Class 1

1. Given is a set of n points on interval [1; 11] with:

8 9500
< =
1
(a) n = 500 points and we want to calculate their "average" of =
: 1+ n ;
50 n=1
500
X
1 1
50 n 2: 408837.
n=0 1+
50
8 95000
< =
1
(b) n = 5000 points and we want to calculate their "average" of =
: 1+ n ;
500 n=1
5000
X
1 1
500 n 2:398987.
n=0 1+
500
8 950000
< =
1
(c) n = 50000 points and we want to calculate their "average" of =
: 1+ n ;
5000 n=1
50000
X
1 1
5000 n 2:397804 .
n=1 1+
5000
Z11
1
(d) The actual area is dt = ln 11 2: 397 895.
t
1

1
 1.0
y
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2
y = 1/x
0.1
a very thin rectangle
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
x
Area can by …lled up with the red thin rectangles

To see a better the actual rectangles, we use essentially less points,

e.g., n = 10

1.0
y
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x
Rightpoint underestimate

2
 1.0
y
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x
Leftpoint overestimate

2. p
t time in hours, s (t) distance travelled in time t in 10 km, v (t) =
1 + t instantaneous velocity at time t

v-velocity
3

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
t-time
p
The distance s (t) is antiderivative of the velocity v (t) = 1 + t and the
area is the enumeration of the distance travelled from t = 0 till t = 10
hours. The "approximation" of the area is:

3
 Xr
5000
n
1
500 1+ 23: 659 we have s (t) is antiderivative of v (t) =
n=0
500
p
1 + t ! with knowingpthat at the start s (0) = 0, and the antideriv-
2 (t + 1) t + 1 2 2
ative is s (t) = + C ! s (0) = + C = 0 ! C = !
p 3 3 3
2 (t + 1) t + 1 2 22 p 2
s (t) = ! s = s (10) = 11 23: 655km
3 3 3 3
Z10
p 22 p 2
and the actual area is: 1 + tdt = 11 23: 655 .
3 3
0

4
3. Derivatives Antiderivatives
x ! 1 1 ! x+C
xn+1 n n xn+1
! x x if n 6= 1 +C
n+1 n+1
1 1
ln x ! ! ! ln x + C
x x
x
e ! ex ex ! ex + C
sin x ! cos x cos x !
cos x ! sin x sin x !
4. Symbolically we have:
R
(a) antiderivative, called inde…nite integral of f (x) ! f (x) dx =
Rp 2 3
F (x) + C, e.g., 1 + tdt = (t + 1) 2 + C
3
(b) The antiderivative with a speci…c (de…nite) value is called a de…nite
integral, e.g.,
i. Since when we start, we have travelled no distance: s (0) = 0 =
2 3 2
F (0) + C = (1) 2 + C ! C = giving the de…nite distance
3 3
2 3 2
function: S (t) = (t + 1) 2 .
3 3
Z10
p 22 p
ii. The total distance travelled is then S = 1 + tdt = 11
3
0
2 2 22 p
23: 655km : S (0) = , S (10) = 11 therefore S =
3 3 3
S (10) S (0) = F (10) F (0).
b a
(c) interval [a; b] with n equal subintervals, then x= :
n
i. Left-point estimates: start at x = a,
11 1 1
A. e.g. on interval [1; 11] ;with n = 5000 ! x = =
5000 500
start at x = 1;
B. All the other points are then x apart, i.e., the function is
i
evaluated at xi = a + i x, e.g. xi = 1 + ;
500
n
X1 n
X1
C. that gives the left estimates: f (xi ) x = f (a + i x) x,
i=0 i=0
4999 r
p 1 X i
e.g., for f (x) = x + 1 we get 1+ 23:
500 i=0 500
Z10
p
653 < 23: 655 x + tdx is an underestimate, as the
p0
function f (x) = x + 1 is on interval [0; 10] increasing.

5
ii. Right-point estimates: (try to think how to put this one to-
gether)