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6 DC Machimes - DC Generators11
6 DC Machimes - DC Generators11
3
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
Working of Simple Loop Generator
Imagine the coil to be rotating in clockwise
direction. As the coil assumes successive
positions in the field, the flux linked with it
changes. An emf is induced in it which is
proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkages (e=Ndϕ/dt).
When the plane of coil is in position 1, then
flux linked with the coil is maximum but rate
of change of flux linkage is minimum. Hence,
there is no induced emf in the coil.
As the coil continues rotating further, the rate
of change of flux linkages (and hence induced
emf in it) increases, till position 3 is reached
where θ=90o. The coil plane is horizontal
(parallel to the lines of flux). The flux linked
with the coil is minimum but rate of change of
flux linkage is maximum. Hence, maximum
emf is induced in the coil when in this position.
In the second half revolution, the direction of
the current flow is DCMLBA. Which is just
the reverse of the previous direction of flow.
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Dr. Firas Engineering Phil
Working of Simple Loop Generator
In the next quarter revolution (from 90o
to 180o), the flux linked with the coil
gradually increases but the rate of change
of flux linkages decreases. Hence the
induced emf decreases gradually till in
position 5 of the coil, it reduces to zero
value.
In the first half revolution of the coil, no
emf is induced in it when in position 1,
maximum when in position 3 and no emf
when in position 5. In this half revolution,
the direction of the current flow is
ABMLCD. The current through the load
resistor R flows from M to L during the
first half revolution of the coil.
In the next half revolution (from 180o to
360o), the variations in the magnitude of
emf are similar to those in the first half
revolution. Its value is maximum when
the coil is in position 7 and minimum
when it in position 1.
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Dr. Firas Faculty of adelphia University
Working of Simple Loop Generator
The current which is obtained from
such a simple generator reverses its
direction after every half
revolution, this current is known as
alternating current. To make the
flow of current unidirectional in
the external circuit, the slip rings
are replaced by split rings.
In the first half revolution segment
‘a’ is connected to brush 1 and
segment ‘b’ is connected to brush 2,
while in the second half revolution
segment ‘b’ is connected to brush 1
and segment ‘a’ is connected to
brush 2. In this case the current
will flow in the resistor from M to
L in the two halves of revolution.
The resulting current is
unidirectional but not continuous
like pure direct current.
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Engineering Philadelphia University
Types of DC Generators
Generators are usually classified according to the way in which their fields
are excited
A. Separately Excited Generators: are those whose field magnets are
energized from an independent external source of DC current.
B. Self Excited Generators: are those whose field magnets are energized by
current produced by the generators themselves. There are three types of
self excited generators named according to the manner in which their
field coils are connected to the armature.
i. Shunt Wound: the field windings are connected across or in parallel
with the armature conductors and have the full voltage of the generator
applied across them.
ii. Series Wound: the field windings are joined in series with the armature
conductors
iii. Compound Wound: it is a combination of a few series and a few shunt
windings and can be either short-shunt or long-shunt. In compound
generator, the shunt field is stronger than the series field. When series
field aids the shunt field, generator is said to be commutatively-
compound. In series field oppose the shunt field, the generator is said to
be differentially compounded.
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Dr. Firas Obeidat adelphia University
Types of DC Generators
8
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
Types of DC Generators
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Dr. Firas Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
The Terminal Characteristic of a Separately Excited DC Generator
For Separately Excited DC Generator IF IA IL
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 + +
RF + RA
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴
VF EA VT
𝑉𝐹 = 𝐼𝐹 𝑅𝐹 LF -
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚 - -
Where
IA: is the armature current
The terminal voltage can be controlled by: IL: is the load current
1. Change the speed of rotation: If 𝜔 EA: is the internal generated voltage
VT: is the terminal voltage
increases, then 𝐸𝐴=𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚 increases, so IF: is the field current
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 increases as well. VF: is the field voltage
2. Change the field current. If RF is RA: is the armature winding resistance
RF: is the field winding resistance
decreased. then the field current
ϕ: is the flux
increases (𝑉𝐹 = 𝐼𝐹 𝑅𝐹 ). Therefore, the 𝜔m: is the rotor angular speed
flux in the machine increases. As the
flux rises, 𝐸𝐴=𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚 must rise too, so
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 increases.
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
The Terminal Characteristic of a Self Excited Shunt DC Generator
For Self Excited Shunt DC Generator IA IL
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐹 + 𝐼𝐿 +
+ RA RF
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 IF VT
EA
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝐹 𝑅𝐹 - LF
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚 -
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
The Terminal Characteristic of a Self Excited Series DC Generator
For Self Excited Series DC Generator IA Is IL
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝐿
+ RA Rs Ls +
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 (𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝑠 )
EA VT
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚 -
-
230 IA IL=450A
𝐼𝑓 = = 4.6𝐴 +
50 + RA RF
VT=230V
EA IF
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐹 + 𝐼𝐿 = 4.6 + 450 = 454.6𝐴
- LF
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 230 + 454.6 × 0.3 = 243.6V -
VT=500V
Voltage drop across series winding=𝐼A𝑅s=52×0.03=1.56V EA IF
- LF
Armature voltage drop=𝐼A𝑅A=52×0.05=2.6V
-
Drop at brushes=2×1=2V
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 + 𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 500 + 2.6 + 1.56 + 2 = 506.16V
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
Examples
Example: A short shunt compound DC generator delivers a load current of
30A at 220V and has armature, series field and shunt field resistances of
0.05Ω, 0.3Ω and 200Ω respectively. Calculate the induced emf and the
armature current. Allow 1V per brush for contact drop.
VT=220V
Armature voltage drop=𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 IF
EA
= 31.145 × 0.05 = 1.56V LF
-
Drop at brushes=2×1=2V -
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 + 𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 220 + 9 + 1.56 + 2 = 232.56V
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of
Examples
Example: A long shunt compound DC generator delivers a load current of
150A at 230V and has armature, series field and shunt field resistances of
0.032Ω, 0.015Ω and 92Ω respectively. Calculate (i) induced emf (ii) total
power generated and (iii) distribution of this power.
IA IL=150A
(i ) 𝐼 = 230
𝐹 = 2.5𝐴 R L +
VT=230V
92 + A Rs s R F
ϕ: flux/pole in weber.
Z: total number of armature conductors
Z=number of slots × number of conductors/slot
A: number of parallel paths in armature
N: armature rotation in rpm
E: emf induced in any parallel path in armature
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
E.M.F. Equation of DC Generator
For simplex wave-wound generator
Number of parallel paths=2
Number of conductors (in series) in one path=Z/2
𝜙𝑃𝑁 𝑍 𝜙𝑃𝑍𝑁
𝐸. 𝑀. 𝐹. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑/𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ(𝐸𝐴 ) = × = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
60 2 120
For simplex lap-wound generator
Number of parallel paths=P
Number of conductors (in series) in one path=Z/P
𝜙𝑃𝑁 𝑍 𝜙𝑍𝑁
𝐸. 𝑀. 𝐹. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑/𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ(𝐸𝐴 ) = × = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
60 𝑃 60
In general
where
𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃
𝐸𝐴 = × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 A=2 for simplex wave-winding
60 𝐴 A=P for simplex lap-winding
1 2π𝑁 𝑃 𝑍𝑃 2π𝑁
𝐸𝐴 = × × 𝜙𝑍 × = 𝜙𝜔𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 Where 𝜔𝑚 = 60
2π 60 𝐴 2π𝐴
For a given DC machine Z,P and A are constant
𝑍𝑃
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑘𝜙𝜔𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 Where 𝑘 = 2π𝐴
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
E.M.F. Equation of DC Generator
Example: A four pole generator, having wave wound armature winding has 51
slots, each slot containing 20 conductor. What will be the voltage generated in
the machine when driven at 1500 rpm assuming the flux per pole to be
7mWb?
2.5kW lighting
5000 + 2500 +
5kW Geyser
RF=250Ω
VT=250V
𝐼𝐿 = = 30𝐴 +
250 EA IF
250 - LF
𝐼𝐹 = = 1𝐴
250 -
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝐹 = 30 + 1 = 31𝐴
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 250 + 31 × 0.2 + 2 × 1 = 258.2V
𝑁𝐴2 800 + RF +
+ RA
𝐸𝐴2 = 𝐸𝐴1 = 135 = 108𝑉
VT1=125V
𝑁𝐴1 1000 VF EA1
LF -
125
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = 0.625Ω - -
200
𝐸𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑇2 + 𝐼𝐴2 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 IF IL=159.4A
+ RF +
𝑉𝑇2 = 𝐼𝐴2 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + RA
VT2=99.6V
VF EA2
108 = 𝐼𝐴2 × 0.625 + 𝐼𝐴2 × 0.04 + 2 LF -
108 − 2 - -
𝐼𝐴2 = = 159.4A
0.625 + 0.04
𝑉𝑇2 = 𝐼𝐴2 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 159.4 × 0.625 = 99.6𝑉
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
Total Loss in a DC Generator
(A) Copper Losses
(i) Armature copper losses=Ia2Ra
This loss is about 30-40% of full load losses.
(ii) Field copper loss:
In case of shunt generator, field copper losses=IF2RF
In case of shunt generator, field copper losses=IL2Rs
This loss is about 20-30% of full load losses.
(iii) The loss due to brush contact resistance.
Series Cu Loss
Total Losses
Hysteresis Loss
Iron Losses
Eddy Current Loss
Friction Loss
Mechanical Losses
Air Friction or Windage Loss
Stray Losses
Iron and mechanical losses are collectively known as Stray (Rotational) losses.
Mechanical Efficiency
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴
𝜂𝑚 = × 100% = × 100%
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒
Electrical Efficiency
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝐼𝐿
𝜂𝑒 = × 100% = × 100%
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
Power Stages and Efficiency
Example: A shunt generator delivers 195A at terminal voltage of 250V. The
armature resistance and shunt field resistance are 0.02Ω and 50Ω respectively.
The iron and friction losses equal 950W. Find
(a) emf generated (b) Cu losses (c) output of the prime motor
(d) commercial, mechanical and electrical efficiencies.
(a) 250
𝐼𝑓 = = 5𝐴
50
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐹 + 𝐼𝐿 = 5 + 195 = 200𝐴
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 250 + 200 × 0.02 = 254V
(b) 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝐴 2 𝑅𝐴 = 2002 × 0.02 = 800𝑊
𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 50800
𝜂𝑚 = × 100% = × 100% = 98.2%
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 51750
𝑉𝐼𝐿 48750
𝜂𝑒 = = × 100% = 95.9%
𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 50800
𝑉𝐼𝐿 48750
𝜂𝑐 = × 100% = × 100% = 94.2%
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 51750
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
Power Stages and Efficiency
Example: A shunt generator has a full load current of 196 A at 220V. The stray
lassos are 720W and the shunt field coil resistance is 55Ω. If it has full load
efficiency of 88%, find the armature resistance.
𝐼𝑓 = 220 ÷ 55 = 4𝐴
𝐼𝑓 = 200 ÷ 50 = 4𝐴 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑓 = 20 + 4 = 24𝐴
𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 24 × 0.5 = 12𝑉
𝐸𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑉 + 𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 12 + 200 + 2 = 214𝑉
𝑉𝐼𝐿 200 × 20
𝜂𝑒 = × 100% = × 100% = 77.9%
𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 214 × 24
𝐸𝐴 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 214 − 200
𝑉𝑅 = × 100% = × 100% = 7%
𝑉𝐹𝐿 200
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
Uses of DC Generators
Shunt Generators
• Shunt generators with field regulators are used for ordinary
lighting and power supply purposes. They are also used for
charging batteries because their terminal voltages are almost
constant.
Series Generators
• Series generators are used as boosters in a certain types of
distribution systems particularly in railway service.
Compound Generators
• The cumulatively compound generator is the most used DC
generator because its external characteristics can be adjusted
for compensating the voltage drop in the line resistance.
Cumulatively compound generators are used for motor driving
which require DC supply at constant voltage, for lamp loads
and for heavy power service such as electric railways.
• The differential compound DC generator has an external
characteristic similar to that of shunt generator but with large
demagnetization armature reaction. Differential compound DC
generators re widely used in arc welding where larger voltage
drop is desirable with increase in current.
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University