1

1.INTRODUCTION

1. HANDWRITING

Handwriting is writing done by hand with a pen, pencil, digital stylus, or another
instrument. Handwriting skill is practiced when we first learn to write. As students,
we follow a copybook style of writing that our teachers demonstrated in the
classroom. As each individual is unique, handwriting relies on the mental image of
what we are trying to writer, combined with the neuro-muscular act of the writing
act itself. These three things combine to make handwriting unique. Handwriting is
formative while at school and gradually, a writer reaches a point of graphic
maturity where handwriting habits are fixed and change very little. Skill level can
improve a little bit with practice however, a writer who has reached graphic
maturity cannot demonstrably improve their writing skill overnight
Handwriting is a dynamic process made up of the mental image of what
you are trying to say, and the neuro muscular coordination of the writer to imitate
the copybook form learnt at school with their own individual habits. Because we
are not robots, handwriting does not look exactly alike from one writer. Thus,
natural variation is part of the handwriting process and serves to make handwriting
unique. It is these habits and variations in a person’s writing that can assist to make
handwriting identifiable.
In this research we used wrist and finger to move your pen rather
than your fingers. Excessive finger motions can result in tighter grips and tired
muscles. Write using neutral or straight wrist positions. Move your entire forearm
while writing; your hand should float over the paper.

Movement of wrist, the wrist region is concerned with movements of the carpus of
the hand on the distal ends of the radius and ulna of the forearm. The range of
movement is increased by the movement of the carpal bones on each other,
particularly between the proximal and distal rows.
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Movement of finger, Kanji-culture individuals often move their finger as if they are
writing when they are solving cognitive tasks, for example, when they try to recall
the spelling of English words. This behaviour is called kusho, meaning air-writing
in Japanese. However, its functional role is still unknown.

Handwriting is a conscious act but the repeated act of writing each word and letter
becomes almost automatic. The writer concentrates more on what they are trying to
say than on the writing process itself. It is at this time that handwriting
demonstrates numerous habitual subconscious patterns. It is these repeated patterns
that makes handwriting individual and unique.

Handwriting is a neuromuscular activity and can be described as the formation of

letters, character or symbol using a writing instrument and which is designed to
communicate with another person. It is an acquired art like painting, dancing, or
cycling which is the visible result of mental and muscular habits developed by
individual after painstaking efforts. It is also defined as the individual’s personal
style of penmanship (Lindblom, 2006) i.e., the manner in which a writer writes with
his or her hand using a writing instrument. Physical factors like hand and eye
coordination, flexibility in movement of the different parts of hand, grip of writing
instruments, etc., plays an important role in developing handwriting skills
(Koppenhaver, 2010).

1.1 Principle of Handwriting

1) No two persons can have similar handwriting.

2) Single person doesn’t have similar handwriting

1.2 Handwriting Characteristics

The master pattern of the writer includes all the characteristics, patterns and
peculiarities used by the writer during the act of writing. The writing characteristics
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which are almost personally have more identifying value. There are individual and
class characteristics.

1.3 Individual Characteristics: -

These are defined as those discriminating elements that serve to differentiate

between members within any of or all groups (Choudhary, 2017). The individual
characteristics include:

1. Formation of initial and final stroke: the first or beginning stroke of a character
is the initial stroke while the final or ending stroke of a character is the final
stroke. It is also known as terminal stroke. Tittle formation: the dot in letter ‘I
and j’ is called tittle. It can be pointed, circular or extended dot.
2. Cross bar in ‘t and f’: the horizontal line that crosses the stem of letter ‘t’. The
formation of cross bar can be pre-placed, post-placed or at centre.

3. Formation of humped letters (m, n and h): it can be pointed, rounded or square
topped.

4. Formation of loop: It is the closed oblong curve in the letter, such as upper parts
of ‘I’ or of ‘h’ or the lower parts of ‘y’ or ‘g’.

5. Buckle: A small knot shaped loop or oval specifically found in letter A or K or F

sometimes. This is a kind of improvisation in an individual’s handwriting which
develops with practice.

1.4 Class Characteristics: -

These are those qualities of writing that distinguish a person within a group of
words. These may result from influences such as writing system, studied family
association, trade, training, or education. The class characteristics include;

1. Writing movement: - the manner in which the finger, hand, forearm or whole
arm move to produce writing. The movement are of four types;
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• Finger movement
• Wrist movement
• Forearm movement
• Whole arm movement

2. Slant: - the inclination of letters or their strokes with the actual or imaginary
baseline is called writing slant. The slant may be vertical, towards right or towards
left.

3. Style: - Everybody has a unique style of handwriting that is crafted in an efficient

way to form letters and numbers. There are many styles of handwriting, but they are
mainly categorized into two.

• Printed handwriting: also known as block letters, print script, ball and stick or
manuscript, is a Gothic writing style where letters are individual and not conjoined.

• Cursive handwriting: cursive means a running hand, where pen lifts are minimized
and some characters are written in a flowing manner joined together.

4. Alignment: - the relation of a word or written line to the actual or imaginary

base line is referred to as alignment. The alignment may be ascending,
descending, arched, garland and irregular.
5. Size: - the size of the letters varies from person to person. The size may be
long, medium, small and irregular.
6. Spacing: - the spacing usually deserved by space between letters between the
words and between the lines.
7. Tremor: - unusual departures of line from its intended course are called tremors.
They may be natural or artificial.
8. Pen pressure: - it is the force applied by the writer on the writing instrument. It
may be light, medium or heavy.
9. Shading: - the variation in the width of the stroke due to the application of
varying pen pressure is called shading. It is individualistic in nature occurring
due to pen hold, pen position and pen pressure used while writing.
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10. Pen position: - the position or angle of pen with respect to the writing surface
and to the line of writing is called pen position.
11. Pen lifts: - it refers to the pen pauses or lifts that a writer makes while certain
letter formation.

1.5 The Factors affecting in Handwriting

Age: age significantly affects sensory processing and handwriting pressure as well
as temporal and spatial measures.

Gender: a growing body of research in writing has suggested that females

outperform males in many aspects of writing. Muscular Coordination: the gross
moor skills involved in handwriting mainly refer to the postural control that is
required for writing. Efficient control of the larger muscle groups in the neck,
shoulder and trunk is necessary to maintain stability in order for the fingers and
hands to move to complete the handwriting task.

Training: training plays an important role in the development of handwriting.

Training of handwriting over years evidenced improvements in both the quality and
quantity of written texts mong human beings. Writing instrument: it also affects the
person’s handwriting. The fundamental structure of handwriting remains unaltered
and it is only the general appearance of the handwriting and the amount of detail,
which is present, which is affected by the nature of the writing instrument.

Emotions: when we feel sad, our writing pressure becomes light, the writing
directions starts moving downwards while on the other hand feeling active and
happy makes you write with good pressure, in upward direction, wide ovals and
complete loops can be seen in handwriting which are connected with the emotions
and feelings. Writing position: sitting with a good posture for writing, increases
stability and provides a sturdy foundation for written output and can increase
attention and focus.

1.6 Stages of Handwriting

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The stages of handwriting are mainly classified into three. They are;

1. Premature stage - 5 to 20 years

2. Mature stage – 21 to 60 years

3. Deformative stage – 61 to 90 years

The premature age can be again divided into four stages that the kids go through
when learning to write: preliterate, emergent, transitional and fluent. Any scribbling
or drawing a child does is writing, it is the preliterate stage. In the second stage of
writing development i.e.; the emergent stage, which usually happens between the
age of 3 and 6. Kids in this stage are taking the big step from scribble writing to
symbols called letters and the kids also try to copy the letters or symbols made by
their parents or teachers or anyone else in this stage. When they start to realize that
words are made up of sounds, they stop using random letters in their writing.
Instead, they start trying to match the sounds they hear in a word to letters they
know. This cognitive leap often happens between the ages of 4 to 7 and it is the
third stage called transitional stage. The last stage is the fluent stage which usually
happens in the age of 5 to 7. Here children begin to use dictionary spelling rather
than invented spelling (Peggy Kaye).

2. Copy Book Training

A copy book is a book used in education that contains examples of handwriting and
blank space for learners to imitate. It is used for teaching penmanship to students.
The copy book is typically starts with a printed example of what should be copied
(e.g.: a single letter or a short proverb), and the rest of the pages are empty. The
student is expected to copy the example down the page. Four lined note books also
used as copy writing books. Here the teacher writes some letters or word on the top
of the book and the student copy the same on to the rest of the lines. The copy book
training helps the student to practice penmanship, spelling, vocabulary, etc. copy
book is one of the factors which influence one’s handwriting. An individual who is
trained with copy book is said to be a skilled or trained writer. Huber, Roy A.;
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Headrick, (April 1999), Handwriting Identification: Facts and Fundamentals, New

York: CRC Press, p. 84, ISBN 978-0-8493-1285-4, archived from the original on
2011-09-28, retrieved 2015-12-27.

2.REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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Handwriting is a unique property of an individual. Handwriting at crime

scene also helps the investigators to find out the identity of suspect and criminal. It
may also disclose the circumstances as well as social and physical environment of
crime. The handwriting investigations involve various analytical parameters such as
pen pressure, line quality, spacing between the words and letters, alignment etc.
These parameters may help to reveal the mode, circumstances, and environment of
crime. Currently many of the handwriting evidence have been found on the unusual
surfaces at crime scenes. This may lead to the difficulties in investigation as
unusual surfaces may distort / deform the natural handwriting of the victim. The
transformation in the natural handwriting required more sophisticated analytical
tools with rigorous investigations. Current review encompasses the forensic
investigations, their findings and success rate of such analysis including different
writing instruments on handwriting over unconventional and unusual surfaces
Tripthy (2020).

Contemporary handwriting research has focused on skilled performance,

the developing capabilities of children, atypical development, the effectiveness of
various letter forms, instructional techniques, and the construction and evaluation
of assessment instruments. This paper critically reviews and synthesizes research
conducted between 1980 and 1994 in each of these areas, providing suggestions
for future research. Considerable progress was made during this time period in
understanding the processes involved in handwriting control and development as
well as in teaching students with handwriting difficulties. In addition, advances in
theory, experimental procedures, on-line recording devices, and computerized
instructional programs resulted in an increased level of sophistication. Thus, the
prospects for future research in this area are promising. Naomi (2016).

Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to investigate

the properties of the corticomotor pathway and to map the primary motor cortex
projection to hand and forearm muscles during a sustained isometric contraction in
a group of subjects with writer’s cramp of varying duration. Corticomotor
threshold, motor evoked potential amplitude and latency, and silent-period
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duration were normal on both sides in all subjects. The maps of the corticomotor
projection were displaced relative to normal in all subjects, and in some cases
were distorted in shape, with extensions of the lateral borders and the emergence
of almost discrete secondary. motor areas. The degree of map distortion and
displacement was greatest in subjects with longstanding writer’s cramp (>5 years)
and was bilateral in some cases. Injection of botulinum toxin into affected muscles
demonstrated that the alterations in map topography were not fixed and could be
temporarily reversed during the period when the clinical effects of the injection
were greatest, with the maps returning to their original positions as the effects of
the injection wore off. It is concluded from this study that there are slowly
evolving reorganizational changes in the primary motor cortex in writer’s cramp,
and that these changes may be secondary to altered afferent inputs from both
clinically affected and unaffected muscles. Studies were performed on eight
subjects with Simple writer’s cramp and seven with dystonic writer’s cramp (aged
26–65 years, six female and nine male) (Table 1). The duration of the disorder
ranged from 1 to 35 years. Five of the 15 subjects were studied 1 week before and
again 4–6 weeks after their first injection of botulinum toxin. Eighteen normal
right-handed subjects (aged 21–56 years) served as control subjects for studies of
the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle, and nine normal righthanded subjects
(aged 23–40 years) served as control subjects for studies of the first dorsal
interosseous (FDI) muscle. Byrnes et al. November (1998).

Study of muscle signal variability based in wrist and thumb

movements during handwriting activity by Script is produced through the
combined operation of finger, wrist, and arm movements. The shape of each letter
is produced by the fine movement of the fingers while movement at the wrist and
forearm produce the horizontal movement across the page. Various muscles are
involved in these movements. Other than muscles to abduct, adduct, flex, and
extend the fingers, Flexor Carpi Ulnar is (FCU) and Flexor Carpi Radials (FCR)
have roles in wrist movement and Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB) functions as an
abductor of the thumb. The purpose of this study is to probe the importance and
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role of these three muscles in handwriting activity by studying the muscles’ signal
variability. Fifteen college students were selected as the subjects of this study. The
subjects were required to perform writing task in two different forms: uppercase
letters and lowercase letters. During writing, the muscles’ activities due to wrist
and thumb movement were recorded. The Root Mean Square (RMS) values were
extracted and the variability of muscle activity during writing based on letter types
were analysed. It has been found that the APB muscle showed higher variability
than FCU and FCR muscles. This leads to the inference that the APB muscle was
actively involved in dynamic process of handwriting whereas the FCR and FCU
muscles were just act as the stabilizer. However, the differences in signal
variability among the three muscles were not significant. This indicates that even
though both wrist and thumb movements have different functions in handwriting
activity, they are equally important. No significant difference in muscle activity
between the two writing tasks was observed. This study concludes that the APB,
FCR and FCU muscles can be considered when studying muscle performance due
to handwriting activity. For that purpose, any letter case can be used in the writing
task. Ishak, (2015).
The anatomy and mechanics of the human hand briefly, constitutes
the anatomical basis of hand mechanics, from which it can be seen that normal
hand function is the result not only of a highly complex and versatile structural
arrangement but also of an equally elaborate and fully automatic system of
controls. Such considerations lay down the principal requirements and limiting
factors in the design of reasonably successful hand substitutes. When, in the
normal hand, any functional feature, either mechanical or sensory motor, is
impaired, manipulative characteristics are reduced correspondingly. In the arm
amputee, hand structural elements have been wholly lost, and the most delicate
neuromuscular features, those in the hand itself, have been destroyed. Although
the lost bone and joint mechanism can be simulated, adequate re-placement of the
control system defies present ingenuity. Lacking control comparable to that in the
natural hand, present day artificial hands are necessarily limited in the mechanical
details that can be utilized, which accounts for the fact that the regain in function
 11

currently possible in hand prostheses falls far short of duplicating the natural
mechanism. Taylor et al Schwarz (1955).

Two aspects of the variability of handwriting are considered.

In the first part there is a discussion of the effects of variability in the shapes of
letters on their legibility. An experiment to compare the relative advantages of
cursive and block capital writing is summarised. The second part summarises
experiments concerned with the time taken to prepare handwriting movements and
with the variability of the timing of movements in the execution of handwriting.
To a psychologist handwriting is a particularly fascinating subject for study;
several different sub-skills must be temporally coordinated if coherent output is to
result. In addition to the control of movement, letters must be placed in the correct
sequence to form words, and words chosen to convey the desired meaning must be
placed in grammatically acceptable constructions. Elsewhere I have considered
what may be termed the higher levels of processing with an analysis of errors in
letter sequencing in handwriting this paper I consider variability in the forms of
handwritten letters. The function of handwriting is primarily one of
communication. I therefore start with a consideration of the efficiency of
handwriting as a means of communication. Chaligiuri (2019)
Handwriting Movement Abnormalities in Symptomatic
and Premanifest Huntington's Disease Kinematic measures of handwriting
movements are sensitive to mild subclinical motor abnormalities stemming from a
wide range of disorders involving the basal ganglia including Huntington's disease
(HD). Prior research has not investigated handwriting movements in at ‐risk
individuals in the premanifest stage of Chaligiuri (2019)

Forensic handwriting examination has a new frontier: the

digital signature in biometric modality that uses, for recognition purposes, the
anatomic and behavioural characteristics that an individual exhibit when signing
her/his name. Data such as the dynamically captured direction, stroke, distance,
size, pressure and shape of an individual's signature enable handwriting to be a
reliable indicator of an individual’s identity. " Nami rial " is an Italian company that
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created a biometric signature system named " GrafoCerta " (sure signature) that has
a forensic sector particularly suitable for research. A team of experts – computer
engineers and handwriting experts-collaborate in the project and created a research
laboratory on handwriting. In this paper i will expose the study we made on the
correlation between pressure and speed. Introduction Handwriting Examiners often
has to determine if the signature is genuine or simulated, dynamic information such
as velocity and pressure are fundamental and can be estimated qualitatively. In
recent years a technological revolution has affected the world of writing. Most
companies today need to have lower costs for archiving and transmission of
document and in the same time it was posed the security question. The answer has
been the digital biometric signature: Biometrics is actually the science of using
digital technologies to identify a human being based on the individual's unique
measurable biological characteristic. Applied to handwriting, biometrics enable the
comparison between digital signatures in order to avoid falsification and disclaimer.
This is a new challenge in forensic examinations because time are not yet ready for
experts: more and more often we are called to compare on-line/biometric signature
with on-paper ones or two (or more) signatures taken with different software and
instruments. On-paper analysis and biometrics are completely different systems: the
first is based on interpretation methods shared by the scientific community,
sometimes not sufficiently reliable, that requires great professionalism with the risk
of subjectivity in the conclusions; the other is based on mathematic data that not
always is able to convert and describe the real handwriting dynamic because the
mathematic model has the main disadvantage to be based on specific measurements
which may lead to a loss of information on complexity. The value of pen pressure
as a discriminatory feature has been described in several of the texts on Document
Examination (Osborn, 1920, Huber & Headrick, 1999, Lindblom & Seaman-Kelly,
2006). Tytell (1998), concluding that " dynamic pressure patterns are an integral
part of an individual's signature " and " the pressure patterns of A change of
perspective and expansion of the contributions of forensic science is required to
take advantage of the benefits of abductive and inductive thought processes
throughout the investigative and intelligence functions. One forensic discipline that
has the potential to broaden its traditional focus is handwriting examination.
 13

Typically used in investigations that are focused on both criminal and civil cases,
the examination procedure and outcome are time consuming and subjective,
requiring a detailed study of the features of the handwriting in question.
Traditionally, the major handwriting features exploited are characteristics that are
often considered individual (or at least highly polymorphic) and habitual. However,
handwriting can be considered as an information vector in an intelligence
framework. One such example is the recognition of key elements related to the
author's native language. This paper discusses the traditional method generally used
around the world and proposes a theoretical approach to expand the application of
handwriting examination towards gaining additional information for intelligence
purposes. This concept will be designed and tested in a future research project.
Agius et al Lithuania, 21-22 (June 2013).
The science in forensic science has received increased scrutiny in recent
years, but interest in how forensic science is managed is a relatively new line of
research. This paper summarizes the literature in forensic science management
generally from 2009 to 2013, with some recent additions, to provide an overview of
the growth of topics, results, and improvements in the management of forensic
services in the public and private sectors. This review covers only the last three
years or so and a version of this paper was originally produced for the 2013 Interpol
Forensic Science Managers Symposium and is available at interpol.int. Copyright ©
2015 Central Police University. Mcandrew (August 2015)
This work reviews the different analytical methods that have
been proposed in the field of forensic dating of inks from different modern writing
instruments. The reported works have been classified according to the writing
instrument studied and the ink component analysed in relation to aging. The study,
done chronologically, shows the advances experienced in the ink dating field in the
last decades Ezcurra, (2010)
Forensic document examination is at cross-roads due to challenges
posed to its scientific basis as well as due to the availability of revolutionary
computer methods. This paper surveys recent efforts in the areas of establishing a
scientific basis of forensic handwriting examination, software tools to assist
document examiners and software systems that automate some of the examination
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process. This includes tools that compute features and provide visualization to assist
the document examiner, verification methods to provide the degree of match
between a questioned and known document, identification methods that narrow-
down the search from a repository of documents with known writers, and software
architectures that allow a variety of forensic tools to be integrated. Arazona, (2003)

This article focuses on dynamic signatures and their features. It

provides a detailed and critical review of dynamic feature variations and
circumstantial parameters affecting dynamic signatures. The state of the art
summarizes available knowledge, meant to assist the forensic practitioner in cases
presenting extraordinary writing conditions. The studied parameters include
hardware-related issues, aging and the influence of time, as well as physical and
mental states of the writer. Some parameters, such as drug and alcohol abuse or
medication, have very strong effects on handwriting and signature dynamics. Other
conditions such as the writer’s posture and fatigue have been found to affect feature
variation less severely.
The need for further research about the influence of these
parameters, as well as handwriting dynamics in general is highlighted. These
factors are relevant to the examiner in the assessment of the probative value of the
reported features. Additionally, methodology for forensic examination of dynamic
signatures is discussed. Available methodology and procedures are reviewed, while
pointing out major technical and methodological advances in the field of forensic
handwriting examination. The need for sharing the best practice manuals, standard
operating procedures and methodologies to favour further progress is accentuated.
Linden (2018)

Handwriting is a complex human activity that entails an intricate blend of

cognitive, kinesthetic, and perceptual-motor components. Children are expected to
acquire a level of handwriting proficiency that enables them to make skillful use of
handwriting as a tool to carry out their work at school. Poor handwriters have
difficulty developing their writing skills and, as a result, often suffer in their
educational and emotional development. This article highlights the importance of
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handwriting and reviews the development of methods used to evaluate handwriting

difficulties. Included also is a discussion of methodological aspects of current
handwriting evaluations and a presentation of research on the use of a computerized
system that may be helpful in better understanding the handwriting process of poor
writers. The article concludes by outlining future directions in handwriting
evaluation that combine the assessment of the handwriting product with
computerized analysis of the handwriting process. Weiss et al Parush (2003)

The Clear communication about forensic science is

essential to the effectiveness and perceived trustworthiness of the criminal justice
system. Communication can be seen as a meaning-making process that involves
different components such as the sender of a message, the message itself, the
channel in which a message is sent, and the receiver of the message. Research
conducted to date on the communication between forensic scientists and non-
scientists in the criminal justice system has focused on different components of the
communication process as objects of study. The purpose of this paper is to bring
together communication theory and past research on the communication of forensic
science to contribute to a deeper understanding of it, and to provide a coherent view
of it overall. The paper first outlines the broader context of communication theory
and science communication as a backdrop to forensic science communication. Then
it presents a conceptual framework as a way to organise past research and, using the
framework, reviews recent examples of empirical research and commentary on the
communication of forensic science. Finally, the paper identifies aspects of the
communication of forensic science that may be addressed by future research to
enhance the effectiveness of communication between scientists and non-scientists
in this multidisciplinary, Arena (2015).

Traditionally, forensic science has predominantly focused its

resources and objectives on addressing court related questions. However, this view
restricts the contribution of forensic science to one function and results in lost
opportunities as investigative and intelligence roles are often overlooked. A change
of perspective and expansion of the contributions of forensic science is required to
 16

take advantage of the benefits of abductive and inductive thought processes

throughout the investigative and intelligence functions. One forensic discipline that
has the potential to broaden its traditional focus is handwriting examination.
Typically used in investigations that are focused on both criminal and civil cases,
the examination procedure and outcome are time consuming and subjective,
requiring a detailed study of the features of the handwriting in question.
Traditionally, the major handwriting features exploited are characteristics that are
often considered individual (or at least highly polymorphic) and habitual. However,
handwriting can be considered as an information vector in an intelligence
framework. One such example is the recognition of key elements related to the
author's native language. This paper discusses the traditional method generally used
around the world and proposes a theoretical approach to expand the application of
handwriting examination towards gaining additional information for intelligence
purposes. This concept will be designed and tested in a future research project.
Agius et al Chadwick (2017).,

3.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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3.1 AIM

To determine the variation of handwriting with respect to the movement of wrist

and finger.

3.2 Objective

 To determine the relationship between slant of the handwriting with respect to

finger and wrist movement.
 To determine the relationship between spacing between words of the
handwriting with respect to finger and wrist movement.
 To determine the relationship between spacing between sentence of the
handwriting with respect to finger and wrist movement.
 To determine the relationship between alignment of the handwriting with
respect to finger and wrist movement.

3.3 Hypothesis

• There is no association between slant of the handwriting from the wrist movement
the finger movement.
• There is no association between the spacing between words of the handwriting from
the wrist movement the finger movement.
• There is no association between the spacing between sentence of the handwriting
from the wrist movement the finger movement.
• There is no association between the alignment of the handwriting from the wrist
movement the finger

3.4 Scope of the study

Handwriting is highly individualistic and unique to an individual. Handwriting

requires the concerted effort of the brain, muscle and nerve, an individual person cannot
 18

reproduce the same thing repeatedly in the same fashion. The scope of this study is to
probe the importance and role of these two wrist and finger in handwriting variation.

3.6 Research design

This research follows experimental method. In this method the handwriting

samples were taken for the observation of variation in handwriting with respect to the
movement of wrist and finger.

3.7 Universe of the study

The samples are collected from Noorul Islam Arts and Science collage Thuckalay
Kanyakumari District Tamil Nadu.

3.8 Method and tools of data collection

This research employs one tool data collection. To determine writing movement –
wrist and fingers we will give a written sample to the person and ask them to copy it. By
this method we collect and analyse the data.

3.9 samples and sampling techniques

The sampling done through purposive sampling. A total number of 100 samples
are present in this study. The handwriting samples are collected and analysed manually
for writing movements from samples. This is subjected to evaluate under the Individual
Characteristics, comprising twelve subcategories.
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Fig 3.1: the above given sample is writing sample of handwriting with
respect writing movement of wrist.
 20

Fig 3.2: the above given sample is writing sample of handwriting with respect writing
movement of finger.
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4.RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

The study was basically carried out to asserts whether there is any similarity between
the wrist and finger

Establishing the handwriting movement with the respect wrist and finger of a person
based on handwriting is somewhat a time, consuming process. individuality of a person can
be identified through between the wrist and finger, but its admissibility as forensic evidence
can be questioned but can act as corroborative evidence. Other than handwriting; fingerprint,
DNA comparison…etc. are probably per most used evidence that are used for identification.
The present study is conducted to identifying the handwriting with the respect of wrist and
finger of a person by the analysing the 4 class characteristics of handwriting namely slant,
alignment, spacing b/w sentence and spacing b/w word.

• A total of 100 samples were collected randomly and were analysed manually to check
whether any association between wrist and finger and could be established or not
• Here, the handwriting samples were analysed with respect to 4 class characteristics till
here.

Frequency Table

The table 4.1 indicates the frequency and percentage of slant in letters using finger
movement.38 percentage of slant is right; 22 percentage of slant is left and 40 percentage of
slant is showing straight the table.

Table 4.1: Frequency and percentage of slant 1

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent
right 38 38.0 38.0 38.0
left 22 22.0 22.0 60.0
Valid
straight 40 40.0 40.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
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The table4.3 indicates the frequency and percentage of spacing between words in letters
using finger movement. 16 percentage of the spacing between words is small, 58 percentage
of the spacing between words is medium and 26 percentage of the spacing between words is
large.

Table 4.3: Frequency and percentage of spacing b/w word 1

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent
Valid 0.1-0.5 16 16.0 16.0 16.0
0.6-1 58 58.0 58.0 74.0
1.1-1.5 26 26.0 26.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0

The table 4.4 indicates the frequency and percentage of spacing between words in
letters using finger movement,16 percentage of the spacing between words is small, 58
percentage of the spacing between words in medium and 26 percentage of the spacing
between words is large.

Table 4.4: Frequency and percentage of spacing b/w word 2

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent

Valid 0.1-0.5 30 30.0 30.0 30.0

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0.6-1 59 59.0 59.0 89.0

1.1-1.5 11 11.0 11.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

The table 4.5 indicates the frequency and percentage of spacing between sentence in letters
using finger movement. 4 percentage of the spacing between sentences is small, 71
percentage of the spacing between sentences is medium and 21 percentage of the spacing
between sentences is large.

Table 4.5: Frequency and percentage of spacing b/w sentence 1

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent
Valid 0.1-0.5 4 4.0 4.0 4.0
0.6-1 71 71.0 71.0 75.0
1.1-1.5 21 21.0 21.0 96.0
4 4 4.0 4.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0

The table 4.6 indicates the frequency and percentage of spacing between sentence in
letters using wrist movement. 8 percentage of the spacing between sentences is small,
71 percentage of the spacing between sentences is medium and 21 percentage of the
spacing between sentences is large.

Table 4.6: Frequency and percentage of spacing b/w sentence 2

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative

Percent
Percent

0.1-0.5 8 8.0 8.0 8.0

Valid
0.6-1 71 71.0 71.0 79.0
 24

1.1-1.5 21 21.0 21.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

The table 4.7 indicates the frequency and percentage of alignment in letters using finger
movement. 50 percentage of the alignment is upward, 29 percentage of the alignment is
downward and 21 percentage of the alignment is straight
Table 4.7: Frequency and percentage of alignment 1

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent

upward 50 50.0 50.0 50.0

downward 29 29.0 29.0 79.0

Valid
straight 21 21.0 21.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

The table 4.8 indicates the frequency and percentage of alignment in letters using finger
movement. 50 percentage of the alignment is upward, 29 percentage of the alignment is
downward and 21 percentage of the alignment is straight.

Table 4.8: Frequency and percentage of alignment 2

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent

upward 59 59.0 59.0 59.0

downward 35 35.0 35.0 94.0

Valid
straight 6 6.0 6.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 25

Table 4:9 illustrate the association between slant in wrist movement and finger movement in
percentage handwriting. Here the chi square value obtained for slant of letter is 56.979 and
the p value obtained here found to be .000, which lesser that 0.005, which indicates that there
is an association in slant of letters with respect to finger and wrist movement. Thus, rejecting
the null hypothesis. a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected countless than5 the minimum expected
count is 6.16. Table.

Table 4.9: The chi-square of slant 1&2

Value df Asymptotic Significance (2sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 56.979a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 57.011 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear
26.854 1 .000
Association

N of Valid Cases 100

Table 4.10 illustrate the association between spacing between words in wrist
movement and finger movement in percentage handwriting. Here the chi square value
obtained for slant of letter is19.242 and the p value obtained here found to be .001,
which is lesser than 0.005, which indicates that there is an association in spacing
between words of letters with respect to finger and wrist movement. Thus, rejecting
the null hypothesis. a. 3 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.76.
 26

Table 4.10 The chi-square of Spacing b/w words 1&2

Value df Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 19.242a 4 .001

Likelihood Ratio 17.985 4 .001

Linear-by-Linear
14.337 1 .000
Association

N of Valid Cases 100

Table 4.11 illustrate the association between spacing between sentence in wrist
movement and finger movement in percentage handwriting. Here the chi square value
obtained for slant of letter is 13.980 and the p value obtained here found to be .030,
which is greater than 0.005, which indicates that there is no association in spacing
between sentence of letters with respect to finger and wrist movement. Thus, accepting
the null hypothesis. a. 8 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .32.

Table 4.11:The 1chi-square of Spacing b/w sentence 1&2

Asymptotic Significance
Value df
(2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 13.980a 6 .030

Likelihood Ratio 15.014 6 .020

Linear-by-Linear
9.917 1 .002
Association
 27

N of Valid Cases 100

Table 4.12 illustrate the association between alignment in wrist movement and finger
movement in percentage handwriting. Here the chi square value obtained for slant of
letter is32.136 and the p value obtained here found to be .000, which indicates that
there is an association in alignment of letters with respect to finger and wrist
movement. Thus, rejecting null hypothesis. a. 3 cells (33.3%) have expected count
less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.26.

Table 4.12 Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic Significance
Value df
(2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 32.136a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 28.915 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear
21.946 1 .000
Association

N of Valid Cases 100

 28

5.SUMMARY AND FUTUREWORK

Background

Handwriting is a dynamic process made up of the mental image of what you are
trying to say, and the neuro muscular coordination of the writer to imitate the copybook
form learned at school with their own individual habits. Because we are not robots,
handwriting does not look exactly alike from one writer. Thus, natural variation is part of
the handwriting process and serves to make handwriting unique. It is these habits and
variations in a person’s writing that can assist to make handwriting identifiable.

Major findings

The sampling done through purposive sampling. A total number of 100 samples
are present in this study. The handwriting samples are collected and analysed manually
for writing movements from samples.

Slant 1 &2

The frequency and percentage of slant1 in letters using finger movement. 38 per cent
of slant is right, 22 per cent of slant is left and 40 per cent of slant is showing straight. The
frequency and percentage of slant 2 in letters using wrist movement. 38 per cent of slant is
right, 22 per cent of slant is left and 40 per cent of slant is straight.

Spacing b/w words 1&2

The frequency and percentage of spacing between words in letters using finger
movement. 16 per cent of the spacing between words is small, 58 per cent of the spacing
between words is medium and 26 per cent of the spacing between words is large. The
frequency and percentage of spacing between words in letters using finger movement. 16
per cent of the spacing between words is small, 58 per cent of the spacing between words is
medium and 26 per cent of the spacing between words is large
 29

Spacing b/w sentence 1&2

The frequency and percentage of spacing between sentence in letters using finger
movement. 4 percent of the spacing between sentences is small, 71 per cent of the spacing
between sentences is medium and 21 per cent of the spacing between sentences is large. The
frequency and percentage of spacing between sentence in letters using wrist movement. 8
per cent of the spacing between sentences is small, 71 per cent of the spacing between
sentences is medium and 21 per cent of the spacing between sentences is large.

Alignment 1&2

The frequency and percentage of alignment in letters using finger movement. 50

percent of the alignment is upward, 29 per cent of the alignment is downward and 21 per
cent of the alignment is straight. The frequency and percentage of alignment in letters using
finger movement. 50 per cent of the alignment is upward, 29 per cent of the alignment is
downward and 21 per cent of the alignment is straight.

ASSOCIATION

• There is an association found in slant of the letter with respect to finger

and wrist movement.

• There is an association found in slant of letters with respect to finger

and wrist movement

• There is no association found in spacing between sentence of letters with respect

to finger and wrist movement.

• There is an association found in alignment of letters with respect to finger and wrist
movement.
 30

Limitation of the study

 As this study had limited sample size of 100, it will be beneficial to conduct
studies with larger size.
 Time limit was found to be one of the constraints faced that prevented the study
to expand further.

Conclusion

• Majority of the respondent have similarity in slant of the handwriting with respect
to finger and wrist movement.

• Majority of the respondent have similarity in spacing between words of the

handwriting with respect to finger and wrist movement.

• Majority of the respondent have similarity in spacing between sentence of the

handwriting with respect to finger and wrist movement.

• Majority of the respondent have similarity in alignment of the handwriting with

respect to finger and wrist movement.

Future Work
• For feature studies and research on this topic, larger sample can be considered.

• If individual characteristics would have been considered for the study, the result
would have been more reliable.
 31

6.REFERENCE

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examination: science, studies, practice pp 40- 50.
2. Alan, et al (1979) study of the from and extent of natural variation in
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375
3. Arena (2015). communication about forensic science is essential to the
effectiveness and perceived trustworthiness of the criminal justice system pp 60
-70
4. Arazona, (2003). Forensic document examination is at cross-roads due to
challenges posed to its scientific basis as well as due to the availability of
revolutionary computer methods pp 50-80.
5. Byrnes November (1998). The corticomotor representation of upper limb
muscles in writer’s cramp and changes- forensic science International
6. Chaligiuri et al (2019) variation in handwriting under different writing
movement-Journal of Forensic Justice Vol 9 pp 48-61.
7. Chaligiuri (2019). Handwriting Movement Abnormalities in Symptomatic
and Premanifest Huntington's Disease Kinematic measures of handwriting
movements pp 50-65.
8. Ezcurra (2010). Ezcurra This work reviews the different analytical
methods that have been proposed in the field of forensic dating of inks from
different modern writing instruments pp 90- 115.
9. Ishak, et al (2015). Effect of natural variation of with respect to time
interval in handwriting of individual -journal international forensic science pp
60 -75
10. Linden (2018). Dynamic signatures and their features. It provides a
detailed and critical review of dynamic feature pp 40-60.
11. Mcandrew (August 2015) The science in forensic science has received
increased scrutiny in recent years pp 66-79.
 32

12. Naomi.et al (2016). Contemporary handwriting research has focused on

skilled performance.
13. Taylor et (1955). Study of handwriting characteristics based on HMM
Model- Egyptian Journal of Forensic Science pp 90-130.
14. Tripthy.et al (2020). The transformation in the natural handwriting et al
Wilkinson- journal of handwriting vol 13 pp 35-55.
15. Weiss et al Parush (2003) Handwriting is a complex human activity that
entails an intricate blend of cognitive, kinesthetic, and perceptual-motor
components pp 50-70.