the Electrical Properties of
Materials?
Studying the electrical properties of materials
enables engineers to make informed
decisions in component and structure
design, select and process materials
effectively, understand conduction
mechanisms, consider the influence of band
structures, and account for the effects of
temperature and impurities, ultimately
leading to the development of efficient
electronic devices.
Understanding electrical properties is vital for
electronic engineering. Engineers must
select materials with suitable conductivity
and band structures for efficient device
design. Different materials conduct electricity
via various mechanisms, from free electrons
in metals to ions in ceramics. Temperature
and impurities also affect conductivity, with
metals experiencing increased resistivity and
semiconductors altering charge carrier
concentration. By grasping these properties,
engineers can optimize material
performance, ensuring the functionality and
efficiency of electronic devices throughout
their lifecycle.
48. Why is it important to study Thermal
Properties?
Understanding thermal properties is crucial
for preventing thermal shock, particularly in
ceramics, where it can lead to brittle fracture.
By altering properties like heat capacity and
thermal expansion, engineers enhance
thermal shock resistance. This knowledge
informs material design and engineering
processes, ensuring optimal performance in
specific applications. Heat capacity
measures a material's ability to absorb
energy, while specific heat accounts for
differences in mass. Thermal expansion,
quantified by the coefficient of thermal
expansion, guides engineers in designing
structures that accommodate temperature-
induced dimensional changes without
compromising integrity.
49. Why do materials expand when heated?
Materials expand when heated due to
increased atomic vibrations, causing atoms
to move further apart. The strength of atomic
bonds determines the extent of expansion,
with tighter bonds resulting in less
expansion. Each material has a unique
expansion coefficient; polymers expand
more than metals, which expand more than
ceramics, reflecting differences in bond
strength. Thermal conductivity dictates how
efficiently materials transport heat: metals
excel due to free electron movement, while
ceramics and polymers rely on phonon
conduction. Thermal expansion can induce
stresses leading to fracture, particularly in
ceramics prone to thermal shock due to
brittleness.