Muscular System

Diseases &
Disorders

1
 CRAMPS

• Painful, spastic
contractions of skeletal
muscle
• Due to multiple causes
such as dehydration
and ion imbalance
2
 MUSCLE STRAIN

• An injury in which muscle

fibers tear as a result of
overstretching.
• Commonly called a pulled
muscle or torn muscle.
• Besides pain, typical
symptoms include stiffness
and bruising in the area of the
strained muscle.
3
MUSCLE STRAIN

4
 CONTRACTURE

• Shortening and hardening

of muscles, tendons, or
other tissue, often leading
to deformity and rigidity of
joints.

5
 TENDINITIS

• Inflammation of a tendon or its

attachment point due to
overuse of a skeletal muscle.
• Tendons that are commonly
affected include those in the
ankle, knee, shoulder, and
elbow.
• For management, PRICE
method can be applied.
6
 FIBROSIS

• Scarring of damaged cardiac or skeletal muscle due to deposition of

connective tissue.
• Skeletal muscle fibrosis impairs muscle function, negatively affects
muscle regeneration after injury and increases muscle susceptibility
to re-injury, therefore, it is considered a major cause of muscle
weakness.
• Fibrosis of skeletal muscle is a hallmark of muscular dystrophies,
aging and severe muscle injuries.

7
 FIBROSITIS

• Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue, resulting in

soreness after prolonged skeletal muscle tension
• Unprogressive
• Symptoms usually associated with fibrositis vary from a
vague stiffness to an agonizing burning or stabbing pain,
and in all cases the pain is made worse by movement of the
affected part and by cold and damp, etc.

8
 FIBROMYALGIA

• Non-life-threatening, chronic,
widespread pain in skeletal muscles
with no known cure
• Chronic muscle pain syndrome
• Pain in muscle fibers
• A condition that causes widespread
pain, sleep problems, fatigue, and
often emotional distress.

9
 MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY

• Enlargement of skeletal muscle due to

an increased number of myofibrils, as
occurs with increased muscle use
• In cardiac muscle, usually a result of
other diseases, commonly hypertension
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a
disease in which the heart muscle
becomes thickened, also called
hypertrophied. The thickened heart
muscle can make it harder for the heart
to pump blood.
10
 MUSCULAR ATROPHY

• Decrease in muscle size due

to a decreased number of
myofilaments
• Can occur due to disuse of a
muscle, as in paralysis
• Can also occur in cardiac
muscle due to certain
pathologies such as chronic
heart failure 11
 MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

• Group of genetic disorders in which

muscle proteins degenerate and
atrophy; usually affects skeletal
muscle and sometimes cardiac
muscle
• It is characterized by progressive
skeletal muscle weakness and death
of muscle cells and tissues.
• Muscles become increasingly unable
to contract in response to nervous
stimulation. 12
 RHABDOMYOLYSIS

• The breakdown of muscles that causes

damage to the kidney.
• When muscle is damaged, a protein
called myoglobin is released into the
bloodstream and is filtered out of the body by
the kidneys.
• Myoglobin damages kidney cells and the small
delicate kidney tubules.
• Drugs that can precipitate Rhabdomyolysis are
Cocaine, Amphetamines, Statins (cholesterol-
lowering medications), Heroin, and
Phencyclidine.

13
 SPASTIC PARALYSIS

• Spastic paralysis can occur when the

upper motor neurons become damaged,
resulting in a loss of voluntary control over
the affected muscles.
• The signals that tell the muscles to contract
or relax are imbalanced. The muscles
respond to this by becoming tight and hard.
• Patients may experience muscle stiffness,
spasms, or uncontrollable twitching.
• CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI produces an
extremely potent toxin, Tetanus neurotoxin
(TeNT)
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SPASTIC PARALYSIS

15
 FLACCID PARALYSIS

• Occur when the lower motor neurons become

damaged, not allowing nerve impulses to reach the
intended muscles.
• There is no voluntary control of the muscles in
flaccid paralysis but there isn’t any involuntary
control either, meaning the muscles don’t act at all.
• Flaccid paralysis reduces muscle tone, the amount
of tension or resistance to movement in the
muscle.
• It also causes muscles to shrink and become loose
or flabby.
• CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM - Botulinum
neurotoxin (BoNT)
16
CEREBRAL PALSY

• A group of disorders that affects the ability to

move and maintain balance and posture.
• The most common motor disability in
childhood. “Cerebral” means having to do
with the brain, and “palsy” means weakness
or problems with using the muscles.
• Caused by abnormal brain development or
damage to the developing brain that affects
the ability to control muscles
17
18
 MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

• Results from the production of antibodies that bind to

acetylcholine receptors, eventually destroying the receptor and
thus reducing the number of receptors.
• As a consequence, muscles exhibit a degree of flaccid
paralysis or are extremely weak.
• A class of drugs that includes neostigmine partially blocks the
action of acetylcholinesterase and is sometimes used to treat
myasthenia gravis.
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MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

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