The human eye is roughly spherical in

shape with a diameter of about 2.3 cm.

It consists of a convex lens made up of
living tissues. Hence, human lenses are
living organs contrary to the simple
optical lenses.
Retina: It is a light sensitive screen inside the eye on which image is
formed. It contains rods and cones.
Cornea: It is a thin membrane which covers the eye trail. It acts like a lens
which refracts the light entering the eye.
Aqueous humour: It is fluid which fills the space between cornea and eye
lens.
Eye lens: It is a convex lens made of transparent and flexible jelly like
material. Its curvature can be adjusted with the help of ciliary muscles.
Pupil: It is a hole in the middle of iris through which light enters the eye. It
appears black because light falling on it goes into the eye and does not
come back.
Ciliary muscles: These are the muscles which are attached to eye lens and
can modify the shape of eye lens which leads to the variation in focal
lengths.
Iris: It controls the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of
the pupil.
Optical nerve: These are the nerves which take the image to the brain in
the form of electrical signals.
S.No. Human Eye Part Functions
Opens and closes in order to regulate and control the
1. Pupil
amount of light.

2. Iris Controls light level similar to the aperture of a camera.

3. Sclera Protects the outer coat.

A thin membrane which provides 67% of the eye’s focusing
4. Cornea
power.
5. Crystalline lens Helps to focus light into the retina.
6. Conjunctive Covers the outer surface (visible part) of the eye.
7. Aqueous humour Provides power to the cornea.
8. Vitreous humour Provides the eye with its form and shape.
Captures the light rays focussed by the lens and sends
9. Retina
impulses to the brain via the optic nerve.
10. Optic nerve Transmits electrical signals to the brain.
Contracts and extends in order to change the lens shape for
11. Ciliary muscles
 HOW PUPIL WORKS?
Example:-
You would have observed that when you come out of the
cinema hall after watching the movie in the bright sunlight,
your eyes get closed. And when you entered the hall from the
bright light, you won’t be able to see and after some time you
would be able to see.
The pupil of an eye provides a variable aperture, whose size
is controlled by iris.
(a) When the light is bright: Iris contracts the pupil, so that
less light enters the eye.
(b) When the light is dim: Iris expands the pupil, so that more
light enters the eye.
Pupil opens completely when iris is relaxed.
.
Persistence of Vision: It is the time for which the
sensation of an object continue in the eye. It is
about 1/16th of a second. The image of an object
persists on the retina for 1/16 second, even after the
removal of the object. The sequence of still pictures
taken by a movie camera is projected on a screen
at a rate of about 24 images or more per second.
The successive impressions of images on the screen
appear to merge smoothly into one another to give
us the feeling of moving images.
Power of Accommodation: The ability of the eye
lens to adjust its focal length accordingly as the
distances is called power of accommodation.
POWER OF THE CORRECTING LENS
COLOUR BLINDNESS: A person having defective cone
cells is not able to distinguish between the different
colours. This defect is known as Colour Blindness.
PRESBYOPIA: It is a kind of defect in human eye
which occurs due to ageing. It happens due to the
following reasons
(i) decrease in flexibility of eye lens.
(ii) gradual weakening of ciliary muscles.
In this, a person may suffer from both myopia and
hypermetropia.
Correction: By using a bifocal lens with appropriate
power. Bifocal lenses consist of both concave and
convex lens, upper position consists of the concave
lens and lower portion consists of a convex lens.
ASTIGMATISM: It is a kind of defect in human eye
due to which a person cannot see (focus)
simultaneously horizontal and vertical lines both.
Correction: By using a cylindrical lens.
CATARACT: Due to the membrane growth over eye
lens, the eye lens becomes hazy or even opaque. This
leads to a decrease or loss of vision. This problem is
called a cataract.
Correction: It can be corrected only by surgery.
Q. If the concave lens of focal length (f = 1.5m)
used to restore the proper vision, then what is
the power of lens.
Q. A person cannot see objects clearly beyond
50 cm. Find the power of the lens to correct the
vision.
A person having a myopic eye used the
concave lens of focal length 50 cm. What is the
power of the lens.
Q A 52-year-old near-sighted person wears eye glass of
power of –5.5D for distance viewing. His doctor prescribes a
correction of +1.5D in the near-vision section of his bi-focals
this measured relative to the main parts of the lens
(i) What is the focal length of his distance viewing part of lens.
(ii) What is the focal length of the near vision section of lens.
 NUMERICAL ASSIGNMENT (WITH ANSWERS)

1.A person with a myopic eye cannot see objects

beyond 1.2 m distinctly. What should be the
nature of corrective lens to restore proper
vision? [Ans: P= -0.83 Lens – concave]

2. The near point of a hypermetropic eye is at 75 cm

from the eye. What is the power of the lens required
to enable him to read clearly a book held at 25 cm
from the eye? [Ans: P= 2.66D]

3. A myopic person uses specs of power – 0.5 D.

What is the distance of far point of his eye?
 NUMERICAL ASSIGNMENT (WITH ANSWERS)

4. A person wants to read a book placed at 20 cm,

whereas near point of his eye is 30 cm. calculate the
power of the lens required. [Ans: 1.67 D]

5. The far point distance of a short sighted person is

1.5 meters. find the focal length, power and nature
of the remedial lens? (Ans: -1.5 m, -0.67 D, concave
lens)

6. A person having a myopic eye uses a concave lens

of focal length 10 cm. Find the power of the
lens. (Ans: -10 D)
 NUMERICAL ASSIGNMENT (WITH ANSWERS)
7. A person with myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2
m distinctly. What should be the nature of corrective lenses
to restore proper vision?
Ans: Here, distance of far point, x = 1.2 m
For viewing distant objects, focal length of corrective lens, F
= -x = -1.2 m, P = 1 / f = 1 / -1.2 = -0.83D

8. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the

eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to
correct the problem?
Ans: For diagram, Here, x’ = 1 m = 100 cm, d = 25 cm, f =?
From f = x’d / x’- d, F = 100*25 / 100 – 25 = 33.3 cm, P = 100
/ f = 100 / 33.3 = 3 D
 NUMERICAL ASSIGNMENT (WITH ANSWERS)
9. The far point of myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is
the nature and power of the lens required to enable him to see very
distant objects distinctly? [Ans: Concave; -1.25 D]
10. The far point of a myopic person is 150 cm in front the eye.
Calculate the focal length and power of a lens required to enable him
to see distant objects clearly. [Ans: -1.5 m, -0.67 D]