Technololgy

and Labor Markets

陈玄妆、刘高阳、丁畅
Content
Introduction of
Automation and
1 Automation and
Labor Markets
2 China’s Labor Market 3 Remote
Working
What is Automation? Introduction and literature review Background
The positive impact Diversity and occupation space Data collection
The negative impact Result Result Analysis
Estimating job automation The impacts of automation Conclusion
Solution Polarized job market
What is
Automation?
Automation is the use of technology to perform tasks without the involvement of humans. It can
refer to a wide range of applications, from simple mechanical devices such as automatic doors
and self-checkout machines to complex systems such as robotics and artificial intelligence.

Automation can be used to improve efficiency, accuracy, and productivity in many industries,
such as manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare. Automation can also be used to perform
tasks that are too dangerous or difficult for humans to do, such as exploring deep space or
working in hazardous environments. Automation can be implemented in many forms, including
software, hardware, and a combination of both.

Example:
The use of industrial robots in manufacturing
The use of chatbots in customer service
The positive impact The negative impact
Increased productivity Job Losses

New job opportunities Income inequality

Improved working conditions Reduced bargaining power for workers

Better product quality and safety Disruption of communities

Better decision-making Reduction in human touch

Improved customer service Job displacement

Getting upskilled Dependence on technology

Estimating
job automation

North America and Europe: 23%~76%

Asia, including China and other

developed countries: 11%~29%
Estimating
job automation

percentage of automation risk by

job type in general
How to Stay
Ahead of the Game
Focus on reskilling and upskilling workers to prepare them for the jobs of the future. This can
involve providing training programs and education opportunities to help workers learn new
skills and adapt to changing job requirements.
Create new jobs that are complementary to automation. For example, as more routine tasks are
automated, there may be a growing need for workers who can oversee and manage the machines.
These jobs could involve programming, maintenance, and quality control.
Policy makers can play a role in ensuring a smooth transition to the future of work. This can
involve creating policies and programs that support workers displaced by automation, such as
unemployment insurance, job training programs, and wage subsidies. It can also include
investing in infrastructure and innovation to create new job opportunities and support economic
growth.
Introduction &
literature review
“The future of employment: How susceptible are
jobs to computerisation?”
More than 47% of US jobs were at high risk of computerization

The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries:

A Comparative Analysis
9% of US jobs were at stake

World Bank
1.8 billion jobs or roughly two-thirds of the labor force in
developing countries would be replaced by automation

Technology at work v2. 0: The future is not what it

used to be
77% of China’s employment is at risk, approximately 550
million jobs
Introduction &
literature review
Introduction &
literature review
“Is an Army of Robots Marching on Chinese Jobs?”
used the IFR data
a negative impact of robot exposure on Chinese workers’
employment and wages at the prefectural city level

“Small cities face greater impact from automation”

large US cities are more resilient to the effects of automation

=> explore the influences of the urban development

path on the corresponding automation in China based
on the automation rate analysis at the city level.
Diversity &
occupation space
The impacts
of automation

79% of jobs are expected to be

at high risk

in China

close to the estimation of Singapore

“Automation, Computerization and Future Employment in Singapore”

The impacts
of automation
Expected impact rates Beijing: 64%
Shanghai: 67%
Guangzhou: 69%
Shenzhen: 72%
Zhumadian, Nanyang : 83%
both large premium and elite cities exhibit resilience to
automation impacts relative to the others

Simpson’s paradox
larger cities on the advantaged side (premium and elite)
have greater resilience to automation impacts while the
larger cities on the non-advantaged side are more
susceptible
small non-advantaged cities (non-premium and non-
elite) are resilient to automation impacts
The impacts
of automation
Chinese cities on the advantaged sides exhibit more
potent size effects than US cities

=> cities enjoying more premium resources or higher

administrative power help mitigate the automation
impacts to a great extent

Susceptible large cities

farming (Nanyang), mining (Pingdingshan),
manufacturing (Taizhou).
Resilient large cities
innovation hubs (Beijing), financial (Shanghai),
regional services centers (Guangzhou)
Polarized job market
Background
With the advancement of technology and the acceleration of globalization, remote work as a
new type of work mode has gradually become a reality.
Remote work is no longer limited to individual industries or a few specific positions, but has
become a common choice for many organizations and employees in their daily work.
This move is not only because modern technology makes remote work possible, but also because
to some extent, it can improve work flexibility, reduce costs, and improve the work life balance of
employees.
The popularity of remote work has had a wide-ranging impact on the labor market. The rise of
this emerging work model has not only had a significant impact on the working methods of
employers and employees, but also had a profound impact on the structure, labor relations, and
career development path of the entire labor market.
However, although remote work brings many advantages in providing flexibility and
convenience, it may also pose a series of challenges and uncertainties to the labor market, such as
social isolation, career advancement path changes, and the impact on company culture and
teamwork.
Data collection
We collected data on 42 employees’ working hours before and after the implementation of
remote working measures in week 6 from internship company's human resources department.
Result Analysis
Remote working may lead to extended working hours. Due to working from home, employees are
more likely to be unable to cut off the boundary between work and life, resulting in a tendency to
handle work affairs during non working hours.
It also may reduce face-to-face communication and opportunities with colleagues, which may
affect team collaboration and information exchange, and have an impact on work time and task
completion.
However, Some employees may complete their work more efficiently in a home environment,
thereby reducing work hours. Reduced commuting time and interference in the office, helping to
concentrate and complete tasks.
Conclusion
The long-term economic and policy impacts, as well as the relative cost increase of on-site work
relative to remote work related to implementing home restrictions, are the core of our analysis.
It can be said that due to recent technological advancements triggered by the pandemic, remote
work has been promoted, which has reduced the cost of transportation work. The relative cost of
on-site work and remote work may further increase.
In this regard, we believe that in the long run, traditional and traditional work arrangements in
the "traditional" labor market may be more conducive to remote work.
So, we suggest that in the context of future work, these technological advancements may further
accelerate the convergence of on-site and remote work in the traditional labor market.
Thank
You 陈玄妆
刘高阳
丁畅