Both domestic livestock and wild animals

Grazing by domestic livestock encourages the spread of weeds, especially exotic African grasses, and
jeopardises the integrity of native grasses, shrubs, and plant communities that serve as insect homes and food
sources. Protected areas that allow livestock grazing in meadows, forests, mountains, and coastal heaths have
already been impacted. In addition to being major pests, feral deer (fallow, rusa, and red deer in Queensland;
samba in Victoria and the ACT) can cause damage to native shrubs and trees. They eat leaves and terminal
growth, pull shrubs out of the ground, and ringbark a variety of unusual insect food sources and canopy plants.
According to Braysher (2016), feral animals—such as wild pigs—cause damage and destroy vast swathes of
understorey plants.