SHUHDA-E-APS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

NOWSHERA

Assignment No: __
Department of Civil Engineering Technology

Name: Muhammad Abbas

Reg No: NSR/CT/22/16
Subject: Water supply & waste water Management

Submitted To: Engr. Rokhan Jameel

Semester: 04 Batch: 07
Date: ___________________________
 Hardy Cross method for domestic sewage
The Hardy Cross method is a widely used numerical technique for analyzing and designing pipe
networks, including those used for domestic sewage. Developed by Hardy Cross in the 1930s, this
method is an iterative procedure that solves for the flow rates and pressures in each pipe segment,
taking into account factors like friction losses, pipe diameters, and elevations.
In the context of domestic sewage, the Hardy Cross method is essential for designing pipe
networks that can efficiently and safely convey wastewater from households to treatment plants
or other disposal sites. The method helps engineers and designers optimize pipe sizes, reduce
pressure losses, and ensure that the network can handle peak flow rates and other hydraulic
demands.

To apply the Hardy Cross method to domestic sewage, the following steps are taken:

1. Pipe network representation: The sewage pipe network is represented as a series of

connected pipes, with each pipe segment having its own characteristics (diameter, length,
roughness, etc.). This representation can be done using graphical or numerical methods.

2. Initial assumptions: Initial estimates of flow rates and pressures are made at each node
(junction) in the network. These assumptions are based on design parameters, such as
expected flow rates, pipe sizes, and topography.

3. Iterative calculations: The method iteratively calculates the flow rates and pressures at
each node, using the Hazen-Williams equation or other friction loss formulas to account
for head losses in each pipe segment. The calculations are performed for each pipe
segment, considering the flow rates and pressures at adjacent nodes.

4. Convergence: The calculations are repeated until the flow rates and pressures at each
node converge to a stable solution. This convergence indicates that the pipe network is
hydraulically balanced, and the design is feasible.

The Hardy Cross method considers various factors that affect the hydraulic behavior of the pipe
network, including:
 • Friction losses: The method accounts for friction losses in each pipe segment, using
formulas like the Hazen-Williams equation or the Darcy-Weisbach equation. These losses
depend on factors like pipe roughness, diameter, and length.

• Pipe diameters: The method considers the diameter of each pipe segment, which affects
the flow rate and pressure losses.

• Elevations: The method takes into account the elevations of each node and pipe segment,
which affect the pressure heads and flow rates.

• Flow rates: The method considers the expected flow rates at each node, including peak
flow rates and average flow rates.

By considering these factors, the Hardy Cross method provides a comprehensive and accurate
analysis of the pipe network, enabling designers to optimize the design and ensure that the network
can handle the expected hydraulic demands.

The Hardy Cross method has several advantages in designing domestic sewage pipe networks,
including:

• Accurate analysis: The method provides a detailed and accurate analysis of the pipe
network, considering various hydraulic factors.
• Optimized design: The method enables designers to optimize the pipe sizes, reducing
costs and minimizing pressure losses.
• Reliability: The method helps ensure that the pipe network is reliable and can handle peak
flow rates and other hydraulic demands.
• Flexibility: The method can be applied to various pipe network configurations and can
accommodate changes in design parameters.

In conclusion, the Hardy Cross method is a powerful tool for designing and analyzing domestic
sewage pipe networks. Its ability to accurately model hydraulic behavior, optimize pipe sizes, and
ensure reliability makes it an essential technique in the field of wastewater engineering.