Acid-Base Titrations

LEARNING GOAL
ü We are learning about acid-base titrations

SUCCESS CRITERIA
ü I can sketch an appropriate titration curve for a strong
acid-strong base, weak acid-strong base, and weak
base-strong acid titration
ü I can calculate the pH of an acid-base solution at various
stages of a titration (SA/SB, WA/SB, WB/SA)
ü I can choose an appropriate indicator for a titration

2
 RECALL
● The ions of a salt can react with water to form a basic
or acidic solution → salt hydrolysis
● A standard solution is a solution whose concentration
is accurately and precisely known
● A titration is an analytical procedure used to determine
the concentration of a solution
○ Precise volumes of the solution in the
burette (the titrant) are added to a
known volume of the solution in the
Erlenmeyer flask (the sample)

3
 STANDARDIZATION
● Before a titration is performed, the concentration of
one solution must be known
○ This is done by performing a titration procedure
called a standardization where a primary standard
(a highly pure and stable chemical) is used to find
the concentration of an acid or base
○ Common primary standards include the base sodium
carbonate, Na2CO3, and the acid potassium
hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4 or KHP
● NaOH is not used as a primary standard since it
absorbs water from the air, and HCl is not used since,
at high concentrations, it vaporizes to produce
hydrogen chloride gas
4
 TITRATION
● The equivalence point of an acid-base titration occurs
when the moles of acid and base are equal (i.e.
neutralization is complete)
● The endpoint is when the indicator changes colour
○ An acid-base indicator is a solution that changes
colour based on the pH of a solution
○ In most cases, we want to choose an acid-base
indicator that changes colour at the equivalence
point so that the equivalence point is “visible”

5
 ENDPOINT INDICATORS
● Most indicators (Ind) are weak acids, where the acid is
one colour and the conjugate base is another colour
HInd(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + Ind–(aq)
Colour 1 Colour 2

6
 CHOOSING AN INDICATOR
● A titration curve shows the pH of the sample as the
titrant is added
● The ideal acid-base indicator should change colours
during the steep portion of the titration curve
● The pH of the solution starts
off very low since there is only
to d at26
Hot at acid in the flask.
to As base is dripped into the
Its.is ●
flask, the pH increases, slowly
ii
i
i at first.
i
● A rapid increase in pH occurs
as the base neutralizes the last
traces of the acid.

7
 EXAMPLE 1
In a titration, 20.0 mL of 0.300 M HCl(aq) is titrated with 0.150 M NaOH(aq).
What is the pH of the solution after the following volumes of NaOH(aq) have
been added?
a) 0 mL
b) 15.0 mL
c) 40.0 mL
d) 50.0 mL

a HCl tht t Ci
O 3M O 3M

Ht
pH log
0.3
log
0.52
8
b Write a balanced equation
HCl NaOH H2O Nacl

Nhs CV NNaon 10.15moi L 0.015L

0.3 moi L 0.02 L 0.00225 mot
d
0.006 mot
fully used up
Find moles of till remaining

0 006 Mol O 00225 mot

Hct remaining
0.00375 mot
solution
Find concentration of remaining Hcl

HCI I

0.1071 moi L

Find the pH
HCI 0.1071 moi L
Ht
0.1071
pH log
0.91
 0.15M NaOH
c Adding 40mL of
NH 11 0.006 Mol

n NaOH 10 04 L 0.15 moi L

0.006 mot

0 006 mot o 006 mot

MHct remaining
O moi equivalence point

7
i
pH
NaCl does not undergo salt hydrolysis

d 12.33
 EXAMPLE 2 (pg. 546)

What volume, in mL, of 3.00 mol/L hydroiodic acid, HI(aq), must be added
to a 15.0 mL sample of a 2.50 mol/L potassium hydroxide solution to reach
the equivalence point?

12 L
1

9
WEAK ACID + STRONG BASE
● A sharp increase in pH occurs at
the beginning
● Before the equivalence point, the
curve is relatively flat in the
buffer zone
● The halfway point of the buffer
zone is the half-neutralization
point since this is when half the
acid is neutralized
● At the equivalence point, the pH
is higher than 7

10
WEAK ACID + STRONG BASE
Notes:
● The strength of a weak acid
affects the shape of the pH curve
of a titration
● The weaker the acid, the higher
the pH value at the equivalence
point (since the conjugate base
gets stronger)
● The vertical region of the curve
becomes shorter as the acid
becomes weaker, so the choice of
indicator is more limited

11
 EXAMPLE 3
In a titration, 20.00 mL of 0.300 M HCH3COO(aq) is titrated with 0.150 M
NaOH(aq), what is the amount of unreacted HCH3COO(aq) and the pH of the
solution:
a) before titration begins pH 2.63
b) when 10.00 mL of NaOH is added
c) when 40.00 mL of NaOH is added
d) beyond the equivalence point (qualitative explanation)

b HCH COO t NaOHlag Haole NaCH COO

lag
lag
n Hett Coo 10.3 mot L 0.024
0.006 mol

n Naott 0.15 moi L 0.01 L

0.0015 mot fully used up Lif
12
 MACH Coo remain 0.006 mot 0.0015 mot

0.0045 mot

CHCH Coo I

weak acid ICE table

0.15 moi L

There are acetate ions already present due

to the Nach Coo that formed

NCH 100 NLR

CH Coo 3 99915ft
iiii
initial CH Oo
0.05 moi L

I
N ta
E o.is n I 0.05 t se

ka
HIIIII 051
approximation
95 5 100

1 8 10
5
11
 s
n
4 5
S
S Ht 5.4 10 moi L
5.4 10

s
15.4 10
pH log
4.27 Ian use the Henderson
in
Hassel batch equation
a bare
buffer zone
the

III
t dog
pH pka
d acid
Ka
log 5
1.8 10
s
log 8
log
4.7447 1 0.4771
4.27

C NACH 00 0.006 mot

L
NNaott 0.04 L 0.15 moi
0.006 mot

O mot equivalence point

Matti Coo remain
all the arid and base
have been neutralized
but the CH Coo reacts
H 100 J out with H2O
O I moi L
 t
ia

n
Hgg ntq
Ks Ya
5.6 10
10 approximate

5 110
10 3 100

5 6 10
10
II
N 7.4833 10

6
7.4833 10
POH log
5.13

pH 14 5.13
81
so
after the equivalence point
d Only base remains
solution will be basic
 EXAMPLE 4 (pg. 548)

A 25.0 mL sample of hydrofluoric acid, HF(aq), is titrated with 0.400 mol/L

sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH(aq). Determine the concentration of the
acid if 60.5 mL of titrant is required to reach the equivalence point.

HF 0.968 moi L

13
 WEAK BASE + STRONG ACID
● The titration of a weak base and strong acid can be
analyzed in a similar manner to a weak acid-strong
base titration
● At the equivalnce point,
pH < 7 due to the
hydrolysis of [NH4+]

14
 EXAMPLE 5 (MHR pg. 542)

Calculate the pH at the equivalence point, when 40.00 mL of 0.1000 mol/L

ammonia is titrated with a 0.1000 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution. Choose
an appropriate indicator for this titration.

pH 5.27 c
f
or
methyled alizarin

NH3 aqi HCllag NHyCllaq

At equivalence Anti Nacl

NNH CV
0.1 moi L 0.04L
0.004 mot produces 0.004 mot of Ntly I

15
Since NH and HCl are lit we need 40.0mL of
Hel to reach the equivalence point

the conjugate acid of Ntl Nhat will react with tho

i e salt hydrolysis occurs

ianttigt
E1 gs.it 1tnt n
N th

Nhut I

0.05 moi L

ka
CYjfy Approximate

96 0
10 100
1
10
5.6 10 6 0
0
pH 5.2915 10
log
tf
10
5 6 10
527
as sexy igloos indicators methyl red or

a 6 10 10110.05 attain
6
5.2915 x 10