Ch 11: Heat Exchangers

Types

Heat Exchanger Types

Heat exchangers are important devices for energy conversion and utilization.
They involve heat exchange between two fluids separated by a solid and
encompass a wide range of flow configurations.

• Concentric-Tube Heat Exchanger

Parallel Flow Counterflow

 Simplest configuration.
Types (cont.)

• Cross-flow Heat Exchanger

Finned-Both Fluids Unfinned-One Fluid Mixed

Unmixed the Other Unmixed

 For cross-flow over the tubes, fluid motion, and hence mixing, in the transverse
direction (y) is prevented for the finned tubes, but occurs for the unfinned condition.

 Heat exchanger performance is influenced by mixing.

Types (cont.)

• Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

One Shell Pass and One Tube Pass

 Baffles are used to establish a cross-flow and to induce turbulent mixing of the
shell-side fluid, both of which enhance convection.

 Baffles are used to support the tubes

Types (cont.)

• Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

 The number of tube and shell passes may be varied, e.g.:

One Shell Pass,

Two Tube Passes

Two Shell Passes,

Four Tube Passes
Types (cont.)

• Compact Heat Exchanger

 Widely used to achieve large heat rates per unit volume, particularly when
one or both fluids is a gas.
 Characterized by large heat transfer surface areas per unit volume, small
flow passages, and laminar flow.
Overall Coefficient
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

hot fluid Th
Th  Tc
q  UA(Th  Tc ) 
1/ UA
q
cold fluid Tc

• Essentially important for heat exchanger design or performance

calculations.
• Contributed by such factors: convection and conduction
potential use of fins on both sides
effects of time-dependent surface fouling

• With subscripts c and h used to designate the cold and hot fluids, respectively,
the expression for the overall coefficient is:

1  1  1  1 R  1
UA UA c UA h  hA c  hAh
w
 Heat Exchanger Analysis
q  ( mc p )h Th,i  Th,o 
mh Th,i   Th,o
q 
q  ( mc p )c Tc ,o  Tc ,i 
mc Tc ,i   Tc ,o
q  UA(Th  Tc )  q  UATm

Design (Sizing) & Performance calculation (or Rating) ?

1. Design (Sizing) ? for a new heat exchanger
From process specification (requirement)
Th,i , Tc ,i , Th,o (or Tc ,o ), mh , mc ,  p max  type , size( A)

2. Performance calculation (or Rating) ?

for an existing heat exchanger
for a selected configuration by approximate sizing
type , size , Th,i , Tc ,i , mh , mc  Th,o , Tc ,o , q,  p
 Design calculation: LMTD

q  ( mc p )h Th,i  Th,o 
mh Th,i   Th,o
 ( mc p )c Tc ,o  Tc ,i 
q
mc Tc ,i   Tc ,o
 UATm

mc p  C : heat capacity rate


q  C h Th,i  Th,o   Cc Tc ,o  Tc ,i   UATm

T2  T1  T1 and  T2

Tm  Tlm 
 T2 
ln   depend on the heat exchanger type.

 1T
LMTD Method (cont.)
Design Calculations
• Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger

q  C h Th,i  Th,o   Cc Tc ,o  Tc ,i 

 UATm

dq  Ch dTh  Cc dTc  U (Th  Tc )dA

d (Th  Tc )
 U ( 1  1 )dA
Th  Tc Ch Cc

T2 Th ,i  Th ,o Tc ,o  Tc ,i
ln  U (  )A
T1 q q

T2  T1
q  UA
T
ln 2
T1
*
cdc = ( n-
dq cadenclkan
U

=
= -

-. - π
옮더
= carl
= E
UlerwldA
t

-
=

ci - -
LMTD Method (cont.)
Design Calculations

• Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger 

q  C h Th,i  Th,o   Cc Tc ,o  Tc ,i 

 UATm

dq  Ch dTh  Cc dTc  U (Th  Tc )dA

d (Th  Tc )
 U ( 1  1 )dA
Th  Tc Ch Cc

T2 Th ,i  Th ,o Tc ,o  Tc ,i
ln  U (  )A
T1 q q

T2  T1
q  UA
T
ln 2
T1
LMTD Method
Design Calculations
- The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method -
• Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger:

 T1  Th,1  Tc,1
 Th,i  Tc ,o
7 위치개념
 T2  Th,2  Tc,2
 Th,o  Tc ,i
LMTD Method (cont.)
Design Calculations
• Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger • Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger

T1  Th1  Tc1  Th,i  Tc ,i T1  Th1  Tc1  Th,i  Tc ,o

T2  Th 2  Tc 2  Th,o  Tc ,o T2  Th 2  Tc 2  Th,o  Tc ,i

 Note that Tc,o can not exceed Th,o for a PF HX, but can do so for a CF HX.
 For equivalent values of UA and inlet temperatures,

 T1m,CF   T1m, PF
Special Conditions

Special Operating Conditions

T1  T2
T2  T1

q  C h Th,i  Th,o  Tlm 
 T  q  C c T1  C h T2
ln  2 
q  mh h fg  T1  T1  T2  Tlm
Ex. 11.1

Th,i , Th,o , mh , Tc ,i Type , mc , Di , Do  L?

(Thi  Tco )  (Tho  Tci )
Tco  ? Tlm  ? U ? q  UA
ln  (Thi  Tco ) / (Tho  Tci ) 
q ch (TUi Fh FC (Tc cii = UA 6 rm
=

:
-

.
. .
0
- ) A
ㅠ 7와
I

=
Ex. 11.1(mod)

L=10m Tco  ? Tho  ?

Th,i , mh , Tc ,i Type , mc , L, Di , Do  Tho  ? Tco  ?

(Thi  Tco )  (Tho  Tci )
Tlm  ? U ? q  UA
ln  (Thi  Tco ) / (Tho  Tci ) 
General Considerations

General Considerations
• Computational Features/Limitations of the LMTD Method:
T2  T1
q  UA
ln( T2 / T1 )

 The LMTD method may be applied to design problems for

which both outlet temperatures can be determined easily.

 If the LMTD method is used in performance calculations for which

both outlet temperatures must be determined,
the solution procedure is iterative. -> effectiveness-NTU method

 For both design and performance calculations, the effectiveness-NTU

method may be used without iteration.
Definitions

Definitions
• Heat exchanger effectiveness, 
q
 0   1 qmax : Maximum possible heat rate
qmax
qmax  Cmin Th,i  Tc ,i  Cmin  min(Ch , Cc )

 Why is Cmin and not Cmax used in the definition of qmax?

 qmax can be achieved in a CF HX of infinite length.

Th,i = Tc,o
Th,i

Th,o Tc,o

Tc,i Th,o = Tc,i

Definitions (cont.)

q Cmin
  fn( NTU , ) NTU  UA Number of Transfer Units
qmax Cmax Cmin

Ex. Parallel-flow HX with Cmin  Ch

[Th,o  Tc ,o  (Th,i  Tc ,i )]
q  UATlm q  UA
 Th,o  Tc ,o 
ln  
 Th,i  Tc ,i 
q  Cmin (Th,i  Th,o )  Cmax (Tc ,o  Tc ,i )

1  exp[  NTU (1  C r )] C min

 Cr 
1  Cr C max

1  exp[  NTU (1  C r )]
Ex. Counter-flow HX 
1  C r exp[  NTU (1  C r )]
Ex. 11.1(mod)

L=10m Tco  ? Tho  ?

Th,i , mh , Tc ,i Type , mc , L, Di , Do  Tho  ? Tco  ?

(Thi  Tco )  (Tho  Tci )
Tlm  ? U ? q  UA
ln  (Thi  Tco ) / (Tho  Tci ) 

T.
ciilEqmi
qmak Cmin (ThiE -
=
HX Relations

Heat Exchanger Relations


• q   Cmin Th,i  Tc ,i 
• Performance Calculations:

   f  NTU , Cmin / Cmax 

Cr

 Relations  Table 11.3 or Figs. 11.10 - 11.15

• Design Calculations:

 NTU  f   , Cmin / Cmax 

 Relations  Table 11.4 or Figs. 11.10 - 11.15

HX Relations (cont.)

Performance calculation Design calculation NTU  UA

Cmin
q
  f1 ( NTU , Cr ) NTU  f 2 ( , C r ) C min
qmax Cr 
C max

• For all HX types with Cr = 0,

  1  exp   NTU  NTU  1n  1   

Ex. 11.3 LMD 사용 *
→
parallel /coUterfln
□ 맨가능

Th,i , Th,o , Tc ,i , Tc ,o , mc  Ah NTU  f 2 ( , C r )

q


q  C h Th,i  Th,o   Cc Tc ,o  Tc ,i  qmax
qmax  Cmin Th,i  Tc ,i 
Ex. 11.3
Ex. 11.3
Ex. 11.4

Th,i , Tc ,i , mh , mc , Ah  q, Tc ,o , Th,o


q  C h Th,i  Th,o   Cc Tc ,o  Tc ,i 

q
  f1 ( NTU , Cr )
qmax

NTU  UA qmax  Cmin Th,i  Tc ,i 

Cmin
Ex. 11.4
Ex. 11.5
Ex. 11.5

steam

water

q  mhc p ,h Th,i  Th,o 

 mc c p ,c Tc ,o  Tc ,i 
UA
NTU   f 2 ( , C r )
Cmin
q 1
 U
Cmin (Th ,i  Tc ,i ) 1/ hi   1/ ho  Cmin NTU
A  2 N DL  L 
2 N DU
C h  Cmax   Cmin  mc c p ,c
Ex. 11.5

stea
m
wat
er