Arihant Trigonometry

Session 2
Definition of Trigonometric Functions

Definition of Trigonometric Hence, |sin A | % 1, cos A | % 1 |, | cosec A | & 1, | sec A | & 1,
Functions while tan A and cot A may have any numerical value lying
between ' ( to ) (.
An angle whose measure is greater than 0° but less than Note
90° is called an acute angle. Student must remember the following results
In a right angled triangle ABC, !CAB " A and !BCA " 90# (i) ' 1 % sin A % 1 (ii) ' 1 % cos A % 1
" $/ 2. AC is the base, BC the altitude and AB is the (iii) cosec A & 1or cosec A % '1 (iv) sec A & 1 or sec A % ' 1
hypotenuse. We refer to the base as the adjacent side and (v) tan A * R (vi) cot A * R
to the altitude as the opposite side. There are six
trigonometric ratios, also called trigonometric functions
or circular functions with reference to !A, the six ratio
Some values of Trigonometrical Ratios
Students are already familiar with the values of sin, cos,
are
B
tan, cot, sec and cosec of angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°
which have been given in the following table
0# 30# 45# 60# 90#
sin 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
cos 1 1 1 0
A C 3
2 2
BC opposite side 2
" , is called sine of A, and written as tan 0 1 1 undefined
AB hypotenuse 3
3
sin A. cot undefined 1 1 0
3
AC adjacent side 3
" , is called the cosine of A, and written 2
AB hypotenuse sec 1 2 2 undefined
3
as cos A.
cosec undefined 2 2 1
BC opposite side 2
" , is called the tangent of A, and written 3
AC adjacent side
as tan A.
AB hypotenuse
Trigonometric Identities
" , is called cosecant of A, and written as Trigonometric identities are equalities that involve
BC opposite side trigonometric functions that are true for every single
cosec A. value of the occurring variables. In other words, they are
AB hypotenuse equations that hold true regardless of the value of the
" , is called secant of A, and written as
AC opposite side angles being chosen.
sec A. Trigonometric identities are as follows
AC adjacent side 1. sin 2 A ) cos 2 A " 1 + cos 2 A " 1 ' sin 2 A
" , is called cotangent of A, and written
BC opposite side or sin 2 A " 1 ' cos 2 A
as cot A.
2. 1 ) tan 2 A " sec 2 A + sec 2 A ' tan 2 A " 1
Since, the hypotenuse is the greatest side in a right angle
triangle, sin A and cos A can never be greater than unity 3. cot 2 A ) 1 " cosec 2 A
and cosec A and sec A can never be less than unity. + cosec 2 A ' cot 2 A " 1
Chap 01 Trigonometric Functions and Identities 7
sin A cos A 1 1
4. tan A " and cot A " Now L.H.S. "
cos A sin A sec A ' tan A sec A ) tan A
5. Fundamental inequalities: For 0 , A , $ / 2; sec A ) tan A ) sec A ' tan A 2
" "
sin A 1 (sec A ' tan A )(sec A ) tan A ) cos A
0 , cos A , , Thus, L.H.S. " R.H.S.
A cos A
6. It is possible to express trigonometrical ratios in terms ❙ Example 16. If tan - ) sec - " 1.5, find sin -, tan -
of any one of them as,
and sec -.
1
sin - " , Sol. Given, sec - ) tan - "
3
...(i)
1 ) cot 2 - 2
1 2
cot - 1 Now, sec - ' tan - " " …(ii)
cos - " , tan - " , sec - ) tan - 3
1 ) cot 2 - cot -
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A
1 ) cot - 2 3 2 13
2 sec - " ) "
cosec - " 1 ) cot 2 - , sec - " 2 3 6
cot -
13 13
i.e. all trigonometrical functions have been expressed 1 sec - " 5
12
in terms of cot -. 5
1 tan - "
Similarly, we can express all trigonometric function 12 θ
in other trigonometric ratios. 5 B 12 C
and sin - "
13
❙ Example 14. Show that 2(sin 6 x ) cos 6 x )
' 3(sin 4 x ) cos 4 x ) ) 1 " 0. cos 4 A sin 4 A
❙ Example 17. If ) " 1, then prove that
Sol. 2(sin 6 x )cos 6 x ) ' 3(sin 4 x ) cos 4 x ) ) 1 cos 2 B sin 2 B
" 2[(sin 2 x )3 ) (cos 2 x )3 ] ' 3(sin 4 x ) cos 4 x ) ) 1 (i) sin 4 A ) sin 4 B " 2 sin 2 A sin 2 B
" 2[(sin 2 x ) cos 2 x )3 ' 3sin 2 x cos 2 x cos 4 B sin 4 B
(ii) ) "1
(sin 2 x ) cos 2 x ) ' 3[sin 2 x ) cos 2 x )2 ' 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x ] ) 1 cos 2 A sin 2 A
" 2[1 ) 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x ] ' 3[1 ' 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x ] ) 1 " 0
cos 4 A sin 4 A
Sol. Given, ) " 1 (cos 2 A ) sin 2 A )
cos 2 B sin 2 B
❙ Example 15. Show that
cos 4 A sin 4 A
(i) sin 8 A ' cos 8 A " (sin 2 A ' cos 2 A ) or ' cos 2
A " sin 2
A '
cos 2 B sin 2 B
(1 ' 2 sin 2 A . cos 2 A )
1 1 1 1 cos 2 A (cos 2 A ' cos 2 B ) (sin 2 B ' sin 2 A )
or " sin 2
A
(ii) ' " ' cos 2 B sin 2 B
sec A ' tan A cos A cos A sec A ) tan A
cos 2 A sin 2 A
Sol. (i) L.H.S. " sin 8 A ' cos 8 A " (sin 4 A )2 ' (cos 4 A )2 or 2
(cos 2 A ' cos 2 B ) "
cos B sin 2 B
" (sin 4 A ' cos / A )(sin 4 A ) cos 4 A ) [(1 ' cos 2 B ) ' (1 ' cos 2 A )]
" (sin A ' cos A ) (sin A ) cos A )
2 2 2 2
cos 2 A sin 2 A
or (cos 2 A ' cos 2 B ) " (cos 2 A ' cos 2 B )
[(sin A ) cos A ) ' 2 sin A cos A]
2 2 2 2 2
cos B2
sin 2 B
" (sin A ' cos 2 A ) (1 ' 2 sin 2 A cos 2 A )
2
2 cos 2 A sin 2 A 5
0 or (cos 2 A ' cos 2 B ) 4 ' 7 "0
[Qsin A ) cos A " 1] 2 2 2
3 cos B sin B 6
1 1 1 1 When cos 2 A ' cos 2 B " 0, we have
(ii) Given, ' " '
sec A ' tan A cos A cos A sec A ) tan A
cos 2 A " cos 2 B ...(i)
1 1 1 1
or ) " ) 2
cos A sin A 2
sec A ' tan A sec A ) tan A cos A cos A When ' " 0, we have
cos 2 B sin 2 B
2
Here, R.H.S. " cos 2 A sin 2 B " sin 2 A cos 2 B
cos A
8 Textbook of Trigonometry
or cos 2 A (1 ' cos 2 B ) " (1 ' cos 2 A ) cos 2 B Sol. Here, sec 2 - "
4 xy
or cos A ' cos A cos B " cos B ' cos A cos B
2 2 2 2 2 2 ( x ) y )2
4 xy
or cos 2 A " cos 2 B ...(ii) We know sec 2 - & 1 and %1 [as AM & GM]
( x ) y )2
Thus, in both the cases, cos A " cos B. Therefore,
2 2
4 xy
1 1 ' sin 2 A " 1 ' sin 2 B or sin 2 A " sin 2 B ...(iii) + sec 2 - " is only possible if sec 2 - " 1
( x ) y )2
(i) L.H.S. " sin 4 A ) sin 4 B 4 xy
i.e. " 1, 9 x , y * R )
" (sin 2 A ' sin 2 B )2 ) 2 sin 2 A sin 2 B ( x ) y )2
" 2 sin 2 A sin 2 B " R.H.S. [Qsin 2 A " sin 2 B] or 4 xy " ( x ) y )2 9 x, y * R)
4 4 4 4
(ii) L.H.S. "
cos B sin B cos B sin B
) " ) + x 2 ) y 2 ) 2xy ' 4 xy " 0, 9 x, y * R)
cos 2 A sin 2 A cos 2 B sin 2 B + ( x ' y )2 " 0, 9 x, y * R)
" cos 2 B ) sin 2 B " 1 " R.H.S. or x " y; 9 x, y * R)
❙ Example 18. If tan 2 - " 1 ' e 2 , prove that 1
3
❙ Example 20. Show that the equation sin - " x ) is
x
sec - ) tan 3 - cosec - " (2 ' e ) 2 2
impossible if x is real.
Sol. Given, tan - " 1 ' e
2 2
1
Sol. Given, sin - " x )
Now, L.H.S. " sec - ) tan - cosec - 3 x
1 1
2 cosec - 5 1 sin 2 - " x 2 ) ) 2x .
" sec - 41 ) tan 3 - 7 x2 x
3 sec - 6
1
" x2 ) 2 ) 2 & 2
" sec - (1 ) tan 3 - . cot -8 " sec - (1 ) tan 2 -8 " sec - sec 2 - x
3 3 3 3
which is not possible since sin 2 - % 1
" sec 3 - " (sec 2 -8 2 " (1 ) tan 2 -8 2 " (1 ) 1 ' e 2 ) 2 " (2 ' e 2 ) 2
❙ Example 19. For what real values of x and y is the

4 xy
equation sec 2 - " possible?
( x ) y )2
Exercise for Session 2

1. Prove that (cosec - ' sin -) (sec - ' cos -) (tan - ) cot -) " 1.
2. If cos 2 : ' sin2 : " tan2 ;, then show that tan2 : " cos 2 ; ' sin2 ;.
3. If sin6 - ) cos 6 - ' 1 " < sin2 - cos 2 -, find the value of <.
4. If a cos - ' b sin - " c, then find the value of a sin - ) b cos -.
5. Find the value of 3 (sin x ' cos x )4 ) 6 (sin x ) cos x )2 ) 4 (sin6 x ) cos 6 x ).
6. If sin - ) cosec - " 2, then find the value of sin20 - ) cosec20 -.

1
7. Let Fk ( x ) " (sink x ) cos k x ), where x * R and k & 1, then find the value of F4 ( x ) ' F6 ( x ).
k
sin4 x cos4 x 1 sin8 x cos 8 x 1
8. If ) " , then show that ) " .
2 3 5 8 27 125
1
9. If cot - ) tan - " x and sec - ' cos - " y, then show that sin - . cos - " or sin - . tan - " y
x
or ( x 2 y )2 / 3 ' ( xy 2 )2 / 3 " 1.
10. If sin A ) sin2 A ) sin3 A " 1, then find the value of cos 6 A ' 4 cos4 A ) 8 cos 2 A.
Session 3
Application of Basic Trigonometry on Eliminating
Variables or Parameters and Geometry
Application of Basic ❙ Example 22. If 3 sin - ) 4 cos - " 5, then find the
Trigonometry on Eliminating value of 4 sin - ' 3 cos -.
Variables or Parameters Sol. Let 4 sin - ' 3 cos - " a

Thus, we want to eliminate - from both 3sin - ) 4 cos - " 5
…(i)
As we know, parameter are those values which could and 4 sin - ' 3 cos - " a, i.e. squaring and adding these
vary, e.g. - if parameter could take any value as; equations, we get
- " 0#, 30#, 45#, 60#, 90#, 120#, … (3sin - ) 4 cos - )2 ) ( 4 sin - ' 3 cos - )2 " 25 ) a 2
Thus, to eliminate these parameter, we have to use basic 9 sin 2 - ) 16 cos 2 - ) 24 sin - cos -
trigonometric formulae, it could be more clear by some ) 16sin 2 - ) 9 cos 2 - ' 24 cos - sin- " 25 ) a 2
examples : 9 ) 16 " 25 ) a 2 or a2 " 0
❙ Example 21. If cosec - ' sin - " m and a"0

1 4 sin - ' 3 cos - " 0
sec - ' cos - " n, eliminate -.
Sol. Given, cosec - ' sin - " m or,
1
' sin - " m ❙ Example 23. If a sec : ' c tan : " d and
sin - b sec : ) d tan : " c , then eliminate : from above
1 ' sin 2 - cos 2 - equations.
or, " m or "m ...(i)
sin - sin - Sol. Here, a sec : ' c tan : " d and b sec : ) d tan : " c could be
Again sec - ' cos - " n written as
1 a " d cos : ) c sin : …(i)
or ' cos - " n
cos - and b " c cos : ' d sin : …(ii)
1 ' cos 2 - sin 2 - On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
or " n or "n ...(ii)
cos - cos - a 2 ) b 2 " (d cos : ) c sin : )2 ) (c cos : ' d sin : )2
cos 2 - + a 2 ) b 2 " d 2 cos 2 : ) c 2 sin 2 : ) 2dc cos : sin :
From Eq. (i) sin - " …(iii)
m )c 2 cos 2 : ) d 2 sin 2 :'2cd cos : sin :.
cos 4 - " d (cos : ) sin 2 : ) ) c 2 (sin 2 : ) cos 2 : )
2 2
Putting in (ii), we get 2 " n or, cos 3 - " m 2n
m cos -
1 a2 ) b2 " c 2 ) d 2
1 2
1 cos - " (m 2n ) or, cos 2 - " (m 2n )
3 3
...(iv)
2
❙ Example 24. Eliminate - between the equations
cos - (m n )
2 2 3 a sec - ) b tan - ) c " 0 and p sec - ) q tan - ) r " 0.
From Eq. (iii), sin - " "
m m Sol. Given a sec - ) b tan - ) c " 0 ...(i)
4 2
3 3 1 2 1 and p sec - ) q tan - ) r " 0 …(ii)
m n
" " m 3n 3 " (mn 2 ) 3 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) by cross multiplication method, we
m have
2
1 sin 2 - " (mn 2 ) 3 ...(v) sec - tan - 1
" "
Adding Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get br ' qc pc ' ar aq ' pb
2 2 (i) (ii) (iii)
(m 2n ) 3 ) (mn 2 ) 3 " cos 2 - ) sin 2 - From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
2 2
or, (m 2n ) 3 ) (mn 2 ) 3 " 1
br ' qc 1
sec - " ...(iii) 1 xyz "
aq ' pb sin 2 - cos 2 - (1 ' sin 2 - cos 2 -8
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get (1 ' sin 2 - cos 2 -8 ) (sin 2 - cos 2 -8
"
pc ' ar sin 2 - cos 2 - (1 ' sin 2 - cos 2 -8
tan - " ...(iv)
pc ' pb 1 1
" )
Q sec 2 - ' tan 2 - " 1 sin 2 - cos 2 - 1 ' sin 2 - cos 2 -
2
2 br ' qc 5 2 pc ' ar 5
2
" xy ) z
1 4 7 '4 7 "1
3 aq ' pb 6 3 aq ' pb 6
or (br ' qc )2 ' ( pc ' ar )2 " (aq ' pb )2 Application of Basic
❙ Example 25. If x " sec - ' tan - and Trigonometry in Geometry
y " cosec - ) cot -, then prove that xy ) 1 " y ' x . ❙ Example 28. If in given fig, tan ( !BAO ) " 3, then find
2 1 ' sin - 5 2 1 ) cos - 5 1 ' sin - ) cos -
Sol. xy ) 1 " 4 74 7 )1" the ratio BC :CA.
3 cos - 6 3 sin - 6 sin - cos -
B
(sin 2 - ) cos 2 -8 (sin - ' cos -8
" '
sin - cos - sin - cos -
" (tan - ) cot -8 ' (sec - ' cosec -8 C
" ( cosec - ) cot -8 ' (sec - ' tan -8 " y ' x
θ
❙ Example 26. If x " r sin - cos =, y " r sin - sin = and θ
z " r cos -. Find the value of x 2 ) y 2 ) z 2 . O A
Sol. Here, Sol. From Fig., we have

x 2 ) y 2 ) z 2 " r 2 sin 2 - cos 2 = ) r 2 sin 2 - sin 2 = ) r 2 cos 2 - tan - " 3
" r 2 sin 2 - (cos 2 = ) sin 2 = ) ) r 2 cos 2 - In ?OCA and ?OCB respectively, we get
OC OC
" r 2 sin 2 - ) r 2 cos 2 - 1 " tan -, " cot -
AC BC
"r2 On dividing, we get
1 x 2 ) y2 ) z2 " r 2 BC tan -
or " " tan 2 - " 9
(
AC cot -
$
❙ Example 27. If 0 , - , , x " > cos 2n -, + BC : AC " 9 : 1
2 n"0
( ( ❙ Example 29. If angle C of triangle ABC is 90°, then
y" > sin 2n - and z "
n"0
> cos 2n - . sin 2n -, then show
n"0
prove that tan A ) tan B "
c2
(where,a, b, c are sides
ab
xyz " xy ) z . opposite to angles A, B, C, respectively).
(
Sol. Here, x " > cos 2n
- " 1 ) cos 2 - ) cos 4 - ) cos 6 - ) ... ( Sol. Draw ?ABC with !C " 90#. We have
n"0
a b a2 ) b2 c 2
1 1 tan A ) tan B " ) " "
" " b a ab ab
1 ' cos 2 - sin 2 -
A
a
[using, S ( " sum of infinite GP]
1'r
1 1
Similarly, y" " c
1 ' sin 2 - cos 2 - b
1
and z"
1 ' sin 2 - . cos 2 -
B a C
❙ Example 30. In triangle ABC, BC " 8, CA " 6, and AB PS and RQ intersect at a point X on the circumference
" 10. A line dividing the triangle ABC into two regions of the circle, then prove that 2r " PQ @ RS .
of equal area is perpendicular to AB at point X. Find Sol. From Fig. we have
BX PQ 2$ 5
the value of . " tan 4 ' - 7
2 PR 32 6
Sol. RS
C " cot - and " tan -
Y PR
S
6 8
y
Q
A x B
X X
10
1
We have area of ?XYB " area of ?ABC
2
π –θ
1 1 1 θ 2
1 ( XY ) . ( XB ) " @ @ AC @ BC P R
2 2 2 O
2x @ y5 8 @ 6
24 7" " 24
3 2 6 2
or x @ x tan B " 24 [Qy " x tan B]
3 AC PQ RS
or x 2 @ " 24 [Q tan B " ] 1 @ "1
4 BC PR PR
or x " 32 or x " 4 2
2 or ( PR )2 " PQ @ PS
or (2r )2 " PQ @ PS
❙ Example 31. Let PQ and RS be tangents at the or 2r " PQ @ PS
extremities of the diameter PR or a circle of radius r. If

1. If sec - ) tan - " k, find the value of cos -.
2. If x sin3 - ) y cos 3 - " sin - cos - and x sin - " y cos -, Find the value of x 2 ) y 2 .
3. If sin A ) cos A " m and sin3 A ) cos 3 A " n, prove that m 3 ' 3m ) 2n " 0.
x2 ) y2 ) 1
4. If sin2 - " . Find the value of x and y.
2x
5. If sin - ' 6 cos - " 7 cos -. Prove that cos - ) 6 sin - ' 7 sin - " 0.
6. If sin x ) sin y ) sin z " 3. Find the value of cos x ) cos y ) cos z .
x y x y
7. If cos - ) sin - " 1, sin - ' cos - " 1, then eliminate -.
a b a b
a 2 (d ' a ) (c ' a )
8. If a sin2 x ) b cos 2 x " c, b sin2 y ) a cos 2 y " d and a tan x " b tan y , then prove that " .
b 2 (b ' c )(b ' d )
9. If a ) b tan - " sec - and b ' a tan - " 3 sec -, then find the value of a 2 ) b 2 .
10. Two circles of radii 4 cm and 1 cm touch each other externally and 8 is the angle contained by their direct
- -
common tangents. Find the value of sin ) cos .
2 2
Session 4
Signs and Graph of Trigonometric Functions
Signs of Trigonometric 4. In fourth quadrant, x is positive and y is negative,

therefore, only cos - and sec - are positive.
Functions Quadrant A I II III IV
The signs of the trigonometric ratios of an angle depend sin - + + – –
on the quadrant in which the terminal side of the angle
cos - + – – +
lies. We always take OP " r to be positive (see figure).
Thus the signs of all the trigonometric ratios depend on tan - + – + –
the signs of x and/or y. cosec - + + – –
Y Y sec- + – – +
cot - + – + –
P(
)y
x,
x,
y)
P(
r r
X′
θ
y
X X′
y
θ
X
Variation in the Values of
x
O x L L O
Trigonometric Functions in Different
Quadrants
We observe that in the first quadrant, as x increases from
Y′ Y′ $
0 to , sin x increases from 0 to 1 and in the second
An angle is said to be in that quadrant in which its 2
terminal ray lies $
quadrant as x increases from to $, sin x decreases from
For positive acute angles this definition gives the same 2
result as in case of a right angled triangle since x and y 1 to 0.
are both positive for any point in the first quadrant and 3$
consequently they are the length of base and In the third quadrant, as x increases from $ to , sin x
2
perpendicular of the angle -. decreases from 0 to ' 1 and finally, in the fourth quadrant,
Y 3$
sin x increases from ' 1 to 0 as x increase from to 2$.
Second quadrant First quadrant
2
(sin, cosec (all are positive)
are positive) 2nd
Function 1st quadrant 3rd quadrant 4th quadrant
quadrant
X′ X
O sin - B from 0 to 1 C from 1 to 0 C from 0 to B from ' 1to
Third quadrant Fourth quadrant '1 0
(tan, cot (cos, sec
are positive) are positive) cos - C from 1 to 0 C from 0 to B from ' 1to B from 0 to 1
'1 0
Y′
tan - B from 0 to ( B from ' ( B from 0 to ( B from ' (
1. Clearly in first quadrant sin -, cos -, tan -, cot -, sec - to 0 to 0
and cosec - are all positive as x, y are positive.
cot - C from ( to 0 C from 0 to C from ( to 0 C from 0 to
2. In second quadrant, x is negative and y is positive, '( '(
therefore, only sin - and cosec - are positive. sec - B from 1to ( B from ' ( C from ' 1to C from ( to 1
3. In third quadrant, x and y are both negative, to ' 1 '(
therefore, only tan - and cot - are positive. cosec - C from ( to 1 B from 1 to ( B from ' ( C from ' 1to
to ' 1 '(
y
Note
) ( and ' ( are two symbols. These are not real numbers. When
$
we say that tan - increases from 0 to ( as - varies from 0 to , it
2
$
means that tan- increases in the interval 240, 57 and it attains
3 26 3π –π π π π 3π
x
– –
$ 2 2 2 2
arbitrarily large positive values as - tends to . This rule applies to
2
other trigonometric functions also.
4. y " f ( x ) " cot x

Graphs of Trigonometric Domain A R ~ n$, n * I ; Range A ( ' (, (); Period A
Functions $,
y
As in case of algebraic function, we can have some idea
about the nature of a trigonometric function by its graph.
Graph has many important applications in mathematical
problems. We shall discuss the graphs of trigonometrical
π π π x
functions. We know that sin x, cos x, sec x and cosec x are –π – 0 3π 2π
2 2 2
periodic functions with period 2$ and tan x and cot x are
trigonometric functions of period $. Also if the period of
T
function f ( x ) is T, then period of f (ax ) b ) is .
|a | 5. y " f ( x ) " sec x
$
Domain A R ~ (2n ) 1) , n * I
Graph and Other Useful Data of 2
Trigonometric Functions Range A ( ' (, ' 1] D [1, ()
1. y " f ( x ) " sin x Period A 2$, sec 0 x, | sec x | *[1, ()
y
Domain A R,
Range A[ ' 1, 1]
Period A 2$
y 1
π π x
– 0 π 3π 2π 5π
1 2 2 2 2
–1
x
–π –π/2 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2
–1
2. y " f ( x ) " cos x 6. y " f ( x ) " cosec x

Domain A R, Range A[ ' 1, 1] Domain A R ~ n$, n * I ;
Period A 2$ Range A ( ' (, ' 1] D [1, ()
y Period A 2$, cosec 2 x, | cosec x | *[1, ()
1 y
–π
x
–3π/2 –π/2 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
1
1
3. y " f ( x ) " tan x π x

–π –π 0 π 3π 2π
$ 2 2 2
Domain A R ~ (2n ) 1) , n * I –1
2
Range A ( ' (, ()
Period A $
y
Transformation of the Graphs of y y=sin x y=sin (x/2)
Trigonometric Functions
1
1. To draw the graph of y " f ( x ) a ); (a E 0 ) from the 7π/2
x
π/2 π 3π/2 5π/2 3π 4π
graph of y " f ( x ), shift the graph of y " f ( x ), a units –1 2π
left along the x-axis.
Consider the following illustration. 2 x 5 2$
Period of y " sin 4 7 is " 4$
3 2 6 2 15
y y=sin (x+1) 4 7
y=sin x 326
1 y
y = sin x
1
x
–2π – 3π –π –π/2 –1 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
2 –1 x
–π –π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
To draw the graph of y " f ( x ' a ); (a E 0 ) from the
graph of y " f ( x ), shift the graph of y " f ( x ), a units 4. Since y " | f ( x ) | & 0, to draw the graph of y " | f ( x ) |,
right along the x-axis. take the mirror of the graph of y " f ( x ) in the x-axis
Consider the following illustration. for f ( x ) , 0, retaining the graph for f ( x ) E 0.
y Consider the following illustrations.
y = cos x y = cos (x–2)
1
Here, period of f ( x ) " | sin x | is $.
y
x y = cos x
–2π –3π/2 –π –π/2 π/2 2 π 3π/2 2π 1
2. To draw the graph of y " f ( x ) ) a; (a E 0 ) from the –π –π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

x
graph of y " f ( x ), shift the graph of y " f ( x ), a units
upwards along the y-axis. Here, period of f ( x ) " | cos x | is $.
y
To draw the graph of y " f ( x ) ' a; (a E 0 ) from the
y= tan x
graph of y " f ( x ), shift the graph of y " f ( x ), a units
3
downward along the y-axis.
y
2 2
1 y=cos x+1
y=cos x 1
x
π –3π/2 –π –π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
–1 y=cos x–2 x
–2 –π/2 π/2 π 3π/2
–1
y=tan x
3. If y " f ( x ) has period T, then period of y " f (ax ) is –2
T
.
|a | 5. Graph of y " af ( x ) from the graph of y f ( x )
y y= sin (2x) y
y= sin x y=2 sin x
1 3 y=3 sin x
x 2
–2π –3π/2 –π –π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
–1 x
–2π –3π/2 –π/2 π/2 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π
2$
Period of y " sin(2 x ) is "$
2 –2 y=sin x
–3
y=2 sec x
y y = sec x
❙ Example 32. Find the values of the other five
trigonometric functions in each of the following
4 questions
5
(i) tan - " , where - is in third quadrant.
2
12
3
(ii) sin - " , where - is in second quadrant.
x 5
–π/2 –π –π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2
Sol. (i) Since - is in third quadrant,
2 1 Only tan - and cot - are positive
5
Now, tan - "
4 12
12
Therefore, cot - " ,
5
Some Important Graphical Deductions sin - " ' ,
5
To find relation between sin x , x and tan x 13
(i) 13
y=x cosec " '
5
12 13
cos- " ' and sec - " ' .
–$ 13 12
2
(ii) Since - is in the second quadrant,
sin x –1 1 Only sin - and cosec - will be positive.
3
Now, sin - " .
5
Therefore,
Thus, when '( , x , 0
5 4
+ sin x E x cosec - " , cos - " ' ,
3 5
(ii) Y 5 3
tan x= y sec - " ' , tan - " '
4 4
y=x
4
1 and cot - " ' .
3
–$
4
X 12
O $ $ ❙ Example 33. If sin - " and - lies in the second
4 2 13
quadrant, find the value of sec - ) tan -.
Sol. We have sin 2 - ) cos 2 - " 1
$
1 tan x E x , when 0 E x E + cos - " F 1 ' sin 2 -
2
(iii) In general, In the second quadrant, cos - is negative
Y 1 cos - " ' 1 ' sin 2 -
tan x y=x
1 sin - 1 ) sin -
–$
Now, sec - ) tan - " ) "
4
cos - cos - cos -
sin x 12
1)
X 1 ) sin - 13
O " "
' 1 ' sin 2 - 2 12 5
2
' 1 '4 7
3 13 6
2 $5
Thus, tan x E x E sin x , 9 x * 4 0, 7 25 25
3 26 13
" " 13 " '5
5
2 $ 5 '
25 '
and sin x E x E tan x , 9 x * 4 ' , 0 7 . 169 13
3 2 6
❙ Example 34. Draw the graph of y " 3 sin 2x . 2 $5

In order to draw the graph of y " cos 4 x ' 7, we draw the
3 46
Sol. sin x is a periodic function with period 2$, therefore,
graph of y " cos x and shift it on the right side through a
2$ $
sin 2x will be a periodic function of period "$ distance of unit.
|2| 4
Also ' 1 % sin 2x % 1
1 ' 3 % 3 sin 2x % 3 ❙ Example 36. Which of the following is the least?
In order to draw the graph of y " 3sin 2x , draw the graph of (a) sin 3 (b) sin 2
k k
y " sin x and on X -axis change k to , i.e. write wherever (c) sin 1 (d) sin 7
2 2
it is k. For example, write 15° in place of 30°, 45° in place of Sol. (a) sin 3 " sin[ $ ' ( $ ' 3)] " sin( $ ' 3) " sin (0.14)
90° etc. sin 2 " sin[ $ ' ( $ ' 2)]
OnY -axis change k to 3k, i.e. write 3k wherever it is k for " sin( $ ' 2) " sin (1.14)
example, write 3 in place of 1, ' 3 in place of ' 1, 1.5 in place sin 7 " sin[2$ ) (7 ' 2$8G
of 0.5 etc.
" sin(7 ' 2$ ) " sin (0.72)
The graph of y " 3 sin 2x will be as given in the figure.
Now, 1.14 > 1 > 0.72 > 0.14
y
+ sin ( 114
. ) > sin 1 > sin ( 072
. ) > sin ( 014
. )
y=3 sin 2x [as 1.14, 0.72, 0.14 lie in the first quadrant and sine
3
functions increase in the first quadrant]
x
–π –π –π O π π 3π π 3π Hence, among the given values, sin3 is the least.
2 4 4 2 4 2
–3 Alternate solution
y
2 $5 1
❙ Example 35. Draw the graph of y " cos 4 x ' 7 1 2 3 7
3 46 x
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π
2 $5
Sol. Given function is y " cos 4 x ' 7 ...(i) –1 2
3 46
From the graph, obviously sin3 is the least.
Given function is Y " cos X , where
$ ❙ Example 37. Find the value of x for which
X " x ' andY " y
4
f ( x ) " sin x ' cos x is defined, x *[0, 2$G.
or Y " 0 + y " 0 and X " 0
$ $ Sol. f ( x ) " sin x ' cos x is defined if sin x & cos x .
+ x ' "0 + x "
4 4 y y=sin x y=cos x
y
x =π
4
x
y=cos( x - π ( –π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/2 2π
4
-1
x
O π 3π 5π 9π
4 4 4 H $ 5$ K
4 From the graph, sin x & cos x , for x * J , M.
I4 4 L
❙ Example 38. Solve tan x E cot x , where x *[0, 2$ ].

Sol. y
3 y= cot x
2 y= tan x
x
π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 5π/2 7π/4 2π
We find that tan x & cot x . Therefore, the values of tan x From the graph, it is clear that
are more than the value of cot x. 2 $ $ 5 2 3$ 5 2 5$ 3$ 5 2 7 $ 5
x * 4 , 7 D 4 , $ 7 D 4 , 7 D 4 , 2$ 7.
That is, the value of x for which graph of y " tan x is above 34 26 3 4 6 3 4 2 6 3 4 6
the graph of y " cot x .

4 3$
1. If tan x " ' , , x , 2$, find the value of 9 sec2 x ' 4 cot x .
3 2
1
2. Show that sin2 x " p ) is impossible if x is real.
p
3
3. If cos x " and x lies in the fourth quadrant find the values of cosec x ) cot x .
5
x
4. Draw the graph of y " sin x and y " sin .
2
5. Draw the graph of y " sec0 x ' tan2 x . Is f ( x ) periodic? If yes, what is its fundamental period?
2 $5
6. Prove that sin - , - , tan - for - * 40, 7 .
3 26
7. Find the value of x for which f ( x ) " sin x ' cos x is defined, x *[0, 2$G.
8. Draw the graph of y " sin x and y " cos x , 0 % x % 2$.
9. Draw the graph of y " tan(3x ).

15 $
10. If cos x " ' and , x , $ , find the value of sin x.
4 2
Session 5
Trigonometric Ratios of any Angle
Trigonometric Ratios of any Angle cosec ( '- ) " ' cosec - sec ( '- ) " sec -
Consider the system of rectangular coordinates axis 2$ 5 2$ 5
sec 4 ' - 7 " cosec - cosec 4 ' - 7 " sec -
dividing plane into four quadrants. A line OP makes angle 32 6 32 6
- with the positive x-axis. The angle - is said to be positive
if measured in counter clockwise direction from the 2$ 5 2$ 5
sin 4 ) - 7 " cos - cos 4 ) - 7 " ' sin -
positive x-axis and is negative if measured in clockwise 32 6 32 6
direction.
sin( $ ' - ) " sin - cos( $ ' - ) " – cos -
The positive values of the trigonometric ratios in the
2$ 5 2$ 5
various quadrants are shown, the signs of the other ratios tan 4 ) - 7 " ' cot - cot 4 ) - 7 " ' tan -
may be derived. 32 6 32 6
Y
Y tan( $ ' - ) " ' tan - cot( $ ' - ) " ' cot -
2$ 5 2$ 5
P2 P1 Quadrant II (S) Quadrant I (A) sec 4 ) - 7 " ' cosec - cosec 4 ) - 7 " sec -
sin θ, cosec θ, +ve All ratio +ve 32 6 32 6
O
X′
Q2 Q4 Q3 Q1
X X′ X sec ( $ ' - ) " ' sec - cosec ( $ ' - ) " cosec -
Quadrant III (T) Quadrant IV (C)
tan θ, cotθ +ve cos θ, sec θ +ve sin ( $ ) -8 " ' sin - cos( $ ) - ) " ' cos -
2 3$ 5 2 3$ 5
P4 P3 sin 4 ' - 7 " ' cos - cos 4 ' - 7 " ' sin -
Y′
Y′ 3 2 6 3 2 6
tan( $ ) - ) " tan - cot( $ ) - ) " cot -
Note $ 3$
that !XOY " , !XOY N " $, !XOY N "
2 2 2 3$ 5 2 3$ 5
tan 4 ' - 7 " cot - cot 4 ' - 7 " tan -
Pi Q i is positive if above the x-axis, negative if below the 3 2 6 3 2 6
x-axis, OPi is always taken positive. OQ i is positive if
sec ( $ ) - ) " ' sec - cosec ( $ ) - ) " ' cosec -
along x-axis, negative if in oppositive direction.
2 3$ 5 2 3$ 5
PQ sec 4 ' - 7 " ' cosec - cosec 4 ' - 7 " ' sec -
sin !Q i OPi " i i . 3 2 6 3 2 6
OPi
O iQ i 2 3$ 5 2 3$ 5
cos !Q i OPi " . sin 4 ) - 7 " ' cos - cos 4 ) - 7 " sin -
3 2 6 3 2 6
OPi
Pi Q i sin(2$ ' - ) " ' sin - cos(2$ ' - ) " cos -
tan !Q i OPi " [i " 1, 2, 3 ]
OQ i 2 3$ 5 2 3$ 5
tan 4 ) - 7 " ' cot - cot 4 ) - 7 " ' tan -
3 2 6 3 2 6
Thus, depending on signs of OQ i and Pi Q i , the various
trigonometrical ratios will have different signs given tan(2$ ' - ) " ' tan - cot(2$ ' - ) " ' cot -
sin( ' - ) " ' sin - cos( ' - ) " cos - 2 3$ 5 2 3$ 5
sec 4 ) - 7 " cosec - cosec 4 ) - 7 " ' sec -
2$ 5 2$ 5 3 2 6 3 2 6
sin 4 ' - 7 " cos - cos 4 ' - 7 " sin -
32 6 32 6
sec (2$ ' - ) " sec - cosec (2$ ' - ) " ' cosec -
tan( ' - ) " ' tan - cot( ' - ) " ' cot -
sin (2$ ) - ) " sin - cos (2$ ) - ) " cos -
2$ 5 2$ 5
tan 4 ' - 7 " cot - cot 4 ' - 7 " tan - tan (2$ ) - ) " tan - cot (2$ ) - ) " cot -
32 6 32 6
sec (2$ ) - ) " sec - cosec (2$ ) - ) " cosec -
2$ 5 2$ 5
Allied angles (or numbers) + i . (cos - F i sin - ) " cos 4 F - 7 ) i sin 4 F - 7
32 6 32 6
Two angles (or numbers) are called allied iff their sum or
$ $ $ 2$ 5 2$ 5
difference is a multiple of . For example, and are + i . cos - m sin - " cos 4 F - 7 ) i sin 4 F - 7
2 3 6 32 6 32 6
5$ $
allied, and ' are allied. On comparing real and imaginary part of LHS and
O 6 RHS, we get
AID TO MEMORY 2$ 5
cos 4 ) - 7 " ' sin -
2$ 5
cos 4 ' - 7 " sin -
You must have been overwhelmed by large number of 32 6 32 6
formulae for allied angles (or numbers). Instead of memorising
2$ 5 2$ 5
all of them, use the following rules sin 4 ) - 7 " cos - sin 4 ' - 7 " cos -
32 6 32 6
1. Any trigonometric function of a real number n$ F x(n * I ),
$
treating x as 0 , x , , is numerically equal to the same
2
function of x, with sign depending upon the quadrant in
II. Method
which the arc length (on the unit circle) terminates. The To prove cos( $ F - ) " ' cos - and sin( $ F - ) " m sin -
proper sign can be ascertained by ‘All ' Sin ' Tan ' Cos’ Since, e i( $ F -8 " cos ( $ F -8 ) i sin ( $ F -8
rule. For example, sin($ ) x ) " ' sin x; ' ve sign was
chosen because $ ) x lies in the third quadrant and sin is + e i$ . e i ( F - ) " cos ( $ F -8 ) i sin ( $ F -8
' ve in the third quadrant.
+ ' (cos ( F - ) ) i sin( F - )) " cos ( $ F -8 ) i sin ( $ F -8
$
2. Any trigonometric function of a real number (2 n ) 1) F xm On comparing real and imaginary part, we get
2
$
treating x as 0 , x , , is numerically equal to cofunction cos ( $ ) -8 " ' cos -
2
of x, with sign depending upon the quadrant in which the cos ( $ ' -8 " ' cos -
arc length (on the unit circle) terminates. Note that sin and
cos are cofunctions of each other; tan and cot are sin ( $ ) -8 " ' sin -
cofunctions of each other; sec and cosec are cofunctions sin ( $ ' -8 " sin -
2$ 5
of each other. For example, sec 4 ) x 7 " ' cosec x, ' ve
32 6 ❙ Example 39. Prove that
$ $ $ $ 1
sign was chosen because ) x lies in the second
2 (i) sin 2 ) cos 2 ' tan 2 " '
quadrant and sec is ' ve in the second quadrant. 6 3 4 2
$ 7 $ $ 3
(ii) 2 sin 2 ) cosec 2 cos 2 "
6 6 3 2
I. Method $ 5$ $
2$ 5 2$ 5 (iii) cot 2 ) cosec ) 3 tan 2 " 6
To prove cos 4 F - 7 " m sin - and sin 4 F - 7 " cos - 6 6 6
32 6 32 6
3 $ $ $
Proof (iv) 2 sin 2 ) 2 cos 2 ) 2sec 2 " 10
4 4 3
2$ 5
i 4 F -7
32 6 2$ 5 2$ 5 Sol. (i) We have,
e " cos 4 F - 7 ) i sin 4 F - 7
32 6 32 6 $ $ $ 1
sin 2 ) cos 2 ' tan 2 " '
$ 6 3 4 2
i
2$ 5 2$ 5 2 2 2
+ e 2
. e F i - " cos 4 F - 7 ) i sin 4 F - 7 2 $5 2 $5 2 $5
" 4sin 7 ) 4 cos 7 ' 4 tan 7
32 6 32 6 3 66 3 36 3 46
2$ 5 2$ 5 2
215 215
2
+ i . e i ( F - ) " cos 4 F - 7 ) i sin 4 F - 7 " 4 7 ) 4 7 ' ( 1) 2
32 6 32 6 326 326
1 1 1 1
" ) '1" '1 " '
4 4 2 2
(ii) We have, cos(90# ) - ) sec( ' -8 tan(180# ' -8

Sol. L.H.S.
$ 7$ $ sec(360# ' - ) sin(180# ) -8 cot(90# ' -8
2sin 2 ) cosec 2 . cos 2
6 6 3 ( ' sin - )( sec - ) ( ' tan -8
2 2 2 "
2 $5 2 7$ 5 2 $5 (sec - ) ( ' sin -8 (tan -8
" 24sin 7 ) 4 cosec 7 . 4 cos 7
3 66 3 6 6 3 36 " '1
2
2 $5 P
2
2 $ 5S 2 $5
2
" R.H.S.
" 2 4sin 7 ) Q cosec 4 $ ) 7T 4 cos 7
3 66 R 3 6 6U 3 36
2 2 2
❙ Example 41. Show that tan 1# tan 2# ... tan 89# " 1
2 $5 P $S 2 $5
" 24sin 7 ) Q ' cosec T 4 cos 7 Sol. L.H.S. " (tan 1# tan 89# ) (tan 2# . tan 88# ) ...
3 66 R 6U 3 36
" [tan 1# tan(90# ' 1# )] .[tan 2# tan(90# ' 2# )]
[Q cosec( $ ) - ) " ' cosec- ]
2 2 ... [tan 44# tan(90# ' 44# )] tan 45#
215 215 1 3
" 2 4 7 ) ( ' 2) 2 @ 4 7 " ) 1 " " (tan 1# . cot 1# ) (tan 2# . cot 2# )
326 326 2 2
... (tan 44# . cot 44# ) tan 45#
(iii) We have, "1 [Q tan - cot - " 1 and tan 45# " 1]
$ 5$ $
cot 2 ) cosec ) 3 tan 2
6 6 6 ❙ Example 42. Show that
2 $5
2
2 $5 2 $5
2
1
" 4 cot 7 ) cosec 4 $ ' 7 ) 3 4 tan 7 sin 2 5# ) sin 2 10# ) sin 2 15# ) ... ) sin 2 90# " 9
3 66 3 66 3 66 2
2 1 5
2
Sol. L.H.S. " (sin 2 5# ) sin 2 85# ) ) (sin 2 10# ) sin 2 80# ) ) ... )
" ( 3 )2 ) 2 ) 3 4 7
3 36 (sin 2 40# ) sin 2 50# ) ) sin 2 45# ) sin 2 90#
" 3)2)1 " 6 " (sin 2 5# ) cos 2 5# ) ) (sin 2 10 ) cos 2 10# )
(iv) We have, ) ... ) (sin 2 40# ) cos 2 40# ) ) sin 2 45# ) sin 2 90#
3$ $ $ 2
2sin 2 ) 2 cos 2 ) 2sec 2 2 1 5
4 4 3 " ( 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1) ) 4 7 ) 1
2 2 2
3 26
2 3$ 5 2 $5 2 $5
" 2 4sin 7 ) 2 4 cos 7 ) 2 4sec 7 "9
1
3 4 6 3 46 3 36
2
2 2 2
2 $5 2 $5 2 $5
" 2 4sin 7 ) 2 4 cos 7 ' 2 4sec 7 ❙ Example 43. Find the value of
3 46 3 46 3 36
H
$ 3$ 5$ 7$
3$ 2 $5 $K cos 2 ) cos 2 ) cos 2 ) cos 2
JQsin " sin 4 $ ' 7 " sin M 16 16 16 16
I 4 3 46 4L
$ 3$ 2 $ 3$ 5 2$ $ 5
2 1 5
2
2 1 5
2
Sol. L.H.S. " cos 2 ) cos 2 ) cos 2 4 ' 7 ) cos 2 4 ' 7
" 2 4 7 ) 2 4 7 ) 2(2)2 16 16 3 2 16 6 3 2 16 6
3 26 3 26
$ 3 $ 3 $ $
" 1 ) 1 ) 8 " 10 " cos 2 ) cos 2 ) sin 2 ) sin 2
16 VO 16 16
2 2 $ 2 $ 5 2 2 3$ 3$ 5
❙ Example 40. Prove that " 4 cos ) sin 7 ) 4 cos ) sin 2 7
3 16 16 6 3 VO 16 6
cos(90# ) - ) sec( ' -8 tan(180# ' -8
" ' 1. "1)1"2
sec( 360# ' - ) sin(180# ) -8 cot(90# ' -8

19$
1. Find the value of tan .
3
2. Find the sign of sec 2000#.
3. The value of cos 1# ) cos 2# ) cos 3# ) ... ) cos 180#.
4. Find the value of cos(270# ) -) cos(90# ' -8 ' sin(270# ' -8 cos -.
5. If Sn " cos n - ) sinn -, find the value of 3S4 ' 2S6 .

x2 ) y2 ) 1
6. sin2 - " , then x must be.
2x
7. If sin x ) cosec x " 2, then find the value of sin10 x ) cosec10 x .
8. e sin x ' e ' sin x " 4 then find the number of real solutions.
3$ 2 $ :5
9. If $ , : , , then find the value of expression 4 sin4 : ) sin2 2: ) 4 cos 2 4 ' 7 .
2 34 26
n n
10. If > cos - i " n, then the value of > sin -i .
i "1 i "1
Session 6
Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles
Trigonometric Ratios of (ii) cos( A ) B ) " cos A cos B ' sin A sin B
Compound Angles (iii) tan( A ) B ) "

tan A ) tan B
1 ' tan A tan B
Algebraic sum of two or more angles is called a compound z
angle. If A, B, C are any angles then A ) B, A ' B, z Q
A ) B ) C, A ' B ) C, A ' B ' C, A ) B ' C, etc., are all Q 90° y A
y
compound angles. A
P
HA
Till now, we have learnt the values of trigonometric ratios H 90° P
A
between 0° to 360#. Now, we are going to learn the values B
B
of trigonometric ratios of compound angles. A A
x M x
O M L O L
Note Let the revolving line starting from the position OX
Trigonometric ratios if i.e. sine, cosine, tan, cot, sec and cosec describe first !XOY " A and then proceed further so as to
are not distributed over addition and substraction of 2 angles. describe !YOZ " B in its position OZ.
i.e. sin( A ) B) W sin A ) sin B
Proof : A " 60#, B " 30#
Then, !XOZ " A ) B
sin( 90# ) W sin60#) sin 30# In figure 6.1 A ) B , 90# and in figure 6.2 A ) B E 90#
Let Q be a point on OZ. From Q draw QM X OX and
The Addition Formula QP X OY . From P draw PH X QM .
(i) sin( A ) B ) " sin A cos B ) cos A sin B Now, !HPO " !POX " A
Q !QPO " 90# Second Proof of Formulae

1 !QPH " 90# ' A 1. cos( A ) B ) " cos A cos B ' sin A sin B
1 !HQP " A Proof Let O be the centre of a unit circle.
In ?QOM, Y
QM QH ) HM QH ) PL
sin( A ) B ) " " " (cos (A+B), sin (A+B))
OQ OQ OQ Q
P(cos A, sin A)
QH PL QH QP PL OP B
" ) " . ) . X′ A L(1, 0)
X
OQ OQ QP OQ OP OQ O –B
PL OP QH QP
" . ) . R(cos (–B), sin (–B)
OP OQ QP OQ
" sin POL . cos POQ ) cos HQP . sin POQ Y′
" sin A cos B ) cos A sin B Let !LOP " A radian, !POQ " B radian, !LOR " ' B
OM OL ' ML OL ' PH radian
From figure 6.1, cos( A ) B ) " " "
Q OQ OQ (This angle has been measured in clockwise direction)
OM ML ' OL Now !LOQ " A ) B and !ROP " A ' B
From figure 6.2, cos( A ) B ) " ' "'
OQ OQ Since radius of circle is unity
OL ' ML OL ' PH 1 arc LP " A, arc PQ " B, arc LR " | ' B | " B
" "
OQ OQ l
[in formulae - " , - is always taken a positive]
r
1 In both cases cos( A ) B )
OL PH OL OP PH QP Also as radius of the circle is 1.
" ' " . ' . 1 P Y (cos A,sin A ),
OQ OQ OP OQ QP OQ
Q Y cos( A ) B ), sin( A ) B ),
" cos POL . cos POQ ' sin PQH . sin POQ
R Y (cos( ' B ), sin( ' B ) orR Y (cos B, ' sin B )
" cos A cos B ' sin A sin B
1 ?LOQ Z ?POR
In both cases
1 LQ " PR
QM QH ) HM QH ) PL
tan( A ) B ) " " " + LQ 2 " PR 2
OM OL ' ML OL ' PH
QH PL QH PL + [1 ' cos( A ) B )]2 ) [0 ' sin( A ) B )]2
) )
" OL OL " OL OL ...(i) " [cos A ' cos( ' B )]2 ) [(sin A ' sin( ' B )]2
PH PH PL
1' 1' . + 1 ) cos 2 ( A ) B ) ' 2 cos( A ) B ) ) sin 2 ( A ) B )
OL PL OL
" (cos A ' cos B ) 2 ) (sin A ' sin B ) 2
From similar ?QPH and ?OPL
QH PH PQ + 1 ) cos 2 ( A ) B ) ) sin 2 ( A ) B ) ' 2 cos( A ) B )
" " ...(ii)
OL PL OP + " cos 2 A ) cos 2 B ' 2 cos A cos B ) sin 2 A
On putting the value from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get ) sin 2 B ) 2 sin A sin B
PQ PL
) + 2 ' 2 cos( A ) B ) " (cos 2 A ) sin 2 A )
tan( A ) B ) " OP OL ) (cos 2 B ) sin 2 B ) ' 2(cos A cos B ' sin A sin B )
PQ PL
1' .
OP OL + 2 ' 2 cos( A ) B ) " 2 ' 2(cos A cos B ' sin A sin B )
tan B ) tan A tan A ) tan B + cos( A ) B ) " cos A cos B ' sin A sin B ...(i)
" "
1 ' tan B tan A 1 ' tan A tan B 2. Putting ' B in place of B in (1), we get
H PQ PL K cos( A ' B ) " cos A cos( ' B ) ' sin A sin ( ' B )
Q from ?POQ , " tan B, from ?POL, " tan A
JI OP OL ML " cos A cos B ) sin A sin B ...(ii)
H$ K Comparing real and imaginary parts of the left and right

3. sin( A ) B ) " cos ' (A ) B )
JI 2 ML hand side, we get,
cos( A F B ) " (cos A cos B m sin A sin B )
H2 $ 5 K
" cos J 4 ' A 7 ' BM sin( A F B ) " (sin A cos B F cos A sin B )
3
I 2 6 L
2$ 5 2$ 5 TWO VERY IMPORTANT IDENTITIES
" cos 4 ' A 7 cos B ) sin 4 ' A 7 sin B
32 6 30 6 (a) sin ( A ) B). sin( A ' B)
" sin A cos B ) cos A sin B ...(iii) " sin 2 A ' sin 2 B " cos 2 B ' cos 2 A
sin( A ) B ) (b) cos ( A ) B). cos( A ' B) " cos 2 A ' sin 2 B
4. tan( A ) B ) " Proof : (a) sin( A ) B). sin( A ' B)
cos( A ) B )
" (sin A cos B ) cos A sin B ) (sin A cos B ' cos A sin B )
sin A cos B ) cos A sin B " sin 2 A cos 2 B ' cos 2 A sin 2 B
"
cos A cos B ' sin A sin B " sin 2 A(1 ' sin 2 B) ' sin 2 B(1 ' sin 2 A)
tan A ) tan B " sin 2 A ' sin 2 B
" ...(iv) (b) cos( A ) B). cos( A ' B)
1 ' tan A tan B
" (cos A cos B ' sin A sin B ) (cos A cos B ) sin A sin B)
[dividing numerator and " cos 2 A cos 2 B ' sin 2 A sin 2 B
denominator by cos A cos B]
" cos 2 A(1 ' sin 2 B) ' (1 ' cos 2 A)sin 2 B
5. Putting ' B in place of B in (3), we get " cos 2 A ' sin 2 B
sin( A ' B ) " sin A cos B ' cos A sin B ...(v)
6. Putting ' B in place of B in (4), we get
❙ Example 44. Find the value of tan 105#.
tan A ' tan B tan 60# ) tan 45#
tan( A ' B ) " ...(vi) Sol. tan 105# " tan(60# ) 45# ) "
1 ) tan A tan B 1 ' tan 60# tan 45#
cos( A ) B ) 3 )1 ( 3 ) 1) 2
7. cot( A ) B ) " " " " ' (2 ) 3 )
sin( A ) B ) 1 ' 3 .1 1'3
cos A cos B ' sin A sin B 1 tan 105# " ' (2 ) 3 )

"
sin A cos B ) cos A sin B
❙ Example 45. Prove that tan 70# " tan 20# ) 2 tan 50#.
cot A cot B ' 1 tan 20# ) tan 50#
" ...(vii) Sol. tan 70# " tan(20# ) 50# ) "
cot B ) cot A 1 ' tan 20# tan 50#
[dividing numerator and denominator by sin A sin B] or tan 70# ' tan 20#. tan 50#. tan 70# " tan 20# ) tan 50#
8. Putting ' B in place of B in (7), we get or tan 70# " tan 70# tan 50# tan 50# ) tan 20# ) tan 50#
' cot A cot B ' 1 " cot 20# tan 50# tan 20# ) tan 20# ) tan 50#
cot( A ' B ) " [Q tan 70# " tan(90# ' 20# ) " cot 20#]
' cot B ) cot A
" 2 tan 50# ) tan 20#
cot A cot B ) 1
" ...(viii) ❙ Example 46. If A ) B " 45#, then show that
cot B ' cot A
(1 ) tan A )(1 ) tan B ) " 2.
Third Proof by Complex Number Method tan A ) tan B tan A ) tan B
Sol. tan( A ) B ) " ; 1"
The result of the sine, cosine and tangent of compound 1 ' tan A tan B 1 ' tan A tan B
angle can also be derived using the concept of complex [as A ) B " 45#, tan( A ) B ) " 1]
numbers as discussed. 1 tan A ) tan B ) tan A tan B " 1
cos( A F B ) ) i sin ( A F B ) " e i ( AF B ) or 1 ) tan A ) tan B ) tan A tan B " 1 ) 1
[Q adding ‘1’ on both sides]
" e iA . e i ( F B ) " (cos A ) i sin A )(cos( F B ) ) i sin( F B ))
+ (1 ) tan A ) ) tan B (1 ) tan A ) " 2
" (cos A cos B F i cos A sin B ) i sin A cos B msin A sin B ) + (1 ) tan A )(1 ) tan B ) " 2
" (cos A cos B m sin A sin B ) ) i (sin A cos A Fcos A sin B )
tan 495# "

sin : cos ; ) cos : sin ; sin (: ) ; )
"
❙ Example 47. Find the value of sin : cos ; sin : cos ;
cot 855#
0
Sol. tan 495# " tan (2.180# ) 135# ) " tan 135# " ' 1 " "0
sin : cos ;
cot 855# " cot( 4.180# ) 135# )
[Qsin 2 (: ) ; ) " 1 ' cos 2(: ) ; ) " 1 ' 1 " 0 ]
" cot 135# " ' 1 [Q cot( 4.180# ) -8 " cot -]
tan 495# ' 1 ❙ Example 52. Prove that
1 " "1
cot 855# ' 1 sin(B ' C ) sin(C ' A ) sin( A ' B )
) ) "0
Example 48. Evaluate sin PQn$ ) ( ' 1) n $ ST; where n is an cos B cos C cos C cos A cos A cos B
R 4U
Sol. First term of L.H.S.
integer. sin( B ' C ) sin B cos C ' cos B sin C
" "
Sol. Q sin( $ ) -8 " ' sin - cos B cos C cos B cos C
P $S sin B cos C cos B sin C
1 sin(n$ ) -8 " ( ' 1)n sin - + sinQn$ ) ( ' 1)n T " '
R 4U cos B cos C cos B cos C
P $S " tan B ' tan C
" ( ' 1)n sinQ( ' 1)n T
R 4U Similarly, second term of L.H.S. " tan C ' tan A and 3rd
$ term of L.H.S. " tan A ' tan B
" ( ' 1) ( ' 1) sin
n n
[Qsin( ' - ) " ' sin -]
4 Now L.H.S. " (tan B ' tan C ) ) (tan C ' tan A )
1 sin{( '1)n - } " ( '1)n sin - ) (tan A ' tan B ) " 0
$ $ 1
" ( ' 1)2n sin " sin " ❙ Example 53. Show that tan 75# ) cot 75# " 4.
4 4 2
tan 45# ) tan 30#
Sol. tan 75# " tan( 45# ) 30# ) "
❙ Example 49. Prove that cos 18# ' sin 18# " 2 sin 27# 1 ' tan 45# tan 30#
1
Sol. R.H.S. " 2 sin 27# " 2 sin( 45# ' 18# ) 1)
" 3 " 3 )1 ...(i)
" 2(sin 45# cos 18# ' cos 45# sin 18# ) 1
1' 3 '1
2 1 1 5 3
" 24 cos 18# ' sin 18# 7
3 2 2 6
1 3 '1
" cos 18# ' sin 18# and cot 75# " " ...(ii)
tan 75# 3 )1
" L.H.S.
Now, L.H.S. " tan 75# ) cot 75#
2$ 5 2$ 5 3 )1 3 '1
❙ Example 50. Show that cot 4 ) x 7 . cot 4 ' x 7 " 1 " ) [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
34 6 34 6 3 '1 3 )1
2$ 5 2$ 5 ( 3 ) 1) 2 ) ( 3 ' 1) 2
cos 4 ) x 7 cos 4 ' x 7 "
34 6 34 6 ( 3 ' 1) ( 3 ) 1)
Sol. L.H.S. "
2$ 5 2$ 5
sin 4 ) x 7 sin 4 ' x 7 (4 ) 2 3) ) (4 ' 2 3) 8
34 6 34 6 " " " 4 " R.H.S.
3'1 2
2 $ 1
cos ' sin x
2
' sin 2 x
" 4 " 2 "1 n sin : cos :
$ 1 ❙ Example 54. If tan ; " . Prove that
sin 2 ' sin 2 x ' sin 2 x 1 ' n sin 2 :
4 2
tan(: ' ; ) " (1 ' n ) tan : .
❙ Example 51. If sin : sin ; ' cos : cos ; ) 1 " 0, Prove n sin : cos ;
Sol. tan ; "
that 1 ) cot : tan ; " 0 1 ' n sin 2 :
Sol. Given, sin : sin ; ' cos : cos ; ) 1 " 0 n sin : cos :
+ cos : cos ; ' sin : sin ; " 1 cos 2 :
"
+ cos(: ) ; ) " 1 1 n sin 2 :
...(i) '
cos : sin ; cos :
2
cos 2 :
Now, 1 ) cos : tan ; " 1 ) .
sin : cos ; [dividing numerator and denominator by cos :]
n tan : ❙ Example 57. Let A, B, C be the three angles such that

"
sec 2 : ' n tan 2 : A ) B ) C " $. If tan A . tan B " 2, then find the value of
n tan : cos A cos B
" .
1 ) tan 2 : ' n tan 2 : cos C
n tan :
" ...(i) Sol. Given, tan A . tan B " 2
1 ) (1 ' n ) tan 2 :
cos A cos B cos A . cos B
tan : ' tan ; Let y" "'
Now, L.H.S. " tan(: ' ; ) " cos C cos( A ) B )
1 ) tan : tan ;
[Q cos C " cos( $ ' ( A ) B ) " ' cos( A ) B )]
n tan :
tan : ' cos A . cos B
1 ) (1 ' n ) tan 2 : "
" [from Eqs. (i)] sin A sin B ' cos A cos B
n tan :
1 ) tan :
1 ) (1 ' n ) tan 2 : 1 1
" " "1
tan : ) (1 ' n ) tan : ' n tan :
3 tan A tan B ' 1 2 ' 1
"
1 ) (1 ' n ) tan 2 : ) n tan 2 : cos 10# ) sin 10#
(1 ' n ) tan : ) (1 ' n ) tan :3 ❙ Example 58. Prove that " tan 55#.
" cos 10# ' sin 10#
1 ) tan 2 :
cos 10# ) sin 10# 1 ) tan 10# tan 45# ) tan 10#
(1 ' n ) tan : (1 ) tan 2 : ) Sol. " "
" cos 10# ' sin 10# 1 ' tan 10# 1 ' tan 45# tan 10#
1 ) tan 2 :
" tan( 45# ) 10# ) " tan 55# (dividing by cos 10#)
" (1 ' n ) tan :
1 2
❙ Example 59. If sin( A ' B ) " , cos( A ) B ) "
,
❙ Example 55. Show that cos - ) cos (: ) -8 2 2
10 29
' 2 cos : cos - cos(: ) - ) in independent of -. find the value of tan 2A where A and B lie between 0
Sol. cos 2 - ) cos 2 (: ) - ) ' 2 cos : cos - cos(: ) - ) $
and .
" cos 2 - ) cos(: ) - ) [cos(: ) - ) ' 2 cos : cos - ] 4
" cos 2 - ) cos(: ) - ) Sol. tan 2A " tan[( A ) B ) ) ( A ' B )]
tan( A ) B ) ) tan( A ' B )
[cos : cos - ' sin : sin - ' 2 cos : cos -] " ...(i)
1 ' tan( A ) B ) tan( A ' B )
" cos 2 - ' cos(: ) - ) [cos : cos - ) sin : sin - ]
$ $
" cos 2 - ' cos(: ) -8 cos(: ' - ) Given that, 0 , A , and 0 , B , . Therefore,
4 4
" cos 2 - ' [cos 2 : ' sin 2 - ] $
0, A ) B,
" cos 2 - ) sin 2 - ' cos 2 : 2
" 1 ' cos 2 :, which is independent of -. $ $ 1
Also, ' , A 'B , and sin( A ' B ) "
4 4 10
❙ Example 56. If 3 tan - tan = " 1, then prove that $
1 0, A ' B,
2 cos(- ) = ) " cos(- ' = ). 4
Sol. Given, 3 tan - tan = " 1 or cot - cot = " 3 1
Now, sin( A ' B ) "
cos - cos = 3 10
or " 1
sin - sin = 1 + tan( A ' B ) " ...(ii)
3
By componendo and dividendo, we get
2
cos - cos = ) sin - sin = 3 ) 1 cos( A ) B ) "
" 29
cos - cos = ' sin - sin = 3 ' 1
5
cos(- ' = ) + tan( A ) B ) " ...(iii)
or "2 2
cos(- ) = )
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
or 2 cos(- ) = ) " cos(- ' = ) 5 1
)
17 16
tan 2A " 2 3 " @ " 17
5 1 6 1
1' @
2 3
❙ Example 60. Prove that (1 ) tan 1# ) (1 ) tan 2# ) ... tan 25# ) tan 55# ) tan 100#
"
tan 25# . tan 55# . tan 100#
(1 ) tan 45# ) " 2 23 .
Since, 25# ) 55# ) 100# " 180#
Sol. (1 ) tan x # ) (1 ) tan( 45# ' x # ))
tan 25# ) tan 55# ) tan 100# " tan 25# tan 55# tan 100#
2 1 ' tan x # 5
" (1 ) tan x # ) 41 ) 7 "2 + E "1
3 1 ) tan x # 6
1 (1 ) tan 1# ) (1 ) tan 44# ) ❙ Example 63. Prove that
100
" (1 ) tan 2# ) (1 ) tan 43# )
" (1 ) tan 3# ) (1 ) tan 42# )
> sin(kx ) cos(101 ' k )x " 50 sin (101x )
k "1
... 100
... Sol. Let S " >sin(kx ) cos (101 ' k )x

k "1
" (1 ) tan 22# )(1 ) tan 23# )
+ S " sin x cos 100x ) sin 2x cos 99 x
"2
) ... ) sin 100x cos x ...(i)
(1 ) tan 1# ) (1 ) tan 2# ) ... (1 ) tan 45# ) " 223
S " cos x sin 100x ) cos 2x sin 99 x ) ... )
(as 1 ) tan 45# " 2) sin x cos 100x ...(ii)
(on writing in reverse order)
❙ Example 61. If cos(; ' [ ) ) cos( [ ' :8
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3
) cos(: ' ;8 " ' , Prove that 2S " (sin x cos 100x ) cos x sin 100x )
2 ) (sin 2x cos 99 x ) cos 2x sin 99 x )
cos : ) cos ; ) cos [ " sin : ) sin ; ) sin [ " 0 ...
3
Sol. Given, cos(; ' [ ) ) cos( [ ' : ) ) cos(: ' ; ) " ' ...
2 ) (sin 100x cos x ) sin x cos 100x )
or 3 ) 2 cos(; ' [ ) ) 2 cos( [ ' : ) ) 2 cos(: ' ; ) " 0 " sin 101x ) sin 101x ) ... ) sin 101x (100 times)
or 3 ) 2(cos ; cos [ ) sin ; sin [ ) Hence, S " 50 sin (101x )
) 2(cos [ cos : ) sin [ sin : )
) 2(cos : cos ; ) sin : sin ; ) " 0 $
❙ Example 64. If A " , then find the value of
or (cos 2 : ) sin 2 : ) ) (cos 2 ; ) sin 2 ;8 ) (cos 2 [ ) sin 2 [ ) 5
8
) 2(cos ; cos [ ) sin ; sin [ ) ) 2(cos [ cos : ) sin [ sin : )
) 2(cos : cos ; ) sin : sin ; ) " 0
> tan(rA ) . tan((r ) 1)A ).
r "1
or (cos 2 : ) cos 2 ; ) cos 2 [ ) 2 cos : cos ; ) 2 cos ; cos [ tan(r ) 1)A ' tan(rA )
Sol. tan((r ) 1)A ' (rA )) "
) 2 cos [ cos [ ) ) (sin 2 : ) sin 2 ; ) sin 2 [ 1 ) tan(r ) 1)A . tan(rA )
) 2 sin : sin ; ) 2 sin ; sin [ ) 2 sin [ sin : ) " 0 8
or (cos : ) cos ; ) cos [ )2 ) (sin : ) sin ; ) sin [ )2 " 0

+ S" > tan(rA ) . tan(r ) 1)A
r "1
which is possible only when 8
1 8
cos : ) cos ; ) cos [ " 0 and sin : ) sin ; ) sin [ " 0 " >( ' 1) ) tan A >(tan(r ) 1)A ' tan(rA ))
r "1 r "1
cos 25# ) cot 55# 1

❙ Example 62. Find the value of " '8) .(tan 9 A ' tan A )
tan 25# ) tan 55# tan A
cot 55# ) cot 100# cot 100# ) cot 25# 9$
) ) . Now, tan 9 A " tan
tan 55# ) tan 100# tan 100# ) tan 25# 5
2 $5
cot 25# ) cot 55# cot 55# ) cot 100# " tan 42$ ' 7
Sol. E " ) 3 56
tan 25# ) tan 55# tan 55# ) tan 100#
$
cot 100# ) cot 25# " ' tan
) 5
tan 100# ) tan 25#
1
1 1 1 + S " '8) ( ' 2 tan A )
" ) ) tan A
tan 55# tan 100# tan 55# tan 100# tan 100# tan 25#
" ' 8 ' 2 " ' 10
❙ Example 65. Prove that 4 4 3 3

" . ) .
sin - . sec 3- ) sin 3- . sec 3 2 - ) sin 3 2 - . sec 3 3 - ) ... 5 5 5 5
1 [using cos(: ) ; ) " 3 / 5, cos(: ' ; ) " 4 / 5
upto n terms " [tan 3n - ' tan -G + sin(: ) ; ) " 4 / 5, sin(: ' ; ) " 3 /5]
2
16 ) 9
Sol. sin - . sec 3- ) sin 3- . sec 32 - ) sin 32 - . sec 33 - ) ... upto n " " 1 + sin2: " 1
25
terms
n
" >sin 3 r '1
- . sec 3r - 12 15 12 15
❙ Example 68. If cos : " 4 x ) 7, cos ; " 4 y ) 7,
r "1
23 x6 23 y6
n
2 cos 3r ' 1 - sin 3r ' 1 -
" > 2 cos 3 r '1
- . cos 3r -
then evaluate cos(: ' ; ).
r "1
12 15
Sol. cos: " 4 x ) 7
1 n sin(2 . 3r ' 1 -8 23 x6
" >
2 r " 1 cos 3r ' 1 - . cos 3r -
2 cos : F 4 cos 2 : ' 4
1 n
sin(3 - ' 3 -8
r r '1 + x 2 ' 2x cos: ) 1 " 0 + x "
" >
2 r " 1 cos 3r ' 1 - . cos 3r - 2 cos : F 2i sin :
2
+ x" {as '1 " i }
sin 3r - . cos 3r ' 1 - 2
1 n ' cos 3r - . sin 3r ' 1 - 1 x " cos : F i sin :
" >
2 r " 1 cos 3r ' 1 - . cos 3r -
Similarly, y " cos ; F i sin ;
x cos : F i sin :
1 n 1 " " cos(: ' ; ) F i sin(: ' ; ) …(i)
y cos ; F i sin ;
" >(tan 3r - ' tan 3r ' 1 - )
2 r "1 y cos ; F i sin ;
and " " cos(: ' ; ) m i sin(: ' ; ) …(ii)
1 x cos : F i sin :
" [tan 3n - ' tan -G
2 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x y
❙ Example 66. In a triangle ABC, if ) " 2cos(: ' ; )
y x
sin A sin (B ' C ) " sin C sin( A ' B ), then prove that cot A,
cotB, cot C are in AP. 12x y 5
i.e. cos(: ' ; ) " 4 ) 7.
23y x 6
Sol. sin A sin( B ' C ) " sin C sin( A ' B )
sin( B ' C ) sin( A ' B )
+ " ❙ Example 69. If 2sin : cos ; sin [ " sin ; sin(: ) [ ).
sin C sin B sin A sin B
Then, show tan : , tan ; and tan [ are in harmonic
sin B cos C ' sin C cos B sin A cos B ' sin B cos A
+ " progression.
sin C sin B sin A sin B
Sol. We have, 2sin : cos ; sin [ " sin ; sin(: ) [ )
+ cot C ' cot B " cot B ' cot A
or 2sin : cos ; sin [ " sin ; {sin : cos [ ) cos : sin [ }
+ 2 cot B " cot A ) cot C
+ 2sin : cos ; sin[ " sin : sin ; cos [ ) cos : sin ; sin [
1 cot A, cot B, cot C are in A.P.
On dividing both sides by sin : sin ; sin [, we get
❙ Example 67. If 0 , ; , : , $ / 4, cos(: ) ; ) " 3 /5 and 2cot ; " cot : ) cot [ or
2
"
1
)
1
cos(: ' ; ) " 4 /5, then evaluate sin 2:. tan ; tan : tan [
1 1 1
Sol. We know, sin(2: ) " sin{(: ) ; ) ) (: ' ; )} i.e. , , are in AP
tan : tan ; tan [
" sin(: ) ; ) . cos(: ' ; ) ) sin(: ' ; ) . cos(: ) ; ).
or tan : ,tan ;,tan [ are in HP.

1. If : lies in II quadrant, ; lies in III quadrant and tan ( : ) ; ) E 0, then ( : ) ; ) lies in .......... quadrants.
cos ( A ' B )
2. If 3 tan A tan B " 1, then prove that " 2.
cos ( A ) B )
m 1
3. If tan : " and tan ; " , the find the value of : ) ;.
m )1 2m ) 1
4 5 2 $5
4. If cos( : ) ; ) " , sin( : ' ; ) " and :, ; * 40, 7 , then find the value of tan 2:.
5 13 3 46
$
5. If : ) ; " and ; ) [ " :, then find the value of tan :.
2
6. If cos(- ' :8 " a and cos(- ' ;8 " b then the value of sin2 ( : ' ;8 ) 2ab cos( : ' ;8.
1 1 x y
7. If 2 cos A " x ) , 2 cos ; " y ) then show that 2 cos( A ' B ) " ) .
x y y x
$
8. If y " (1) tan A) (1 ' tan B ), where A ' B " , then find the value of ( y ) 1)y ) 1.
4
Session 7
Sum of Sines/Cosines in Terms of Products
Converting Product into Sum/ Above four formulas are used to convert product of two sines
Difference and Vice-Versa and cosines into the sum or difference of two sines and cosines.
Product into Sum/Difference Sum/Difference into Products

2A ) B5 2A ' B5
1. 2 sin A cos B " sin( A ) B ) ) sin( A ' B ) 1. sin A ) sin B " 2 sin 4 7 cos 4 7
3 2 6 3 2 6
2. 2 cos A sin B " sin( A ) B ) ' sin( A ' B )
3. 2 cos A cos B " cos( A ) B ) ) cos( A ' B ) 2A ) B5 2A ' B5
2. sin A ' sin B " 2 cos 4 7 sin 4 7
3 2 6 3 2 6
4. 2 sin A sin B " cos( A ' B ) ' cos( A ) B )
Proof We know that 2A ' B5 2A ) B5
3. cos A ) cos B " 2 cos 4 7 . cos 4 7
sin A cos B ) cos A sin B " sin( A ) B ) ...(i) 3 2 6 3 2 6
sin A cos B ' cos A sin B " sin( A ' B ) ...(ii) 2A ) B5 2 B ' A5
cos A cos B ' sin A sin B " cos( A ) B ) ...(iii) 4. cos A ' cos B " 2 sin 4 7 . sin 4 7
3 2 6 3 2 6
cos A cos B ) sin A sin B " cos( A ' B ) ...(iv)
A )B
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain Proof (i) Let A " C ) D and B " C ' D , then C "
2
2sin A cos B " sin( A ) B ) ) sin( A ' B ) ...(v)
A'B
Subtracting Eqs. (ii) from (i), we get and D"
2 cos A sin B " sin( A ) B ) ' sin( A ' B ) ...(vi) 2
Adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get 1 L.H.S. " sin(C ) D ) ) sin(C ' D ) " 2 sin C cos D
2 cos A cos B " cos( A ) B ) ) cos( A ' B ) ...(vii) A)B A'B
" 2 sin cos " R.H.S
2 2
Subtracting Eqs. (iii) from (iv), we get
2 sin A sin B " cos( A ' B ) ' cos( A ) B ) ...(viii) Similarly we proof of (ii), (iii) and (iv).
❙ Example 73. If sin A " sin B and cos A " cos B, then
Some other Useful Results A 'B
sin( A ) B ) $ prove that sin " 0.
1. tan A ) tan B " , where A, B W n$ ) 2
cos A cos B 2
sin( A ' B ) $ Sol. We have sin A " sin B and cos A " cos B
2. tan A ' tan B " , where A, B W n$ ) or sin A ' sin B " 0 and cos A ' cos B " 0
cos A cos B 2
2A 'B5 2A )B5
sin( A ) B ) or 2 sin 4 7 sin 4 7 "0
3. cot A ) cot B " , where A, B W n$, n * z 3 2 6 3 2 6
sin A sin B 2A 'B5 2A ) B5
sin( B ' A ) and ' 2 sin 4 7 sin 4 7 "0
4. cot A ' cot B " , where A, B W n$, n * z 3 2 6 3 2 6
sin A sin B A'B
or sin " 0, which is common for both the equations.
2
❙ Example 70. Prove that
cos 55# ) cos 65# ) cos 175# " 0. 3
❙ Example 74. Prove that sin 20# sin 40# sin 80# "
Sol. L.H.S. " cos 55# ) cos 65# ) cos 175# 8
55# ) 65# 55# ' 65# 1
" 2 cos cos ) cos 175# Sol. L.H.S. " sin 20# sin 40# sin 80# " (2 sin 80# sin 40# ) sin 20#
2 2 2
" 2 cos 60# cos( ' 5# ) ) cos 175# 1
" [cos(80# ' 40# ) ' cos(80# ) 40# ) sin 20#
1 2
" 2 @ cos 5# ) cos(180# ' 5# ) 1
2 " (cos 40# ' cos 120# ) sin 20#
" cos 5# ' cos 5# " 0 2
1
" (2 cos 40# sin 20# ' 2 cos 120# sin 20# )
❙ Example 71. Prove that 4
sin A ) sin 2A ) sin 4 A ) sin 5A 1 2 15
" tan 3A. " [sin( 40# ) 20# ) ' sin( 40# ' 20# ) ' 2 4 ' 7 sin 20# ]
cos A ) cos 2A ) cos 4 A ) cos 5A 4 3 26
1 1
sin A ) sin 2A ) sin 4 A ) sin 5A " [sin 60# ' sin 20# ) sin 20# ] " sin 60#
Sol. 4 4
cos A ) cos 2A ) cos 4 A ) cos 5A
1 3 3
(sin 5A ) sin A ) ) (sin 4 A ) sin 2A ) " . "
" 4 2 8
(cos 5A ) cos A ) ) (cos 4 A ) cos 2A )
2 sin 3A cos 2A ) 2 sin 3A cos A ❙ Example 75. Prove that sin A . sin(60# ' A )
"
2 cos 3A cos 2A ) 2 cos 3A cos A 1
. sin(60# ) A ) " sin 3A
2 sin 3A (cos 2A ) cos A ) 4
" " tan 3A
2 cos 3A (cos 2A ) cos A ) Sol. L.H.S. " sin A . sin(60# ' A ) . sin(60# ) A )
1
❙ Example 72. Prove that (cos : ) cos ; ) 2 " sin A [2 sin(60# ) A ) . sin(60# ' A )]
2
2: ' ; 5
) (sin : ) sin ; ) 2 " 4 cos 2 4 7. 1
" sin A [cos(60# ) A ' 60# ) A )
3 2 6 2
Sol. L.H.S. " (cos : ) cos ; )2 ) (sin : ) sin ; )2 ' cos(60# ) A ) 60# ' A )]
2 1
P 2: ) ; 5 2 : ' ; 5S " sin A (cos 2A ' cos 120# )
" Q2 cos 4 7 cos 4 7T 2
R 3 2 6 3 2 6U
1
P 2: ) ; 5 2 : ' ; 5S " (2 cos 2A sin A ' 2 cos 120# sin A )
) Q2 sin 4 7 cos 4 7T 4
R 3 2 6 3 2 6U 1H 2 15 K
" Jsin(2A ) A ) ' sin(2A ' A ) ' 24 ' 7 sin A M
2: ' ; 5 P 2 : ) ; : ) ;S 4I 3 26 L
" 4 cos 2 4 7 Q cos ) sin 2 T
3 2 6R 2 2 U 1 1
2: ' ; 5 " (sin 3A ' sin A ' sin A ) " sin 3A
" 4 cos 2 4 7 " R.H.S. 4 4
3 2 6

1. Show that sin x ) sin 3x ) sin 5x ) sin 7x " 4 sin 4x cos 2x cos x.
2. Show that sin A . sin(B ' C ) ) sin B . sin(C ' A) ) sin C . sin( A ' B ) " 0.
:); ;) [ [):
3. Show that cos : ) cos ; ) cos [ ) cos(: ) ; ) [8 " 4 cos . cos . cos .
2 2 2
3 3
4. If x and y are acute angles, such that cos x ) cos y " and sin x ) sin y " , then the value of sin( x ) y ).
2 4
$ 9$ 3$ 5$
5. Find the value of expression 2 cos cos ) cos ) cos .
3 13 13 13
n n
2 cos A ) cos B 5 2 sin A ) sin B 5
6. Find the value of 4 7 )4 7 (where, n is an even)
3 sin A ' sin B 6 3 cos A ' cos B 6
2 $5 2 3$ 5 2 5$ 5 2 7$ 5
7. Find the value of 41 ) cos 7 41 ) cos 7 41 ) cos 7 41 ) cos 7.
3 86 3 8 63 8 63 8 6
8. In a triangle ABC, cos 3A ) cos 3B ) cos 3C " 1, then find any one angle.
Session 8
Trigonometric Ratios of Multiples of an Angle
Trigonometric Ratios of 4. tan 2 A "
2 tan A
, where A W (2n ) 1)
$
Multiples of an Angle 1 ' tan A

2
4
Proof sin 2A " sin( A ) A ) " sin A cos A ) cos A sin A
Definition An angle of the form nA, where n is an integer
is called a multiple angle, for example 2A, 3A, 4A, ... etc. [using the formula sin( A ) B ) " sin A cos B ) cos A sin B ]
are multiple angles of A. " 2 sin A cos A
In this session we shall express trigonometrical ratios cos 2A " cos( A ) A ) " cos A cos A ' sin A sin A
of multiple angles of A in terms of trigonometrical ratios " cos A ' sin 2 A
2
of A.
tan 2A " tan ( A ) A )
tan A ) tan A 2 tan A
Trigonometrical Ratios of 2 A in term " "
1 ' tan A tan A 1 ' tan 2 A
of Trigonometrical Ratio of A
2 tan A
1. sin 2 A " 2 sin A cos A "
1 ) tan 2 A
Trigonometrical Ratios of 3A in terms
2. cos 2 A " cos 2 A ' sin 2 A " 1 ' 2 sin 2 A
of Trigonometrical Ratio of A
1. sin 3 A " 3 sin A ' 4 sin 3 A
1 ' tan 2 A
" 2 cos 2 A ' 1 " " 4 sin(60# ' A ) . sin A . sin(60# ) A )
1 ) tan 2 A
2. cos 3 A " 4 cos 3 A ' 3 cos A
3. 1 ) cos 2 A " 2 cos 2 A, 1 ' cos 2 A " 2 sin 2 A
" 4 cos(60# ' A ) cos A cos(60# ) A )
1 ) cos 2 A 1 ' cos 2 A
or " cos 2 A , " sin 2 A 3 tan A ' tan 3 A
2 2 3. tan 3 A "
1 ' 3 tan 2 A
Proof H 3K
JQ tan A " 4 M
1. sin 3 A " sin(2 A ) A ) " sin 2A cos A ) cos 2A sin A I L
" 2 sin A cos A . cos A ) (1 ' 2sin 2 A ) sin A 24 7 336
sin 4 A " sin 2A cos 2A " 2 @ @ "
25 25 625
" 2 sin A cos 2 A ) sin A ' 2 sin 3 A H 24 K
JQsin 2A " 25 M
" 2 sin A(1 ' sin 2 A ) ) sin A ' 2 sin 3 A J M
J and cos 2A " 7 M
" 2 sin A ' 2 sin 3 A ) sin A ' 2 sin 3 A JI 25 ML
" 3 sin A ' 4 sin 3 A 2
2. cos 3 A " cos(2 A ) A ) " cos 2 A . A cos A ' sin 2A sin A
1 ) sin 2- 2 1 ) tan - 5
❙ Example 77. Prove that "4 7 .
" (2 cos 2 A ' 1) cos A ' 2 sin A cos A . sin A 1 ' sin 2- 3 1 ' tan - 6
1 ) sin 2- sin 2 - ) cos 2 - ) 2 sin - cos -
" 2 cos 3 A ' cos A ' 2 cos A(1 ' cos 2 A ) Sol. L.H.S. " "
1 ' sin 2- sin 2 - ) cos 2 - ' 2 sin - cos -
" 2 cos 3 A ' cos A ' 2 cos A ) 2 cos 3 A 2 2
2 sin - ) cos - 5 2 1 ) tan - 5
" 4 cos A ' 3 cos A
3 "4 7 "4 7
3 sin - ' cos - 6 3 1 ' tan - 6
sin 3 A 3 sin A ' 4 sin 3 A [dividing numerator and denominator by cos -]
3. tan 3 A " "
cos 3 A 4 cos 3 A ' 3 cos A
2$ 5
sin A(3 ' 4 sin 2 A ) tan A(3 ' 4 sin 2 A ) 1 ' tan 2 4 ' 4 7
" " 34 6
❙ Example 78. Prove that " sin 2A.
cos A( 4 cos 2 A ' 3 ) 4 cos 2 A ' 3 2 2$ 5
1 ) tan 4 ' A 7
On dividing by cos 2 A numerator and denominator 34 6
tan A(3 sec 2 A ' 4 tan 2 A ) 2$ 5
" 1 ) tan 2 4 ' A 7
4 ' 3 sec 2 A 34 6 1 ' tan 2 - 2 $ 5
Sol. " 4 where ' A " - 7
2 2$ 5 1 ) tan 2 - 3 4 6
tan A(3 ) 3 tan 2 A ' 4 tan 2 A ) 1 ) tan 4 ' A 7
" 34 6
4 ' 3 ' 3 tan 2 A 2$ 5
" cos 2- " cos 4 ' 2A 7 " sin 2A
tan A(3 ' tan 2 A ) 3 tan A ' tan 3 A 32 6
" "
1 ' 3 tan 2 A 1 ' 3 tan 2 A sec 8- ' 1 tan 8-
❙ Example 79. Prove that "
3 sec 4- ' 1 tan 2-
❙ Example 76. If sin A " , where 0# , A , 90#, find the
5 sec 8- ' 1
Sol. We have, LHS "
values of sin 2A, cos 2A, tan 2A and sin 4A. sec 4- ' 1
3 1
Sol. We have, sin A " , where 0# , A , 90# '1
5 cos 8- 1 ' cos 8- cos 4-
+ LHS " " .
1 cos 2 A " 1 ' sin 2 A 1 cos 8- 1 ' cos -
'1
9 4 cos 4-
+ cos A " ) 1 ' sin 2 A " 1 ' "
25 5 2 sin 2 4- cos 4-
+ LHS " .
1 tan A "
sin A 3
" cos 8- 2 sin 2 2-
cos A 4 H 2 8- K
JQ1 ' cos 8- " 2 sin 2 " 2 sin 4-
2
3 4 24 M
sin 2A " 2 sin A cos A " 2 @ @ " J M
5 5 25 J and, 1 ' cos 4- " 2 sin 2 4- " 2 sin 2 2- M
235
2
7 JI 2 ML
cos 2A " 1 ' 2 sin 2 A " 1 ' 2 @ 4 7 "
356 25 (2 sin 4- cos 4-8 sin 4-
+ LHS " @
3 6 cos 8- 2 sin 2 2-
2@
2 tan A 4 24 2 2 sin 4- cos 4- 5 2 2 sin 2- cos 2- 5
tan 2A " " " 4 " + LHS " 4 7@4 7
1 ' tan 2 A 235
2
1'
9 7 3 cos 8- 6 3 2 sin 2 2- 6
1'4 7 16
346
2 sin 2 ( 4-8 5 2 cos 2- 5 7$ 2 $5 $

+ LHS " 4 7@4 7 cos " cos 4 $ ' 7 " ' cos
3 cos 8- 6 3 sin 2- 6 8 3 86 8
2 sin 8- 5 2 cos 2- 5 5$ 2 3$ 5 3$
"4 7@4 7 " tan 8- cot 2- and cos " cos 4 $ ' 7 " ' cos
3 cos 8- 6 3 sin 2- 6 8 3 8 6 8
tan 8- 2 $5 2 3$ 5 2 3$ 5 2 $5
+ LHS " " RHS 1 LHS " 41 ) cos 7 41 ) cos 7 41 ' cos 7 41 ' cos 7
tan 2- 3 86 3 8 63 8 63 86
2 $5 2 3$ 5
+ LHS " 41 ' cos 2 7 41 ' cos 2 7
❙ Example 80. Show that 3 86 3 8 6
2 ) 2 ) 2 ) 2 cos 8 " 2 cos - $ 3$
+ LHS " sin 2 sin 2
8 8
Sol. We have, LHS " 2 ) 2 ) 2 (1 ) cos 8-8 1 2 2 $5 2 2 3$ 5
+ LHS " 43 sin 7 42 sin 7
4 3 86 3 8 6
+ LHS " 2 ) 2 ) 2 (2 cos 2 4- ) H2 1 $5 2 3$ 5 K
+ LHS " J 431 ' cos 76 431 ' cos 7M
H 2 8- K I 4 4 4 6L
JQ1 ) cos 8- " 2 cos 2 M
I L H 2 -K
JQ1 ' cos - " 2 sin 2 M
I L
+ LHS " 2 ) 2 ) ( 4 cos 2 4- )
1 H2 1 52 1 5K 1 2 15 1
+ LHS " J 41 ' 7 41 ) 7 M " 41 ' 7 " " RHS
+ LHS " 2 ) 2 ) 2 cos 4- 4 I3 26 3 2 6L 4 3 26 8
+ LHS " 2 ) 2 (1 ) cos 4-8
❙ Example 83. If tan 2 - " 2 tan 2 = ) 1, prove that
+ LHS " 2 ) 2 (2 cos 2 2-8 [Q1 ) cos 4- " 2 cos 2 2- ] cos 2- ) sin 2 = " 0.
+ LHS " 2 ) 2 cos 2- " 2 (1 ) cos 2-8 1 ' tan 2 -
Sol. We have, cos 2- "
1 ) tan 2 -
" 2 (2 cos 2 -8 " 2 cos - " RHS
1 ' (2 tan 2 = ) 1)
+ cos 2- " [Q tan 2 - " 2 tan 2 = ) 1]
❙ Example 81. Show that 3 cosec 20# ' sec 20# " 4 1 ) 2 tan 2 = ) 1
' 2 tan 2 = ' tan 2 =
Sol. We have, LHS " 3 cosec 20# ' sec 20# + cos 2- " " " ' sin 2 =
2 ) 2 tan 2 = sec 0 =
3 1
+ LHS " ' 1 cos 2- ) sin 2 = " 0
sin 20# cos 20#
3 cos 20# ' sin 20# ❙ Example 84. Prove that
+ LHS "
sin 20# cos 20# tan : ) 2 tan 2: ) 4 tan 4: ) 8 cos 8: " cot :
\P 3 1 \S Sol. We have, cot - ' tan - "
1
' tan -
2Q cos 20# ' sin 20#T
tan -
+ LHS " R\ 2 2 U\
sin 20# cos 20# 1 ' tan 2 - P 1 ' tan 2 - S
" " 2Q T
2(sin 60# cos 20# ' cos 60# sin 20# ) tan - R 2 tan - U
+ LHS "
sin 20# cos 20# 2
+ cot - ' tan - "
2 sin(60# ' 20# ) 2 sin 40# tan 2-
+ LHS " + LHS "
sin 20# cos 20# sin 20# cos 20# + cot - ' tan - " 2 cot 2- ...(i)
4 sin 40# 4 sin 40# We have to prove that
" " " 4 " RHS
2 sin 20# cos 20# sin 40# tan : ) 2 tan 2: ) 4 tan 4: ) 8 cot 8: " cot :
or, cot : ' tan : ' 2 tan : ' 4 tan 4: ' 8 cot 8: " 0
2 $5 2 ]$ 5 Now,
❙ Example 82. Prove that 4 1 ) cos 7 4 1 ) cos 7
3 8 6 3 8 6 LHS " cot : ' tan : ' 2 tan 2: ' 4 tan 4: ' 8 cot 8:
2 5$ 5 2 7$ 5 1 + LHS " (cot : ' tan :8 ' 2 tan 2: ' 4 tan 4: ' 8 cot 8:
4 1 ) cos 7 4 1 ) cos 7 " .
3 8 6 3 8 6 8 + LHS " 2 cot 2: ' 2 tan 2: ' 4 tan 4: ' 8 cot 8:
[using (i)]
Sol. We have,
+ LHS " 2(cot 2: ' tan 2:8 ' 4 tan 4: ' 8 cot 8:
+ LHS " 2(2 cot 4:8 ' 4 tan 4: ' 8 cot 8: + sin(2x ) 50# ) cos(2x ) 50# ) " ' sin 150# cos 50#
[On replacing - by 2: in Eq. (i)] + 2 sin(2x ) 50# ) cos(2x ) 50# ) " ' 2 cos 60# cos 50#
+ LHS " 4 cot 4: ' 4 tan 4: ' 8 cot 8: [Qsin 150# " cos 60#]
+ LHS " 4(cot 4: ' tan 4:8 ' 8 cot 8: + sin( 4 x ) 100# ) " sin(270 ' 50# )
+ LHS " 4(2 cot 8:8 ' 8 cot 8: + sin( 4 x ) 100# ) " sin 220#
[On replacing - by 4: in Eq. (i)] + 4 x ) 100# " 220# + x " 30#
+ LHS " 8 cot 8: ' 8 cot 8: + LHS " 0 " RHS
❙ Example 86. Prove that
❙ Example 85. Determine the smallest positive value of sin x sin 3 x sin 9 x 1
x (in degrees) for which tan( x ) 100# ) " tan( x ) 50# ) ) ) " (tan 27 x ' tan x )
cos 3 x cos 9 x cos 27 x 2
tan x tan( x ' 50# )
sin x sin 3x sin 9 x
Sol. We have, tan( x ) 100# ) " tan( x ) 50# ) tan x tan( x ' 50# ) Sol. We have, ) )
cos 3x cos 9 x cos 27 x
tan( x ) 100# )
+ " tan( x ) 50# ) tan x # 1 P 2 sin x cos x 2 sin 3x cos 3x 2 sin 9 x cos 9 x S
tan( x ) 50# ) " Q ) ) T
sin( x ) 100# ) cos( x ' 50# ) sin( x ) 50# ) sin x 2 R cos 3x cos x cos 9 x cos 3x cos 27 x cos 9 x U
+ "
cos( x ) 100# ) sin( x ' 50# ) cos( x ) 50# ) cos x 1 P sin 2x sin 6x sin 18x S
" Q ) ) T
sin( x ) 100# ) cos( x ' 50# ) ) cos( x ) 100# ) sin( x ' 50# ) 2 R cos 3x cos x cos 9 x cos 3x cos 27 x cos 9 x U
+
sin( x ) 100# ) cos( x ' 50# ) ' cos( x ) 100# ) sin( x ' 50# ) 1 P sin(3x ' x ) sin(9 x ' 3x ) sin(27 x ' 9 x ) S
" Q ) ) T
sin( x ) 50# ) sin x ) cos( x ) 50# ) cos x 2 R cos 3x cos x cos 9 x cos 3x cos 27 x cos 9 x U
"
sin( x ) 50# ) sin x ' cos( x ) 50# ) cos x 1
sin( x ) 100# ) x ' 50# ) cos( x ) 50# ' x ) " {(tan 3x ' tan x ) ) (tan 9 x ' tan 3x )
+ " 2
sin( x ) 100# ' x ) 50# ) ' cos( x ) 50# ) x ) ) (tan 27 x ' tan 9 x )}
sin(2x ) 50# ) cos 50# 1
+ " " (tan 27 x ' tan x )
sin 150# ' cos(2x ) 50# ) 2

1. This question has statement which is true or false.
$ $
If , - , , then the value of 1 ' sin 2 - " cos - ' sin -.
9 2
3$ 1 ' cos 2 -
2. If $ , - , , then find the value of .
2 1 ) cos 2 -
4 x
3. If tan x " ' , x lies in II quadrant, then find the value of sin .
3 2
$ 3$ 5$ 7$ 3
4. Prove that sin4 ) sin4 ) sin4 ) sin4 " .
8 8 8 8 2
5. If A " 2 sin2 - ' cos 2 - and A *[ :, ; ] , then find the values of : and ;.
1
6. If sin x ) cos x " , then find the value of tan 2x.
5
3 tan A ) k tan3 A
7. If tan 3A " , then k is equal to
1 ' 3 tan2 A
8. If tan A ) 2 tan 2 A ) 4 tan 4A ) 8 cot 8A " k cot A, then find the value of k.
2$ 4$ 8$ 14$ m 2 ' n2
9. If m 2 cos cos cos cos " n 2 , then find the value of .
15 15 15 15 n2
'1
10. If (2n ) 1) - " $, then find the value of 2n cos - cos 2 - cos 22 - K cos 2n -.
Session 9
Trigonometric Ratios of Submultiple of an Angle
Definition 2 tan
A
2 tan A 2 , putting A
An angle of the form
A
, where n is an integer is called a (vi) sin 2 A " 1sin A "
n 1 ) tan A
2
1 ) tan 2
A 2
submultiple angle of A. 2
A A A in place of A
For example , , ... etc., are submultiple angles of A. A
2 3 4 1 ' tan 2
1 ' tan 2 A 2 , putting A
In this session we shall express the trigonometric ratios of (vii) cos 2 A " 1cos A "
A in terms of the trigonometric ratios of submultiple 1 ) tan A
2
1 ) tan 2
A 2
A A 2
angles , ,... etc., and vice-versa. in place of A
2 3
A
cot 2 ' 1
cot 2 A ' 1 2 A
Trigonometric Ratios of A in Terms of (viii) cot 2 A "
2 cot A
1cot A "
A
, putting
2
A 2 cot
Trigonometric Ratios of in place of A
2
2
(i) sin 2 A " 2 sin A cos A. Putting
A
in place of A, we get Trigonometric Ratios of A in Terms of
2 A
A A Trigonometric Ratios of
sin A " 2 sin cos 3
2 2
A
(ii) cos 2 A " cos 2 A ' sin 2 A. Putting
A
in place of A, we (i) sin 3 A " 3 sin A ' 4 sin 3 A. Putting in place of A, we
2 3
A A
get cos A " cos 2
A
' sin 2
A get sin A " 3 sin ' 4 sin 3
2 2 3 3
A (ii) cos 3 A " 4 cos 3 A ' 3 cos A
(iii) cos 2 A " 2 cos A ' 1. Putting in place of A, we get
2
2 A A A
1cos A " 4 cos 3 ' 3 cos , putting in place of A
2 A 3 3 3
cos A " 2 cos '1
2 3 tan A ' tan 3 A A
(iii) tan 3 A " , putting in place of A
A 1 ' 3 tan A
2
3
(iv) cos 2 A " 1 ' 2 sin 2 A. Putting in place of A, we get
2
A A
2 A 3 tan ' tan 3
cos A " 1 ' 2 sin 3 3
2 1 tan A "
2 A
2 tan A 1 ' 3 tan
(v) tan 2 A " 3
1 ' tan 2 A
A A A A
2 tan
2 , putting A in place of A
Values of cos , sin and tan in
1 tan A "
A 2
2 2 2
1 ' tan 2
2 Terms of cos A
A 1 ) cos A A 1 ) cos A
(i) cos 2 " 1 cos " F
2 2 2 2
A 1 ' cos A A 1 ' cos A

(ii) sin 2
2
"
2
1 sin " F
2 2
Values of Trigonometric Ratios of
A 1 ' cos A A 1 ' cos A
Some Particular Angles
(iii) tan 2 " 1 tan " F I. (i) Value of sin 18#
2 1 ) cos A 2 1 ) cos A
Let - " 18#, then 5- " 90#12- ) 3- " 90#
Note or 2- " 90# ' 3- 1 sin 2- " sin(90# ' 3-8
A A
If cos Ais given, then there will be two values of cos , sin and or sin 2- " cos 3- or 2 sin - cos - " 4 cos 3 - ' 3 cos -
2 2
A A
tan but if Ais given, then there will be only one value of cos , or 2 sin - " 4 cos 2 - ' 3 [dividing by cos -]
2 2
A A
sin and tan because ) sign or ' sign before the radical sign
or 2 sin - " 4(1 ' sin 2 -8 ' 3 " 1 ' 4 sin 2 -
2 2
A or 4 sin 2 - ) 2 sin - ' 1 " 0
can be fixed by knowing the quadrant in which lies.
2
' 2 F 4 ) 16 '2 F2 5 '1F 5
1sin - " " "
8 8 4
A A
Values of sin and cos in Terms of Thus sin - "
'1) 5 '1' 5
,
2 2 4 4
sin A Q - " 18#
2 A A5
2
2 A A A A 1 sin - " sin 18# E 0, for 18# lies in the 1st quadrant
4 cos ) sin 7 " cos ) sin 2 ) 2 cos sin
3 2 26 2 2 2 2 5 '1
1 sin - i.e., sin 18# "
" 1 ) sin A 4
A A (ii) Value of cos 18#
1 cos ) sin " F 1 ) sin A ...(i) 2
2 2 2 5 ' 15
cos 18# " 1 ' sin 18# " 1 ' 4
2 2
7
A A 3 4 6
Similarly, cos ' sin " F 1 ' sin A ...(ii)
2 2
5 )1'2 5 6 '2 5
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get "1' "1'
16 16
A 1 1
cos " F 1 ) sin A F 1 ' sin A ...(iii) 16 ' 6 ) 2 5 10 ) 2 5
2 2 2 " "
16 16
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
1
A 1 1 1 cos 18# " 10 ) 2 5 [Qcos 18# E 0]
sin " F 1 ) sin A m 1 ' sin A ...(iv) 4
2 2 2
(iii) Value of tan 18#
Note 10 ) 2 5
sin 18# 5 '1
If sin Ais given, then there will be 4 values of sin
A A
and cos but tan 18# " " ^
2 2 cos 18# 4 4
A A
if Ais given. there will be one and only one value of cos and sin 5 '1
2 2 "
because the ) or ' sign can be fixed before the radical sign in the 10 ) 2 5
following way
cos ) sin " 2 24 sin 57
A A 1 A 1 A (iv) Value of cos 72# and sin 72#
cos )
2 2 3 2 2 2 26
$ $ $ 5 '1
" 2 24sin cos ) cos sin 57 " 2 sin 24 ) 57
A A A (a) cos 72# " cos(90# ' 18# ) " sin 18# "
3 4 2 4 26 34 26 4
$ $
Similarly, cos ' sin " 2 cos 24 ) 57
A A 1
2 2 34 26 (b) sin 72# " sin(90# ' 18# ) " cos 18# " 10 ) 2 5
A A A A
4
Thus the sign of cos ) sin and cos ' sin can be fixed by
2 2 2 2 II. (i) Value of cos 36#
$ A 2
knowing the quadrant in which ) lies.
4 2 2 5 ' 15
cos 36# " 1 ' 2 sin 18# " 1 ' 2 @ 4
2
7
3 4 6
5 )1'2 5 1#
"1'2 @ (ii) Value of cot 82
16 2
3' 5 1# 2 1# 5
"1' cot 82 " cot 4 90# ' 7 7
4 2 3 26
4 '3 ) 5 5 )1 1#
" " " tan 7 " ( 3 ' 2 ) ( 2 ' 1)
4 4 2
1#
5 )1 (iii) Value of cot 7
Thus, cos 36# " 2
4
1#
(ii) Value of sin 36# Let - " 7 , then 2- " 15#
2
2
2 5 ) 15 1 ) cos 2- 1 ) cos 15#
sin 36# " 1 ' cos 36# " 1 ' 4
2 2
7 Now, cot - " "
3 4 6 sin 2- sin 15#
6 ) 2 5 16 ' 6 ' 2 5 10 ' 2 5 3 )1

"1' " " 1)
16 16 16 " 2 2 " 2 2 ) 3 )1
1 3 '1 3 '1
1 sin 36# " 10 ' 2 5 [Qsin 36# E 0]
4 2 2
(iii) Values of sin 54# and cos 54# (2 2 ) 3 ) 1) ( 3 ) 1)
"
5 )1 ( 3 ' 1) ( 3 ) 1)
(a) sin 54# " sin(90# ' 36# ) " cos 36# "
4 2 6 )3 ) 3 )2 2 ) 3 )1
1 "
(b) cos 54# " cos(90# ' 36# ) " sin 36# " ( 10 ' 2 5 ) 3 '1
4
2 6 )2 3 )2 2 ) 4
1# " " 6 ) 3 ) 2 )2
III. (i) Value of tan 7 2
2
1# " 3 ( 2 ) 1) ) 2 ( 2 ) 1)
Let - " 7 , then 2- " 15#
2 " ( 3 ) 2 ) ( 2 ) 1)
1 ' cos 2- 1#
Now, tan - " 1 cot 7 " ( 3 ) 2 ) ( 2 ) 1)
sin 2- 2
[Q1 ' cos 2- " 2 sin 2 - and sin 2- " 2 sin - cos -] 1#
(iv) Value of tan 82
2
3 )1
1' 1# 2 1# 5
1 ' cos 15# 2 2 tan 82 " tan 4 90# ' 7 7
" " 2 3 26
sin 15# 3 '1
1#
2 2 " cot 7 " ( 3 ) 2 ) ( 2 ) 1)
2
2 2 ' 3 '1 (2 2 ' 3 ' 1) ( 3 ) 1) 1#
" " IV. (i) Value of cos 22
3 '1 ( 3 ' 1) ( 3 ) 1) 2
2 6 '3 ' 3 )2 2 ' 3 '1 1#
" Let - " 22 , then 2- " 45#
3 '1 2
1
2 6 '2 3 ' 4 )2 2 1)
" 1# 1 ) cos 45# 2
2 Now, cos 2 22 " "
2 2 2
" 6 ' 3 ' 2 ) 2 " 3 ( 2 ' 1)
2 )1 2) 2
' 2 ( 2 ' 1) " "
2 2 4
" ( 3 ' 2 ) ( 2 ' 1)]
1# 1 H 1# K 4 )2 2 1
1 cos 22 " 2) 2 Qcos 22 E 0 " " 4 )2 2
2 2 JI 2 ML ...(i)
4 2
1# 1# 1# 2 1# 5
(ii) Value of sin 22 Again, cos 67 ' sin 67 " 2 sin 4 45# ' 67 7
2 2 2 3 26
1 1#
1' " ' 2 sin 22 , 0
1# 1 ' cos 45# 2 " 2 '1 " 2 ' 2 2
sin 2 22 " "
2 2 2 2 2 4 1# 1#
1 cos 67 ' sin 67
1# 1 H 1# K 2 2
1 sin 22 " 2' 2 Qsin 22 E 0
2 2 JI 2 ML 2
2 1# 1# 5
" ' 4 cos 67 ' sin 67 7
1# 3 2 26
(iii) Value of tan 22
2
" ' 1 ' sin 135#
1#
tan 22 E 0
2 1 2 '1 4 '2 2
" 1' "' "
1# 1 ' cos 45# 2 2 4
1 tan 22 "
2 1 ) cos 45# 1
"' 4 '2 2 ...(i)
H 1 ' cos 2- K 2
JQ tan - " M Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
I 1 ) cos 2- L
1# 1
1 2 cos 67 " ( 4 ) 2 2 ' 4 ' 2 2 )
1' 2 2
2 " 2 '1 1# 1
" 1 cos 67 " ( 4 ) 2 2 ' 4 ' 2 2 )
1 2 )1
1) 2 4
2 Similarly, subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
( 2 ' 1) 2 ( 2 ' 1) 2 1# 1
" " sin 67 " ( 4 ) 2 2 ) 4 ' 2 2 )
( 2 ) 1) ( 2 ' 1) 2 '1 2 4
1#
" ( 2 ' 1) 2 " 2 ' 1 VI. Value of sin 157
2
1# 1# 1#
V. Value of cos 67 and sin 67 Let - " 157 1 2- " 315#
2 2 2
1# 1# 2 1 1# 1 1# 5 1 ' cos 2- H 1# K
cos 67 ) sin 67 " 2 4 cos 67 ) sin 67 7 Now, sin - " Qsin 157 E 0
2 2 3 2 2 2 26 2 JI 2 ML
2 1# 1# 5 1
" 2 4 sin 45# cos 67 ) cos 45# sin 67 7 1'
3 2 26 1 ' cos 315# 1 ' cos 45# 2
" " "
2 1# 5 1# 2 2 2
" 2 sin 4 45# ) 67 7 " 2 sin 112 E 0
3 26 2 1# 2 '1 2' 2
Thus sin 157 " "
1# 1# 2 2 2 4
1 cos 67 ) sin 67
2 2 1
2 " 2' 2
2 1# 1# 5 2
" 4 cos 67 ) sin 67 7 " 1 ) sin 135#
3 2 26 1# 1 ) cos 2-
Similarly, cos 157 "'
2 2
1 ( 2 ) 1) 4 )2 2
" 1) " " 1# K
2 .2 2
1 H
2 2 "' 2) 2 Qcos 157 , 0
2 JI 2 ML
All these values are tabulated as follows:

7.5° 15° 18° 22.5° 36° 67.5° 75°
sin 8'2 6 '2 5 3 '1 5 '1 2' 2 10 ' 2 5 2) 2 3)1
4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2
cos 8) 2 6 ) 2 5 3)1 10 ) 2 5 2) 2 5)1 2' 2 3 '1
4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2
tan ( 3 ' 2 ) ( 2 ' 1) 2' 3 2 2 '1 5'2 5 2)1 2) 3
1'
5
cot ( 3 ) 2 ) ( 2 ) 1) 2) 3 (5 ) 2 5 ) 2)1 2 2 5 2'1 2' 3
41 ) 7
3 56
❙ Example 87. Show that " 2 ) 2 cos( A ' B ) " 2 [1 ) cos( A ' B )]
- A 'B A 'B
1 ) tan " 2 @ 2 cos 2 " 4 cos 2
2 " 1 ) sin - " tan 2 $ ) - 5. 2 2
4 7
- cos - 3 2 26 ❙ Example 89. Prove that,
1 ' tan
2 $ 3$ 5$ 7$ 3
- cos 4 ) cos 4 ) cos 4 ) cos 4 "
sin 8 8 8 8 2
1) 2
- - - 2 $ 7$ 5 2 4 3$ 5$ 5
cos cos ) sin Sol. L.H.S. " 4 cos 4 ) cos 4 7 ) 4 cos ) cos 4 7
2 2 2 3 8 8 6 3 8 8 6
Sol. L.H.S. " "
- - - H $ 2 $ 5K
sin cos ' sin " J cos 4 ) cos 4 4 $ ' 7 M
1' 2 2 2 I 8 3 8 6L
-
cos H 3$ 2 3$ 5 K
2 ) J cos 4 ) cos 4 4 $ ' 7M
2 I 8 3 8 6L
2 - -5
4 cos ) sin 7 $ 3$
3 2 26 " 2 cos 4 ) 2 cos 4 [Q cos( $ ' -8 " ' cos - ]
" 8 8
2 - 2 -
cos ' sin H2 3$ 5 K
2 2
2 2 $5 2
" 2 J 4 cos 2 7 ) 4 cos 2 7 M
- -
cos 2 ) sin 2 ) 2 sin cos
- - JI 3 86 3 8 6 ML
" 2 2 2 2 " 1 ) sin - H2 3$ 5 K
2 2
- - cos - $5 2
cos 2 ' sin 2 J 4 1 ) cos 7 4 1 ) cos 7 M
2 2 " 2 J4 47 ) 4 4 7 M
- $ - J4 2 7 4 2 77 M
1 ) tan tan ) tan J 43 7
6
4
3 6 ML
Again, 2 " 4 2 " tan 24 $ ) - 57 I
- $ - 34 26 1 H2 1 5 K
2 2
1 ' tan 1 ' tan tan 1 5 2
2 4 2 " J 41 ) 7 4) 1 ' 7 M
2 JI 3 26 3 2 6 ML
-
1 ) tan
Thus 2 " 1 ) sin - " tan 24 $ ) - 57 " RHS 1H
" J1 ) ) 2 .
1 1 1
) 1 ) ' 2.
1 K
- cos - 3/ 26 2I M
1 ' tan 2 2 2 2L
2 3
" " R.H.S
2
❙ Example 88. Prove that,
A 'B $
(cos A ) cos B ) 2 ) (sin A ) sin B ) 2 " 4 cos 2 . ❙ Example 90. Find the value of tan .
2 8
Sol. L.H.S. " (cos 2 A ) cos 2 B ) 2 cos A cos B ) $ $
Sol. Let - " , then 2- "
) (sin 2 A ) sin 2 B ) 2 sin A sin B ) 8 4
2 tan -
" (cos 2 A ) sin 2 A ) ) (cos 2 B ) sin 2 B ) Now, tan 2- "
1 ' tan 2 -
) 2(cos A cos B ) sin A sin B )
$ 1 ' cos 2- 1
2 tan Now, sin 2 - " " (1 ' cos 15# )
$ 8 2 2
1 tan "
/ 1 ' tan 2 $ 1 2 3 ) 15 1 22 2 ' 3 ' 15
" 441 ' 7" 4 77
2 2 76 2 43
8
23 2 2 6
2x $
+ 1" , where x " tan
1 ' x2 8 2 2 ' 3 '1
"
+ 1 ' x " 2x
2 4 2
1#
+ x 2 ) 2x ' 1 " 0 1 sin - " sin 7 E 0
2
'2F2 2
+ x" " ' 1 ) 2, ' 1 ' 2 1# 2 2 ' 3 '1 1
2 1 sin 7 " " 8'2 6 '2 2
2 4 2 4
$ H $ K
1 x " tan " 2 ' 1 JQ tan 8 E 0M
8 I L ❙ Example 93. If : " 112# 30N, find the value of sin :
4 $ and cos :.
❙ Example 91. If tan x " ' , , x , $, then find the
3 2 Sol. Given, : " 112#30N
x x x 1 2: " 225#
value of sin , cos and tan .
2 2 2 or cos 2: " cos 225# " cos(180# ) 45# )
$ $ x $ 1
Sol. Here , x , $ 1 , , " ' cos 45# " '
2 4 2 2 2
x x x 1 ' cos 2:
Hence sin , cos , tan will be all positive. Now, sin : "
2
2 2 2 2
Since : lies in the 2nd quadrant 1 sin : is positive
2 1 5
1 ' 4' 7
5 1 ' cos 2: 3 26
4 1 sin : " "
2 2
x
3 2 )1 2)2 2
" "
4 $ 2 2 2
Given, tan x " ' and , x , $
3 2 2)2 2
3 Hence, sin : "
1 cos x " ' 2
5 But cos : is negative in 2nd quadrant
x 1 ' cos x H x K 1 ) cos 2:
Now, sin " JQsin 2 E 0M 1 cos : " '
2 2 I L 2
3 1
1) 1'
" 5 " 2 "2 5 2 "' 2 ' 2
2 5 5 "'
2 2
x 1 ) cos x H x K
cos " JQ cos 2 E 0M - a 'b _
2 2 I L ❙ Example 94. If tan " tan , prove that,
3 x 2 a)b 2
1' sin
5 " 1 5 x 2 "2 a cos _ ) b
" " and tan " cos : " .
2 5 5 2 cos x a ) b cos _
2
- a'b _
Sol. Given, tan " tan
23$ 2 a)b 2
❙ Example 92. Find the value of sin .
24 - 1' a 'b _
1 ' tan 2 tan 2
23$ 2 $5 $ 1# 2 " a )b 2
Sol. sin " sin 4 $ ' 7 " sin " sin 7 Now, cos - "
24 3 24 6 24 2 - a 'b 2 _
1 ) tan 2 1) tan
1# 2 a )b 2
Let - " 7 , then 2- " 15#
2
_ 12 15 2 1 5
sin 2 " 4sin 18# ) 7 4 ' ) cos 36# 7
a'b 2 43 26 3 2 6
1' .
a ) b cos 2 _
[Q cos 72# " cos(90# ' 18# ) " sin 18#]
" 2
2 _
1 ( 5 ' 1) 1 K H 1 ( 5 ' 1) K
H
sin " J ) M J' ) M
a'b 2 4 JI 4 2 ML JI 2 4 ML
1) .
a ) b cos 2 _ H ( 5 ' 1) ( 5 ) 1) K
2 JQsin 18# " and cos 36# " M
JI 4 4 ML
2 _ _
(a ) b ) cos ' (a ' b ) sin 2
" 2 2 1 ( 5 ) 1) ( 5 ' 1) ( 5 ' 1)
" . . "
2 _ 2 _ 4 4 4 64
(a ) b ) cos ) (a ' b ) sin
2 2 4 1
" " " RHS
2 _ _ 5 2 _ _5 64 16
a 4 cos 2 ' sin 2 7 ) b 4 cos 2 ) sin 2 7
3 2 2 6 3 2 26
" $ 2$ 3$ 4$
2 2 _ 2 _5 2 2 _ _5 ❙ Example 97. Prove that sin sin sin sin
a 4 cos ) sin 7 ) b 4 cos ' sin 2 7 5 5 5 5
3 2 26 3 2 26
5
a cos _ ) b " .
" 16
a ) b cos _
Sol. We have
cos : ' cos ; $ 2$ 3$ 4$
❙ Example 95. If cos - " , then prove LHS " sin sin sin sin
1 ' cos : cos ; 5 5 5 5
- : ; $ 2$ 2 2$ 5 2 $5
that one of the values of tan is tan cot . " sin sin sin 4 $ ' 7 sin 4 $ ' 7
` 5 3 5 6 3 56
2 2 2
cos : ' cos ; $ 2$
1' " sin 2 sin 2 [Qsin( $ ' - ) " sin - ]
- 1 ' cos - 1 ' cos : cos ; 5 5
Sol. tan2
" " " (sin 36# )2 @ (sin 72# )2
0 1 ) cos - 1 ) cos : ' cos ;
1 ' cos : cos ; " (sin 36# )2 @ (cos 18# )2
1 ' cos : cos ; ' cos : ) cos ; [Qsin 72# " sin(90# ' 18# ) " cos 18#]
"
1 ' cos : cos ; ) cos : ' cos ;
(10 ' 2 5 ) (10 ) 2 5 ) (100 ' 20)
(1 ' cos : ) ) cos ;(1 ' cos : ) " @ "
" 16 16 (16 @ 16)
(1 ) cos : ) ' cos ;(1 ) cos : )
H 10 ' 2 5 K
(1 ' cos : ) (1 ) cos ;8 : ; JQsin 36# " M
" " tan 2 cot 2 J 4 M
(1 ) cos : ) (1 ) cos ;8 2 2
J M
- : ; J and cos 18# " 10 ) 2 5 M
1 tan " F tan cot JI ML
2 2 2 4
- : ; 80 5
Hence one of the values of tan is tan cot . " " " RHS
0 2 2 (16 @ 16) 16
❙ Example 96. Prove that ❙ Example 98. Find the value of

1
cos 6# cos 42# cos 66# cos 78# " . (i) sin 22# 30N (ii) cos 22# 30N
16
(iii) tan 22# 30N
Sol. We have
(1 ' cos 2-8
LHS " cos 6# cos 42# cos 66# cos 78# Sol. (i) sin 2 - "
2
1
" (2 cos 66# cos 6# ) (2 cos 78# cos 42# ) 2 1 5
4 41 ' 7
(1 ' cos 45# ) 3 26 2 '1
1 + sin 0(22#30N ) " " "
" [cos(66# ) 6# ) ) cos(66# ' 6# )] 2 2 2 2
4
@ [cos(78# ) 42# ) ) cos(78# ' 42# )] ( 2 ' 1)
+ sin(22#30N ) "
1 2 2
" (cos 72# ) cos 60# ) (cos 120# ) cos 36# )
4
(1 ) cos 2-8 x x
(ii) cos 2 - " 1 ' tan 2 2 tan
2 + 2 ) 2 "1
2 1 5 2 x 2 x 2
41 ) 7 1 ) tan 1 ) tan
(1 ) cos 45# ) 4 2 7 " ( 2 ) 1) 2 2
+ cos 2 (22#30N ) "
2 4 2 7 2 2 x 1 ' t2 2t 1
4 7 Let tan " t , then ) "
3 6 2 1)t 2
1)t 2
2
( 2 ) 1) 2F 7
+ cos(20#30N ) " + 3t 0 ' 4t ' 1 " 0 + t "
2 2 3
x 2) 7 H $ $ xK
sin (22#30N ) ( 2 ' 1)
2
(2 2 ) + t " tan " JQ0 , 2 , 2 , tan 2 M
(iii) tan 2 (22#30N ) " " @ 2 3 I L
cos 2 (22#30N ) (2 2 ) ( 2 ) 1)
x
2 '1 ( 2 ' 1) ( 2 ' 1) 2 tan
" " @ Now, tan x " 2
2 )1 ( 2 ) 1) ( 2 ' 1) 0 x
1 ' tan
" ( 2 ' 1) 2 2
22 ) 7 5
+ tan(20#30N ) " ( 2 ' 1) 2 44 77
3 2 6 3(2 ) 7 ) 1 ' 2 7
1 " 2
"' @
❙ Example 99. If 0 , x , $ and cos x ) sin x " , then 22 ) 7 5 1)2 7 1'2 7
2 1 ' 44 77
3 3 6
find the value of tan x.
1 24 ) 7 5
Sol. Given, cos x ) sin x " 1 tan x " ' 44 77
2 3 3 6
Exercise on Session 9
2x5 2x5
1. If tan4 7 " cosec x ' sin x , then find the value of tan2 4 7 .
326 326
2$5
2. Find the value of cos4 4 7 .
386
1 1
3. Find the value of expression ) .
cos 290# 3 sin 250#
1 1
4. If x ) " 2 cos - then find the value of x n ) n .
x x
5. Show that sin 47# ) sin 61# ' sin 11# ' sin 25# " cos 7#.
2ab
6. If : and ; be two different roots of equation a cos - ) b sin - " c, then show that sin(: ) ;8 " .
a2 ) b 2
2 : ' ;5 4 ' a2 ' b 2

7. If sin : ) sin ; " a and cos : ) cos ; " b , then show that tan4 7"F .
3 2 6 a2 ) b 2
1#
8. Show that cot 142 " 2 ) 3 ' 2 ' 6.
2
cos : ) cos ; - : ;
9. If cos - " , then prove that one of values of tan is tan tan .
1 ) cos : cos ; 2 2 2
$ 2$ 4$
10. Find the value tan ) 2 tan ) 4 cot .
5 5 5
.
Session 10
Trigonometric Ratios of the Sum of Three
or More Angles
Trigonometric Ratios of the ❙ Example 100. If tan - 1 , tan - 2 , tan - 3 , tan - 4 are the
Sum of Three or More Angles roots of the equation
x 4 ' (sin 2 ; ) 3 ) (cos 2; )x 2 ' (cos ; )x ' sin ; " 0
e i ( A ) B ) C ) " e iA . e iB . e iC
Then, tan(- 1 ) - 2 ) - 3 ) - 4 ), is equal to
+ cos( A ) B ) C ) ) i sin( A ) B ) C ) S1 ' S 3
Sol. tan(- 1 ) - 2 ) - 3 ) - 4 ) "
" (cos A ) i sin A ) (cos B ) i sin B ) (cos C ) i sin C ) 1 ' S2 ) S4
cos A cos B cos C ) i a cos A . cos B sin C ) i 2 sin(2; ) ' cos ; cos ;(2sin ; ' 1)
" " " cot;
a cos A . sin B . sin C ) i 3 . sin A . sin B . sin C 1 ' cos 2; ' sin ; sin ;(2sin ; ' 1)
" cos A . cos B . cos C .

{1 ) i a tan A ) i 2 a tan A tan B ) i 3 . tan A tan B tan C } Multiple Angle Results in the General
Now, equating real and imaginary parts, we get Form
Using the De-Moiver’s theorem,
cos( A ) B ) C ) "`cosA . cos B . cos C . {1 ' a tan A tan B }
(cos n : ) i sin n: ) " (cos : ) i sin : ) n
and sin( A ) B ) C ) "`cos A cos B cos C
{ a tan A ' tan A tan B tan C } " n C 0 . cos n : ) n C 1 .cos n ' 1 : (i sin : ) )
n
C 2 cos n ' 2 : (i sin : ) 2 )b ) n C n (i sin : ) n
Generalising Using this Method
cos( A1 ) A 2 )b ) An ) ) i sin( A1 ) A 2 )b ) An ) + cos(n: ) ) i sin(n: ) " ( n C 0 cos n : '
" cos A1 . cos A 2b cos An {1 ) i . a tan A1 ) i 2
n
C 2 cos n ' 2 : sin 2 : ) n C 4 .cos n ' 4 : . sin 4 : b )
a tan A1 tan A 2 ) i 3 a tan A1 tan A 2 tan A 3 )Ki n ) i( n C 1 . cos n '1 : . sin : ' n C 3 cos n ' 3 : . sin 3 :
tan A1 . tan A 2b tan An } ) n C 5 cos n ' 5 . sin 5 : b )
(i) On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get On comparing real and imaginary part, we get
cos( A1 ) A 2 )b ) An ) cos(n: ) " cos n : (1 ' n C 2 . tan 2 : ) n C 4 tan 4 : b ) …(i)
" cos A1 . cos A 2 b cos An . {1 ' a tan A tan A 2 and sin(n: ) " cos n : ( n C 1 . tan : '
) a tan A1 . tan A 2 tan A 3 . tan A 4 b } n
C 3 tan 3 : ) n C 5 tan 5 : b ) …(ii)
(ii) (sin( A1 ) A 2 )K)An )
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get,
" cos A1 . cos A 2Kcos An . { a tan A1 ' a tan A1 n
C 1 ' n C 3 tan 3 : ) n C 5 tan 5 : b
. tan A 2 . tan A 3 )K } tan(n: ) "
1 ' n C 2 tan 2 : ) n C 4 tan 4 : ' n C 6 tan 6 : b
(iii) tan( A1 ) A 2 )b ) An ) " S 1 ' S 3 ) S 5 b
1'S2 )S4 'S6 b On adding and subtracting Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get
where, S 1 " a tan A1 , sin(n: ) ) cos(n: ) " cos n : {1 ) n C 1 tan : )
S 2 " a tan A1 . tan A 2 ; n
C 2 tan 2 : ' n C 3 tan 3 : ) n C 4 tan 4 : ) n C 5 tan 5 : b }
S 3 " a tan A1 . tan A 2 . tan A 3 and sin(n: ) ' cos(n: ) " cos n : { ' 1 ) n C 1 tan :
) n C 2 tan 2 : ' n C 3 tan 3 : ' n C 4 tan 4 : )b }
❙ Example 101. Express sin 5 - in term of sin(n- ); n * N . 2 2 n ' 15 5 2 ;5

2 sin 4 : ) 4 7 ;7 . sin 4 n 7
3 3 2 6 6 3 26
Sol. We know, "
12 15 ;
sin- " 4z ' 7, using 2 sin
2i 3 z6 2
e i - " cos - ) i sin - " z 1 sin : ) sin(: ) ;) ) sin(: ) 2; )
21 2 1 55
5
)b ) sin[(: ) (n ' 1);)]
1 sin 5 - " 4 4z ' 7 7
3 2i 3 z 66 2 5 ; H ; K
sin 4 n 7 . sin : ) (n ' 1)
3 26 JI 2 ML
1 P5 215 "
" Q C 0 . z ' C1 .z ) C 2 .z ' C 3 4 7
5 5 3 5 5
32i R 3z 6 2;5
sin 4 7
326
2 1 5 S\
3 5
215
) 5C 4 4 7 ' 5C 5 4 7 T
3z 6 3 z 6 \U (ii) Cosine of angle forming an AP.
1 P2 5 1 5 2 3 15 2 1 5S Let,
" Q 4z ' 5 7 ' 5 4z ' 3 7 ) 10 4z ' 7T
32i R 3 z 6 3 z 6 3 z 6U S " cos(: ) ) cos(: ) ;) ) cos(: ) 2;) )
1 b ) cos[: ) (n ' 1);]
" {2i sin 5- ' 5(2i sin 3- ) ) 10(2i sin - )}
32i 2;5
On multiplying and dividing by 2 sin 4 7 , we get
1
" {sin 5- ' 5sin 3- ) 10sin - } 326
16
1 P 2;5 2;5
S" Q2 sin 4 7 . cos(: ) ) 2 sin 4 76 . cos(: ) ;) )
2;5 3 6 32
Summation of Series Containing sine 2 sin 4 7 R
326
2
and Cosine of Angles Forming an AP 2;5 2;5 S

(i) Sine of angle forming an AP 2 sin 4 7 . cos(: ) 2;) )b ) 2 sin 4 7 cos (: ) (n ) 1);T
326 326 U
Let the series be,
1 H 2 ;5 2 ; 5K
S " sin(: ) ) sin(: ) ;) ) sin(: ) 2; ) ) " sin 4 : ) 7 ' sin 4 : ' 7 M )
;
2 5 J 3 2 6 3 0 6L
b ) sin (: ) (n ' 1);) 2 sin 4 7 I
326
;
On multiplying and dividing by 2 sin
2 H 2 3; 5 2 ; 5K
Jsin 43 : ) 2 76 ' sin 43 : ) 0 76 M
1 P 2;5 2;5 I L
" Q2 sin : . sin 43 76 ) 2 sin(: ) ;) . sin 43 76
2;5 2 2 H 35 K H 5 5 KK
2 sin 4 7 R 2 2
)b ) Jsin[: ) 4 n ' 7 ;M ' sin J: ) 4 n ' 7 ;M M
326 I 3 26 L I 3 2 6 LL
2 ; 5S 1 H 2 2 15 5 2 ; 5K
)b ) 2 sin(: ) (n ' 1);). sin 4 7 T " . Jsin 4 : ) 4 n ' 7 ;7 ' sin 4 : ' 7 M
3 2 6U 3 3 26 6 3 2 6L
2;5
2 sin 4 7 I
1 P2 2 ;5 2 ;55 326
" . Q4 cos 4 : ' 7 ' cos 4 : ) 7 7 )
2;5 3 3 26 3 266 2 2;55 2 ;5
2 sin 4 7 R cos 4 : ) (n ' 1) 4 7 7 . sin 4 n 7
326 3 3 266 3 26
"
2 2 ;5 2 3; 5 5 2;5
4 cos 4 : ) 7 ' cos 4 : ) 7 7 1' 4 7
3 3 26 3 2 66 326
2 2 35 5 H 2 15 K cos(: ) ) cos(: ) ;) )b ) cos(: ) (n ' 1);)

)b ) 4 cos (: ) 4 n ' 7 ;7 ' cos J(: ) 4 n ' 7 ;M
3 3 6
2 6 I 3 26 L 2 ;5
sin 4 n 7
3 26 P 2 2 ; 5 5S
1 P 2 ;5 2 2 1 5 5S " . Qcos 4 : ) (n ' 1) 4 7 7 T
" Qcos 43 : ' 7 ' cos 4 : ) 43 n ' 76 ;7 T 2;5 3 3 2 6 6U
2;5 2 6 3 2 6U sin 4 7 R
2 sin 4 7 R 326
326
II Method cos( A ) B ) C ) " cos A cos B cos C(1 ' tan A tan B '
Let S " sin : ) sin(: ) ;) ) sin(: ) 2; ) ) tan B tan C' tan C tan A )
b ) sin(: ) (n ' 1) ;) …(i) 3. tan( A ) B ) C )
C " cos : ) cos(: ) ;) ) cos(: ) 2;) ) tan A ) tan B ) tan C ' tan A tan B tan C
"
b ) cos(: (n ' 1);) …(ii) 1 ' tan A tan B ' tan B tan C ' tan C tan A
C ) i S " (cos : ) i sin : ) ) (cos(: ) ;) ) i sin(: ) ;)) In general;
) (cos(: ) 2;) ) i sin(: ) 2;)) ) ... ) (cos(: ) (n ' 1);) ) 4. sin( A1 ) A 2 )b ) An )
i sin(: ) (n ' 1);)) i (: ) (n ' 1);8 " cos A1 cos A 2 b cos An (S 1 ' S 3 ) S 5 ' S 7 )b )
" e i: ) e i ( : ) ; ) ) e i ( : ) 2; ) )b ) e i ( : ) (n ' 1); ) 5. cos( A1 ) A 2 ) K ) An )
" cos A1 cos A 2 b cos An (1 ' S 2 ) S 4 ' S 6 )b )
2 (e i ; ) n ' 1 5 S ' S 3 ) S 5 ' S 7 )b
" ei: . 4 i; 7 6. tan( A1 ) A 2 ) K ) An ) " 1
3 e '1 6 1 ' S 2 ) S 4 ' S 6 )b
Pcos(n;) ' 1 ) i sin(n;) S where;
" ei : Q T
R cos ; ' 1 ) i sin ; U S 1 " tan A 1 ) tan A 2 ) bb ) tan A n
P 2 2 2 ;5 2 ;5 2 ;5S " tan sum of the tangents of the separate angles.
\\2 i sin 43 n 2 76 ) 2i . sin 43 n 2 76 . cos 43 n 2 76 \\ S 2 " tan A 1 tan A 2 ) tan A 1 tan A 3 ) b
" ei : Q T " the sum of the tangents taken two at a time.
\ 2 i 2 . sin 2 24 ; 57 ) 2 i . sin 24 ; 57 . cos 24 ; 57 \ S 3 " tan A 1 tan A 2 tan A 3 ) tan A 2 tan A 3 tan A 4 ) b
\R 326 326 3 2 6 \U " sum of the tangents three at a time and so on.
2 ;5 2 2 ;5 2 ;5 5 If A1 " A 2 "b " An " A, then
e i : . 2i sin 4 n 7 4 cos 4 n 7 ) i . sin 4 n 7 7
3 26 3 26 3 26 S 1 " n tan A
" 4 7
2;5 4 2;5 2;5 7 S 2 " n C 2 tan 2 A
2i sin 4 7 4 cos 4 7 ) i . sin 4 7 7
326 3 326 326 6 S 3 " n C 3 tan 3 A, …
2 ;5 2 ;5 7. sin nA " cos n A( n C 1 tan A ' n C 3 tan 3 A ) n C 5 tan 5 Ab )
e i: sin 4 n 7 2n ' 1 5 sin 4 n 7 H 2n ' 1 5 K
3 26 i4
3 2 6
7; 3 26 i J: ) 4
I
7;
3 2 6 ML
" .e " .e
2;5 2;5 8. cos nA " cos n A(1 ' n C 2 tan 2 A ) n C 4 tan 4 A 'b )
sin 4 7 sin 4 7
326 326 9. tan nA
1 On comparing real and imaginary part, we get n
C 1 tan A ' n C 3 tan 3 A ) n C 5 tan 5 Ab
"
2 ;5 1 ' n C 2 tan 2 A ) n C 4 tan 4 A ' n C 6 tan 6 A )b
sin 4 n 7
3 26 P 2 2 ; 5 5S
C" . Qcos 4 : ) (n ' 1) 4 7 7 T 10. sin nA ) cos nA " cos n A(1 ) n C 1 tan A ' n C 2 tan 2 A '
2;5 3 3 2 6 6U
sin 4 7 R n
C 3 tan 3 A ) n C 4 tan 4 A ) n C 5 tan 5 A ' n C 6 tan 6 Ab )
326
11. sin nA ' cos nA " cos n A( '1 ) n C 1 tan A
2 ;5
sin 4 n 7 ) n C 2 tan 2 A ' n C 3 tan 3 A
3 26 P 2 2 ; 5 5S
and C" . Qsin 4 : ) (n ' 1) 4 7 7 T
2;5 3 3 2 6 6U ' n C 4 tan 4 A ) n C 5 tan 5 A ) n C 6 tan 6 Ab )
sin 4 7 R
326 12. sin(: ) ) sin(: ) ;) ) sin(: ) 2; ) )b ) sin(: ) (n ' 1); )
1. sin( A ) B ) C ) " sin A cos B cos C ) cos A sin B cos C ) sin{: ) (n ' 1)(; / 2 )} . sin(n; / 2 )
"
cos A cos B sin C ' sin A sin B sin C sin(; / 2 )
or sin( A ) B ) C ) " cos A cos B cos C (tan A ) tan B ) 13. cos(: ) ) cos(: ) ;) ) cos(: ) 2;) )b ) cos(: ) (n ' 1);)
tan C ' tan A tan B tan C )
2. cos( A ) B ) C ) " cos A cos B cos C ' sin A sin B cos C ' cos(: ) (n ' 1)(; / 2 )) . sin(n(; / 2 ))
"
sin A cos B sin C 'cos A sin B sin C sin(; / 2 )
❙ Example 102. Let n be an odd integer. In

n 1 1P 2$ 4$ (2n ' 2)$ S
" ( n ' 1) ) ) cos ) b ) cos
sin n- " >b
r"0
r sin r -, for all real -. Then, find b 0 and 2
Q cos
2R n n n
T
U
P 2$ P 2 2$ 5 2$ SS
b1 . \ sin(n ' 1) \ 24 7 ) (n ' 2) \\
1
" ( n ' 1) ) Q
1\ 2n . cos\ 3 n 6 n \\
Q TT
Sol. Here, sin n- " b 0 ) b1 sin - ) b 2 sin 2 - ) b …(i) 2 2 \ sin 2$ \ 2 \\
Putting - " 0, we get \R n .2 \R \U\U
0 " b0 …(ii) Using, cos : ) cos(: ) ; ) ) cos(: ) 2; ) ) b
Again, on differentiating Eq. (i) both sides w.r.t. -, we get ) cos[: ) (n ' 1);G
n cos n - " 0 ) b1 cos - ) b 2 2sin - . cos - ) b n;
sin
Again, putting - " 0, we get
" 2 . cosP 2: ) (n ' 1); S
Q T
n " b1 …(iii) ; R 2 U
sin
1 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), 2
b 0 " 0 and b1 " n P ( n ' 1) $ S
sin . cos $ \
1 1 \\ n \
❙ Example 103. If cos 5- " a cos 5 - ) b cos 3 - ) c cos -. " ( n ' 1) ) Q T
2 2\ sin( $/n ) \
Then, find the value of c. \R \U
Sol. Here, cos 5- " a cos 5 - ) b cos 3 - ) c cos - …(i) P2 $5 S
4sin 7 ( '1)\
On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. -, we get 1 1 \\ 3 n 6 \
" ( n ' 1) ) Q T
'5sin 5- " a(5 cos 4 - )( ' sin - ) ) b(3 cos 2 - )( ' sin - ) ' c sin - 2 2 \ sin( $/n ) \
$ 5$ $ H $ K R\ U\
Putting - " '5sin " ' c sin Jas cos 2 " 0M
2 2 2 I L 1 1 n
" ( n ' 1) ' " ' 1
1 c "5 2 2 2
n '1
2 r$ 5 n
n 1 > cos 2 43 n 76 " 2 ' 1
❙ Example 104. If sin 3 x sin 3x " >c
m "0
m .cos mx is an r "1
identity in x, where c m ’s are constants, then find the $ 3$ 5$

❙ Example 106. Evaluate sin ) sin ) sin ) … to
value of n. n n n
3sin x ' sin 3x n terms.
Sol. Here, sin 3 x sin 3x " . sin 3x
4 $ 3$ 5$
Sol. sin ) sin ) sin ) … to n terms
3 1 n n n
" (2sin x sin 3x ) ' (sin 2 3x )
8 4 n 2. $ P $ 2$ S
sin
3 1 2. n \\ 2 . n ) (n ' 1) . n \\
" (cos 2x ' cos 4 x ) ' (1 ' cos 6x ) " . sinQ T
8 8 2. $ \ 2 \
sin
1 3 3 1 2. n \R \U
" ' ) cos 2x ' cos 4 x ) cos 6x …(i)
8 8 8 8 Using, sin : ) sin(: ) ; ) ) K ) sin(: ) (n ' 1); )
n
Also, > c m .cos mx " c 0 ) c 1 cos x ) c 2 cos 2x "
sin n; /2 P 2: ) ( n ' 1) ; S
. sinQ T
m"0 sin ; /2 R 2 U
) b ) c n cos nx …(ii) sin $ P 2$ ) 2n$ ' 2$ S
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get " sinQ T
sin $ / n R 2n U
n " 6.
sin 2 $
n '1
" "0
2r $ 5 sin $ / n
❙ Example 105. Evaluate > cos
r "1
2
4 7.
3 n 6 1 sin
$
) sin
3$
) sin
5$
) … to n terms " 0
n n n
1 n '1 2 2r$ 5
Sol. Sum " >
2 r "1
41 ) cos
3 n 6
7

1. If A ) B ) C " 180 #, then prove that sin 2 A ) sin 2 B ) sin 2C " 4 sin A sin B sin C.
- B C
2. If A ) B ) C " 180 #, then prove that tan2 " tan tan . when cos - (sin B ) sin C ) " sin A.
2 2 2
3. If A, B, C are angles of a ?ABC, then prove that sin 2 A ) sin 2 B ' sin 2C " 4 cos A cos B sin C.
sin A ) sin B ) sin C A B
4. If in a ?ABC, " 2< cot cot , then find the value of <.
sin A ) sin B ' sin C 2 2
cos A cos B cos C
5. If A ) B ) C " 180 #, then find the value of ) ) .
sin B sin C sin C sin A sin A sin B
1 ' cos A ) cos B ) cos C A C
6. In ?ABC, show that " tan cot .
1 ' cos C ) cos A ) cos B 2 2
2 B ) C ' A5 2C ) A ' B 5 2 A ) B 'C 5
7. In a ?ABC, if tan 4 7 tan 4 7 tan 4 7 " 1, then find the value of cos A ) cos B ) cos C.
3 4 6 3 4 6 3 4 6
A B C A B C
8. If in a ?ABC, cot ) cot ) cot " < cot cot cot , then find the value of <.
2 2 2 2 2 2
3$
9. If A ) B ) C " , then show that cos 2 A ) cos 2 B ) cos 2C " 1 ' 4 sin A sin B sin C.
2
: ; [ : ; [
10. If : ) ; ) [ " 2$ , then show that tan ) tan ) tan " tan tan tan .
2 2 2 2 2 2
Session 11
Maximum and Minimum Values of
Trigonometrical Functions
Conditional Trigonometrical Identities (iii) If A ) B ) C " $, then cos( A ) B )
We have certain trigonometric identities like, " cos( $ ' C ) " ' cos C
sin 2 - ) cos 2 - " 1 and 1 ) tan 2 - " sec 2- etc. Such Similarly, cos ( B ) C ) " cos( $ ' A ) " ' cos A
identities are identities in the sense that they hold for all and cos(C ) A ) " tan( $ ' B ) " ' tan B
value of the angles which satisfy the given condition (iv) If A ) B ) C " $, then tan( A ) B )
among them and they are called conditional identities.
" tan( $ ' C ) " ' tan C
If A, B, C denote the angle of a ?ABC, then the relation
Similarly, tan( B ) C ) " tan ( $ ' A ) " ' tan A
A ) B ) C " $ enables us to establish many important
identities involving trigonometric ratios of these angles. and, tan(C ) A ) " tan( $ ' B ) " ' tan B
A)B $ C
(i) If A ) B ) C " $, then A ) B " $ ' C, (v) If A ) B ) C " $, then " '
2 2 2
B ) C " $ ' A and C ) A " $ ' ;
B )C $ A C )A $ B
(ii) If A ) B ) C " $, then sin( A ) B ) and " ' and " '
2 2 2 2 2 2
" sin( $ ' C ) " sin C 2A ) B5 2$ C5 2C 5
Similarly, sin( B ) C ) " sin( $ ' A ) " sin A sin 4 7 " sin 4 ' 7 " cos 4 7
3 2 6 32 26 326
and sin(C ) A ) " sin( $ ' B ) " sin B 2 A ) B 5 2 $ C 5 2C 5
cos 4 7 " cos 4 ' 7 " sin 4 7
3 2 6 32 26 326
2A ) B5 2$ C5 2C 5 Step 2 Taking tangent or cotangent of the angles of both

tan 4 7 " tan 4 ' 7 " cot 4 7
3 2 6 32 26 326 the sides.
All problems on conditional identities are broadly Step 3 Use sum and difference formulae in the left hand
divided into the following four types : side.
(i) Identities involving sines and cosines of the Step 4 Use cross-multiplication in the expression
multiple or sub-multiples of the angles involved. obtained in the step 3.
(ii) Identities involving squares of sines and cosines of Step 5 Arrange the terms as per the result required.
the multiple or sub-multiples of the angles involved.
❙ Example 107. If A ) B ) C " $, then, find
(iii) Identities involving tangents and cotangents of the
multiples or sub-multiples of the angles involved. sin 2A ) sin 2B ) sin 2C .
(iv) Identities involving cubes and higher powers of Sol. sin 2A ) sin 2B ) sin 2C
sines and cosines and some mixed identities. 2 2A ) 2B 5 2 2A ' 2B 5
" 2sin 4 7 cos 4 7 ) sin 2C
TYPE I Identities involving sines and cosines of the 3 2 6 3 2 6
multiple or submultiple of the angles involved " 2sin( A ) B ) cos( A ' B ) ) sin 2C
Working Method " 2sin( $ ' C ) . cos( A ' B ) ) sin 2C
[Q A ) B ) C " $, A ) B " $ ' C
Step 1 Use C and D formulae.
1 sin( A ) B ) " sin( $ ' C ) " sin C ]
Step 2 Use the given relation ( A ) B ) C " $ ) in the " 2sin C cos( A ' B ) ) 2sin C cos C
expression obtained in step 1 such that a factor
" 2 sin C [cos( A ' B ) ) cos C ]
can be taken common after using multiple angles
" 2sin C [cos( A ' B ) ' cos( A ) B )]
formulae in the remaining term.
[Q cos( A ' B ) ' cos( A ) B ) " 2 sin A sin B,
Step 3 Take the common factor outside. by C and D formula]
Step 4 Again use the given relation ( A ) B ) C " $ ) " 2 sin C [2 sin A sin B ]
within the bracket in such a manner so that we " 4 sin A sin B sin C
can apply C and D formulae.
❙ Example 108. If A ) B ) C " $, then, find
Step 5 Find the result according to the given options.
tan A ) tan B ) B ) tan C
TYPE II Identities involving squares of sines and Sol. A ) B ) C " $
cosines of multiple or sub-multiples of the
A ) B " $ ' C + tan( A ) B ) " tan( $ ' C )
angles involved.
tan A ) tan B
Step 1 Arrange the terms of the identify such that either + " ' tan C
1 ' tan A tan B
sin 2 A ' sin 2 B " sin( A ) B ) . sin( A ' B )
+ tan A ) tan B " ' tan C ) tan A . tan B . tan C
or cos 2 A ' sin 2 B " cos( A ) B ) cos( A ' B ) can be tan A ) tan B ) tan C " tan A . tan B . tan C
used.
Step 2 Take the common factor outside.
Step 3 Use the given relations ( A ) B ) C " $ ) within the
Maximum and Minimum Values
bracket in such a manner so that we can apply C of Trigonometrical Functions
and D formulae.
As we have discussed in previous article that ' 1 % sin x % 1
Step 4 Find the result according to the given options. and ' 1 % cos x % 1.
Type III Identities for tan and cot of the angles If there is a trigonometrical function of the form
a sin x ) b cos x , then by putting a " r cos -, b " r sin -, we
Working Method
have
Step 1 Express the sum of the two angles in terms of
third angle by using the given relation a sin x ) b cos x " r cos - sin x ) r sin - . cos x
(A ) B ) C " $ ) " r (cos - sin x ) sin - cos x )
b
" r sin( x ) - ), where r " a 2 ) b 2 , tan - "
a
Since, '1 % sin( x ) - ) % 1 2$ 5 2$ 5

Sol. We have, 1 ) sin 4 ) - 7 ) 2 cos 4 ' - 7
1 'r % r sin( x ) - ) % r 34 6 34 6
1
or ' a 2 ) b 2 % a sin x ) b cos x % a 2 ) b 2 , for all x. "1) (cos - ) sin - ) ) 2(cos - ) sin - )
2
Hence, the maximum and minimum values of 2 1 5
"1) 4 ) 2 7(cos - ) sin - )
trigonometrical functions of the form a sin x ) b cos x are 3 2 6
2 1 5 2 $5
a 2 ) b 2 and ' a 2 ) b 2 , respectively. "1) 4 ) 2 7 . 2 cos 4- ' 7
3 2 6 3 46
Note | a cos A ) bsin A| % a2 ) b2 . 2 1 5
1 The maximum value of 1 ) 4 ) 2 7 . 2 " 4.
$ 2 A m $ 5. 3 2 6
Also, cos A F sin A " 2 sin 24 F A57 " 2 cos 4 7
34 6 3 46
❙ Example 113. Find the maximum and minimum
❙ Example 109. Find the maximum and minimum value of cos 2 - ' 6 sin - cos - ) 3 sin 2 - ) 2.
value of 3 sin 2x ) 4 cos 2x ) 3.
Sol. We have, cos 2 - ' 6sin - cos - ) 3sin 2 - ) 2
Sol. As we know,
" (1 ' sin 2 - ) ' 3sin 2- ) 3sin 2 - ) 2
' a 2 ) b 2 % a sin A ) b cos A % a 2 ) b 2
" 2sin 2 - ' 3sin 2- ) 3
0
+ ' 3 ) 4 % 3sin 2x ) 4 cos 2x % 3 ) 4
2 2 2
" (1 ' cos 2- ) ' 3sin 2- ) 3
+ '5 % 3sin 2x ) 4 cos 2x % 5 " 4 ' (cos 2- ) 3sin 2- ) …(i)
1 '5 ) 3 % 3sin 2x ) 4 cos 2x ) 3 % 5 ) 3 As we have, ' 10 % cos 2- ) 3sin 2- % 10
+ (3sin 2x ) 4 cos 2x ) 3) * [ '2, 8].
1 ' 10 % ' (cos 2- ) 3sin 2- ) % 10
❙ Example 110. Find the maximum and minimum or 4 ' 10 % 4 ' (cos 2- ) 3sin 2- ) % 4 ) 10 …(ii)
value of 6 sin x cos x ) 4 cos 2x . 1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
Sol. We have, 6sin x cos x ) 4 cos 2x 4 ' 10 % cos 2 - ' 6sin - cos - ) 3sin 2 - ) 2 % 4 ) 10
+ 3sin 2x ) 4 cos 2x ❙ Example 114. The minimum value of cos 2- ) cos -
1 ' 3 ) 4 % 3sin 2x ) 4 cos 2x % 3 ) 4
2 2 2 2
for all real values of -.
+ 3sin 2x ) 4 cos 2x * [ '5, 5] Sol. cos 2- ) cos - " 2 cos 2 - ' 1 ) cos -
Hence, the maximum value is 5 and minimum value is '5. 2 1 5
" ' 1 ) 2 4 cos 2 - ) cos - 7
❙ Example 111. Prove that 3 2 6
2 $5 2 1
" ' 1 ) 2 4 cos 2 - ) cos - )
1 15
' 7
' 4 % 5 cos - ) 3 cos 4 - ) 7 ) 3 % 10, for all values of -. 3 16 16 6
3 36 2
2
2 $5 2 15 1
Sol. We have, 5 cos - ) 3 cos 4- ) 7 " ' 1 ) 2 4 cos- ) 7 '
3 36 3 4 6 8
$ $ 9 2 15 9
2
+ 5 cos - ) 3 cos - cos ' 3sin - sin "' ) 2 4 cos- ) 7 & '
3 3 8 3 46 8
13 3 3 13 3 3 9
+ cos - ' sin - + '7 % cos - ' sin - % 7 So, the minimum value of cos 2- ) cos - is ' .
2 2 2 2 8
+ '7 % 5 cos - ) 3 cos(- ) $/ 3) % 7, for all -. sin 3x
+ '7 ) 3 % 5 cos - ) 3 cos(- ) $/ 3) ) 3 % 7 ) 3, for all -. ❙ Example 115. If f ( x ) " , x W n$, then find range
sin x
+ '4 % 5 cos - ) 3 cos(- ) $/ 3) ) 3 % 10, for all -.
of f ( x ).
Hence proved.
sin 3x 3sin x ' 4 sin 3 x
Sol. f ( x ) " "
❙ Example 112. Find the maximum value of sin x sin x
2$ 5 2$ 5 + f ( x ) " 3 ' 4 sin 2 x . …(i)
1 ) sin 4 ) - 7 ) 2 cos 4 ' - 7 for all real value of -. We know, 0 , sin x % 1(sin x W 0 as x W n$)
2
34 6 34 6
or '1 % ' sin 2 x , 0
or '4 % ' 4 sin 2 x , 0 or 3 ' 4 % 3 ' 4 sin 2 x , 3
or '1 % 3 ' 4 sin 2 x , 3 + '1 % f ( x ) , 3 2 F 4 ' 4<

Sol. sin 2 - ' 2sin - ) < " 0 + sin- " " 1 F 1 ' <.
Hence, range of f ( x ) * [ '1, 3). 2
For real values, 1 ' < & 0, i.e. < % 1.
Application on Quadratic Equations As '1 % sin- % 1, sin- " 1 ' 1 ' < . (neglecting 1 ) 1 ' <)
As we know, ax 2 ) bx ) c " 0, represents the quadratic 1
From question, sin- E '
equation whose, 2
'b 1
' ,1' 1' < %1
sum of roots " . Thus,
a 2
3 3
c or ' , ' 1 ' < % 0+ 1 ' < ,
product of roots " . 2 2
a 9 5
+ 1' < , + <E'
'b F b 2 ' 4ac 2 4
(:, ;) roots "
2a ❙ Example 118. If ABCD is a convex quadrilateral such
and if we want to form quadratic equation whose roots that 4 sec A ) 5 " 0, then find the quadratic equation
are given. whose roots are tan A and cosec A.
+ x 2 ' (sum of the roots)x ) (product of the roots) " 0. 5 $
Sol. sec A " ' . So, , A , $
As above mentioned results are basics for quadratic 4 2
equations, we discuss certain application on trigonometry. 3 5
Hence, tan A " ' and cosec A "
4 3
: ; 1 Required quadratic equation is
❙ Example 116. Find cos(: ) ; ), if tan and tan are
2 2 2 3 55 2 35 5
x 2 ' 4' ) 7x ) 4' 7 @ " 0
roots of the equations 8 x 2 ' 26 x ) 15 " 0. 3 4 36 3 46 3
: ; 11 5
Sol. It is given tan and tan are roots of 8x 2 ' 26x ) 15 " 0. x 2 ' x ' " 0 or 12x 2 ' 11x ' 15 " 0
2 2 12 4
: ; 13 : ; 15
+ tan ) tan " and tan .tan "
2 2 4 2 2 8 ❙ Example 119. If sec : and cosec : are the roots of
2 : ) ; 5 x 2 ' px ) q " 0, then show p 2 " q(q ) 2).
1 ' tan 2 4 7
3 2 6 Sol. Since, sec: and cosec : are the roots of x 2 ' px ) q " 0
1 cos(: ) ; ) " ,
2: ) ; 5
1 ) tan 2 4 7 1 sec : ) cosec : " p and sec: cosec : " q
3 2 6 1
1 sin : ) cos : " p sin : cos : and sin : cos : "
: ; q
tan ) tan
2: ) ; 5 2 2 p
where tan 4 7" 1 sin : ) cos : "
3 2 6 : ;
1 ' tan tan q
2 2 On squaring both sides, we get
13 p2
2: ) ; 5 ' 26 sin 2 : ) cos 2 : ) 2sin : cos : " 2
or tan 4 7" 4 " q
3 2 6 15 7 p2
1'
8 1 ) 2sin : cos : " 2
q
2 676 5 2
1' 4 7 2 p
3 49 6 '627 or 1) " 2 + p 2 " q ( q ) 2)
+ cos(: ) ; ) " " q q
2 676 5 725
1) 4 7
3 49 6 ❙ Example 120. Find the number of values of x in the
'627 interval [0, 5$ ] satisfying the equation
+ cos(: ) ; ) "
725 3 sin 2 x ' 7 sin x ) 2 " 0.
Sol. 3sin 2 x ' 7 sin x ) 2 " 0
❙ Example 117. If the solutions for - from the equation
7 F 49 ' 24 7 F 5 1
2 $ $5 + sin x " " " ,2
sin 2 - ' 2 sin - ) < " 0 lie in D 4 2n$ ' , (2n ) 1)$ ) 7. 6 6 3
n *z 3 6 66 1
1 sin x " (where, 2 is not possible).
Then, find the possible set values of <. 3
1 + 4< ) 5 & 9
sin x " " sin :; (0 , : , $/ 2)
3 or 4< ) 5 E 1
1 x " :, $ ' : , 2$ ) : , 3$ ' : , 4$ ) : , 5$ ' : + < &1
Thus, the number of values of x is 6. or < & '1 …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
❙ Example 121. 0 % a % 3, 0 % b % 3 and the equation, 5
1 < & ' and < & 1
x 2 ) 4 ) 3 cos(ax ) b ) " 2x has atleast one solution, 4
then find the value of (a ) b ). or
5
< & ' and < & ' 1
4
Sol. x 2 ' 2x ) 4 " ' 3 cos(ax ) b )
1 < & 1 or < & ' 1
+ ( x ' 1)2 ) 3 " ' 3 cos(ax ) b ) …(i) 1 < * [ '1, ( ).
As ' 1 % cos(ax ) b ) % 1 and ( x ' 1)2 & 0
1Eq. (i) is only possible if,
cos(ax ) b ) " ' 1 and ( x ' 1) " 0. Proving Trigonometric
So,
and
a ) b " $, 3 $, 5 $, …
3$ E 6
Inequality
where a)b%6 Jensen's Inequality
+ a)b" $ (i) Suppose that ‘f ’ is a convex function on [a, b ] * R, for
all x 1 , x 2 , x 3 K, x n *[a, b ] ,
❙ Example 122. Find the values of p if it satisfy; we have
p
cos - " x ) , x *R for all real values of -. 2 x ) x 2 )...)x n 5
x f ( x 1 ) ) f ( x 2 ) )K) f ( x n ) & n . f 4 1 7
3 n 6
Sol. x 2 ' cos- x ) p " 0
Proof If f ( x ) is concave up,
cos - F cos 2 - ' 4 p
+ x"
2 y
An(xn, f(xn))
For real x, cos 2 - ' 4 p & 0. + 4 p % cos 2 - G(x, y) An–1(xn–1, f(xn–1))
4 p % cos 2 - % 1.
1
+ p% for all values of -.
4 P A3(x, f(x))
(x1, f(x1))
A2(x2, f(x2))
A1
❙ Example 123. Find the set of values of < *R such O x x
that tan 2 - ) sec - " < holds for some -.
Sol. tan 2 - ) sec - " < + sec 2 - ) sec - ' ( < ) 1) " 0 2 x ) x 2 )...)x n f ( x 1 ) ) f ( x 2 ) )...) f ( x n ) 5
Here, G4 1 , 7
' 1 F 1 ) 4( < ) 1) 3 n n 6
1 sec - "
2 2 x ) x 2 )...)x n 2 x 1 ) x 2 )...)x n 5 5
'1 F 4 < ) 5 and P4 1 ,f4 77
" 3 n 3 n 66
2
For real sec-, 4 < ) 5 & 0, From figure, ordinate of G & ordinate of P.
5 f ( x 1 ) ) f ( x 2 ) )K) f ( x n ) 2 x ) x 2 )...)x n 5
i.e. <&' …(i) &f4 1 7
4 n 3 n 6
Also, sec- & 1 or sec- % ' 1
2 x ) x 2 )...)x n 5
'1 F 4 < ) 5 1 f ( x 1 ) ) f ( x 2 ) )K) f ( x n ) & n . f 4 1 7
1 &1 3 n 6
2
'1 F 4 < ) 5 (ii) Similarly, suppose that f is concave function on
or % ' 1. [a, b ] * R, for all x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,K x n *[a, b ] , we have
2
+ '1 F 4 < ) 5 & 2 2 x ) x 2 )...)x n 5
f ( x 1 ) ) f ( x 2 ) )K) f ( x n ) % n . f 4 1 7
or '1 F 4 < ) 5 % ' 2.
3 n 6
2 $ $5 +
cos A ) cos B ) cos C 2A ) B )C 5
% cos 4
❙ Example 124. If A, B, C , * 4 ' , 7. Then prove that 7
3 2 26 3 3 3 6
3 1
3
cos A ) cos B ) cos C % , as at B ) C " $
cos A cos B ) cos C % . 2
2
y
Sol. Since, for a function which is concave downwards
2 x ) x 2 ) x 3 5 f ( x1 ) ) f ( x 2 ) ) f ( x 3 )
f4 1 7E L1 1
3 3 6 3 Q
G R
and we know that the graph of y " cos x is concave P
2 $ $5 –π –π M O π π
x
downwards for all x * 4 ' , 7. 2
3 2 26 2
–1
Let P ( A , cos A ), Q ( B, cos B ) and R(C , cos C ) be any three
points on y " cos x , then it is clear from the graph
GM % ML

1. Prove that the minimum value of 3 cos x ) 4 sin x ) 5 is 0.
2. If sin -1 ) sin -2 ) sin -3 " 3, then find the value of cos -1 ) cos -2 ) cos -3 .
3. If x " r sin - cos =, y " r sin - sin = and z " r cos -, then prove that x 2 ) y 2 ) z 2 is independent of - and =.
4. Find the least value of 2 sin2 - ) 3 cos 2 -.
5. :, ;, [ are real numbers satisfying : ) ; ) [ " $ . The find the minimum value of given expression
sin : ) sin ; ) sin [.
6. If A " sin2 - ) cos4 -, then find all real values of -.
7. Find the minimum value of sec2 - ) cosec2 - ' 4.
8. If P " cos (cos x ) ) sin (cos x ), then the least and greatest value of P respectively.
(a) '1 and 1 (b) 0 and 2 (c) ' 2 and 2 (d) 0 and 2
2 $5
9. Let - * 40 , 7 and t1 " (tan -)tan -, t 2 " (tan -)cot -, t 3 " (cot -)tan - and t4 " (cot -)cot -, then show that t4 E t 3 E t1 E t 2 .
3 46
10. Find the ratio of greatest value of 2 ' cos x ) sin2 x to its least value.

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Session 2

Definition of Trigonometric Functions

❙ Example 19. For what real values of x and y is the

Exercise for Session 2

6. If sin - ) cosec - " 2, then find the value of sin20 - ) cosec20 -.

Variables or Parameters Sol. Let 4 sin - ' 3 cos - " a

❙ Example 21. If cosec - ' sin - " m and a"0

Sol. Here, Sol. From Fig., we have

Exercise for Session 3

Signs of Trigonometric 4. In fourth quadrant, x is positive and y is negative,

4. y " f ( x ) " cot x

2. y " f ( x ) " cos x 6. y " f ( x ) " cosec x

3. y " f ( x ) " tan x π x

2. To draw the graph of y " f ( x ) ) a; (a E 0 ) from the –π –π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

❙ Example 34. Draw the graph of y " 3 sin 2x . 2 $5

❙ Example 38. Solve tan x E cot x , where x *[0, 2$ ].

Exercise for Session 4

8. Draw the graph of y " sin x and y " cos x , 0 % x % 2$.

9. Draw the graph of y " tan(3x ).

(ii) We have, cos(90# ) - ) sec( ' -8 tan(180# ' -8

Exercise for Session 5

3. The value of cos 1# ) cos 2# ) cos 3# ) ... ) cos 180#.

5. If Sn " cos n - ) sinn -, find the value of 3S4 ' 2S6 .

Compound Angles (iii) tan( A ) B ) "

Q !QPO " 90# Second Proof of Formulae

H$ K Comparing real and imaginary parts of the left and right

cos A cos B ' sin A sin B 1 tan 105# " ' (2 ) 3 )

tan 495# "

n tan : ❙ Example 57. Let A, B, C be the three angles such that

... Sol. Let S " >sin(kx ) cos (101 ' k )x

or (cos : ) cos ; ) cos [ )2 ) (sin : ) sin ; ) sin [ )2 " 0

cos 25# ) cot 55# 1

❙ Example 65. Prove that 4 4 3 3

Exercise for Session 6

Product into Sum/Difference Sum/Difference into Products

Exercise for Session 7

Multiples of an Angle 1 ' tan A

2 sin 2 ( 4-8 5 2 cos 2- 5 7$ 2 $5 $

Exercise for Session 8

A 1 ' cos A A 1 ' cos A

6 ) 2 5 16 ' 6 ' 2 5 10 ' 2 5 3 )1

All these values are tabulated as follows:

❙ Example 96. Prove that ❙ Example 98. Find the value of

2 : ' ;5 4 ' a2 ' b 2

" cos A . cos B . cos C .

❙ Example 101. Express sin 5 - in term of sin(n- ); n * N . 2 2 n ' 15 5 2 ;5

and Cosine of Angles Forming an AP 2;5 2;5 S

2 2 35 5 H 2 15 K cos(: ) ) cos(: ) ;) )b ) cos(: ) (n ' 1);)

❙ Example 102. Let n be an odd integer. In

identity in x, where c m ’s are constants, then find the $ 3$ 5$

Exercise for Session 10

2A ) B5 2$ C5 2C 5 Step 2 Taking tangent or cotangent of the angles of both

Since, '1 % sin( x ) - ) % 1 2$ 5 2$ 5

or '1 % 3 ' 4 sin 2 x , 3 + '1 % f ( x ) , 3 2 F 4 ' 4<

Exercise for Session 11

4. Find the least value of 2 sin2 - ) 3 cos 2 -.

7. Find the minimum value of sec2 - ) cosec2 - ' 4.

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