BASIC NOTES THE COMPONENTS OF CPU:
COMPUTER: It is an electronic device which
accept data, processes, data & generator the
required information.
DATA: Collection of raw facts.
PROCESSING: Work done by the computer as
per our instructions.
INFORMATION: Processed data with same
definite meaning.
PRATS OF COMPUTER:
There are 3 parts,
1) Input unit
2) Output unit
3) CPU
1) INPUT UNIT: It links internal world of
computer.
Ex: keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick,
light pen track ball, MICR (Magnetic Ink
Character Reader)
OCR:(Optical Character Reader /
Recognition)
OMR: (Optical Mark Reader) barcode,
reader, web camera, smart cards
2) OUTPUT UNIT: It links Computer to
external world ex: Monitor, printer,
speaker, and plotter.
TYPE OF MEMORY
Hard Copy: The output from printer
1) Primary Memory (or) Semiconductor
Soft Copy: The output from printer
3) CPU [Central Processing Unit]: It is
considered as heart / brain of a computer
function of CPU is to execute this
instruction given to it.
1) Control unit: Controls the part of
computer.
2) Arithmetic logic unit: Perform arithmetic
and logical function.
3) Memory unit: It is a storage device.
KEYBOARD: Contains 104 keys, normal
keyboard contains more than 108 keys.
“Christopher Latham Shales” was an
American inventor who invented the first
practical type writer & the QWERTY
keyboard still in use today
TYPES OF MOUSE:
1) Mechanical Mouse
2) Optical Mouse
3) Opto - Mechanical Mouse
The mouse was inverted by Douglass
engelbart of Stanford Research institute in
1963.
Binary Digits [Bits] = 0 and 1
1 Kilo byte =1024 bytes
1 Mega byte = 1024 KB
1 Giga byte =1024 MB
1 Terabyte =1024 GB
Byte: It is an unit to measure memory
capacity.
Memory: It is a static device as there are no
violating parts in it.
In Primary Memory there are 2 types
 RAM [Random Access Memory]: It
is a volatile (temporary memory) it
accessible to user, user can read (or)
write any information memory
capacity of RAM 1GB to 10 GB.
  ROM [Read Only Memory]: It is a
Non-volatile [permanent] memory it
is not accessible to user types of
ROM.
 PROM [Programmable ROM]:
User can store permanent information
only once.
 EPROM [Erasable PROM]: User
can not delete location entire data is
erased.
 EEPROM [Electrically EPROM]:
These PROM‟S can be erased
electrically.
NOTE:
RAM is called main memory (or) primary
memory of computer
2) Secondary Memory (or) Magnetic
Memory: It is not a static device. It is in the
form of rotating disks.
Ex: CD, FD, HD, DVD, pen drive etc…
There are 2 types of Secondary Storage device
 Sequential Access Storage Device :
Ex: Tape drive
 Direct Access Storage Device:
Ex: FD, CO, DVD, HD, Pen drive,
Blue Ray disk etc.
FLOPPY DISK (FD):
Memory capacity -1.44 MB
Size – 3.112
Floppy–„A‟ Drive.
Compact Disk (CD):
Memory capacity 700 MB diameter of CD 120
MB.
Single Layer DVD Capacity: 4.7 GB
Dual Layer DVD Capacity: 8.5 GB
Single Layer Blue Disk Capacity: 50 GB
NOTE:
All secondary storage devices are used to transfer
data from one machine to another and it is used to
store data permanently for further purpose.
MOTHERBOARD:
It is the main circuit board /system board of a PC
(Personal Computer). All the computer
components are connected to motherboard.
COMPONENTS OF MOTHERBOARD
BUS: Collection of wires that carries electronic
signals from one component to another
component.
 System Bus: The bus that connects
the major part of computer i.e input,
output & CPU part
 Data Bus: It transmits and receives
data.
 Control Bus: It transmits and
receives sign.
 Address Bus: It transmits the address
memory locations.
PORT:
Connector there are 3 types of ports
 Serial Port: Use to connect mouse
modem & any other small devices.
 Parallel Port: Used to connect printers.
 USB Port [Universal Serial Disk] :
Used to connect keyboard , mouse ,
joystick , web camera ,audio device
etc…
MOTHERBOARD: [Expansion Slots]: Used to
insert cards to a pg that gives extra functions to
our PC. The different card and network card etc..
RAM Stores: Capacity of RAM 1GB to 10 GB
 SMPS [Switched mode power supply]: It
supplies power to all parts of computer.
 CMOS [Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor]: It is a battery used to set
up system data and time & setup
parameters.
 IDE Controller [Integrate Drive
Electronics]: It is used to control hard
drive & CD-ROM drive.
 Floppy Controller: Used to control
floppy drive.
 Cache-Memory: It is placed in between
CPU & RAM.
 Registers: CPU contains number of
temporary units called registers. It store
intermediate data.
MICROPROCESSOR:
It is an integrated circuit on a small chip. The
companies that develop microprocessor are called
chop markers.
 AMD Processor [Advanced Micro devices]:
Alton processor.
 Intel Processor: Pentium I, Pentium II,
Pentium III Pentium IV, & dual core processor
core, core i5,
Core i7
 CYRIX Processor
 Motorola Processor
MONITOR:
It is called VDU [visual display unit].
It is used to view the information.
 CRT Monitor [Cathode Ray Tube]
 LCD Monitor [Liquid Crystal Display]
 LED Monitor [Light emitting Diode]
Pixel: picture element (or) the small dot that
appear on the screen.
Resolution: Distance between 2 or more pixels is
size of the monitor, 14”, 15”, 17”, 21” and so on.
Printer: Used to take hard copy output print out
of our work. There are 2 types of printer.
 Impact Printers: It makes noise while
printing ex: Dot Matrix printer, live
printer, dairy wheel printer.
Dot Matrix Printer: It prints in the form
of group of dots. It prints character by
character. It cannot print colour image
speed 30 to 300 [cps character per second].
Linear Printer: Prints the line by line,
speed 300 to 300 linear per minute [LPM].
 Non –Impact Printer: It doesn‟t make
noise white printing.
Ex: Inject printer, loser printer.
Inject printer: It contains ink filled
cartridge and small nozzles it can print
colour images resolution is 300 DPT
[Don‟t per Inches] speed 1 to 4 PPM
[Pages per Minute].
Loser Printer: It used loser beams for
printing speed 4 to 24 PPM resolutions
600, 1200 DPJ.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
I GENERATION [1945-1955]:
Computers were made up of thermionic
value or vacuum tubes.
Ex: ENIAC, UNIVAT, EDVAC
II GENERATION [1956-1965]:
Transistors were used.
Ex: IB, 7000 series, IBM 1620, IMB 1401.
III GENERARTION [1966-1070]:
Integrated circuits[IC‟s] were used.
EX: IBM 360, IBM 370.
IV GENERATION [1970-onwords]:
LSI [Large Scale Integrated Circuits] and
VCSI [Very Large Scale Integrated
Circuits] were used.
EX: Desktop and laptop computers, IBM
3080, IBM PC, Apple Series.
V GENERATION [Present] [1982 on
words]:
Artificial intelligence is used.
EX: Super computer.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
 ABACUSE: It is a chines devices
made up of wooden frame
containing number of beads used
for + tion and –tion.
 NAPIER BONES: In 1617 John
Napier a Scottish mathematician
invented Napier bones.
 PASCALINE CALCULATOR:
In 1642 Blaisé
Pascal a French mathematician
invented this calculator.
 LEIBNITZ CALCULATOR: In
1673 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz
invented this calculator.
 DIFFERENCE ENGINE: In 1822
Charles Babbage an English
mathematician professor at Cambridge
University invented difference engine.
 ANALYTICAL ENGINE: In 1833 he
improved difference engine he
invented Analytical Engine Charles
Babbage if referred to as father of
computer.
 PUNCHED CARD: In 1804 Joseph
Marin Jacquard invented punched card
to store data.
 Censes Machine: In 1933 Herman
Hollerith invented census machine.
He opened his own company called
computing & tabulating recording
company now it is called IBM.
In 1945 John Van Neumann working
for IBM. He designed the basic
structure of computer that could do
logical function reparative functions
and storage functions
In 1945 fully electronic ENAIC was
built by exert an John W.M Later he
invented EDVAC & UNIVAC.
 ENIAC: Electronic Numeric
Integrator and Computer.
 EDVAC: Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer.
 UNIVAC: Universal Automatic
Computer.
 HARDWARE: All the physical
component of computer.
 SOFTWARE: Set of programs.
 System Software: It is used for
machines.
EX: MS-DOS, MS windows,
Linux, UNIX, computer
interpreter, linker , loader etc..
COMPUTER
LANGUGES
Low level languages: Machine
level language [MLL], assembly
level language [ALL].
 MLL: Instruction had to be entered
in the form of „0‟ and „1‟.
 ALL: English symbols were used
to enter the instructions.
Ex: Sum, sub, store, print, etc…
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE:
General purpose high level language,
specific purpose, high level language
[HLL].
 HLL: It used English like sentences of
helps the user to read, write maintain
documents.
General Purpose: [HLL]: Used in all
fields.
Ex: C, C++
Specific Purpose: [HLL]:
Ex: COBOL [Common business Oriented
Language] used only in business
application.
FORTRAN: [Formula Transaction]
TRANSLATORS
 Computer: It is a transistor program
that converts, the program that
converts the program written in high
level language it translate whole
program at a time.
Ex: C, C++
 Interpreter: It is a translator program
or software that converts the program
written in HLL to MLL it converts line
by line.
Ex: Visual basics.
 Boot Sector virus: In facts boot sector
on computer disks. It cover writes the
original boot sector and replacer with
infected program and marks that as a
bad spot on the computer disk.
Name of the Virus:
 Auto Viruses: Software used to delete
viruses.
Ex: Norton, MC etc
Factors affecting the processing speed of
the computer registers size, RAM size,
clock speed, instruction set, data and
capacity etc.
Versions of Operating System:
Operating System:
Operating system is the mediator between
user and computer hardware it is also
called user friendly software it acts as
translator.
Function of operating system:
 Hardware Management.
 File Management.
 Data Management.
 Memory Management.
 Network Management.
 Security Management.
Types of Operating System:
 Based on number of users: There are
2 types
Single User: Only one user can operate
computer.
Ex: MS-DOS
Multi User: More than one user can operate
computer at a time.
Ex: UNIX, OS, LINUX, etc.
 Based on number of tasks: There are 2
types
Single Tasking: Only one task / work can
be done.
Ex: MS-DOS.
Multi Tasking: More than one task can be
done at a time.
Ex: LINUX, UNIX, window etc.
 Based on application: Therefore 2 types
TUC [Text Unit Character]: Process
only text related data.
Ex: MS-DOS, UNIX
GUI [Graphical User Interface]: Text
picture, video, audio, etc..Multimedia data
can be processed.
Ex: Windows, MAC, LINUX etc.
  DOS-MS-DOS, PC-DOS, For DOS
 LINUX-Red Hat, Mandrake, Sun
 UNIX-Free DSD, HPUX, SON‟OS
 SEOUNIX, AIX,IRIX
 Windows-95/98/200. ME/NT , XP
 Mac OS-OS, Version 10
Windows OS: Invented in the year Nov-
20-1985. It supports number of application
software. It is an user friendly OS.
Version of Windows OS:
 Win-1.0-85, win-2.0-87, win 2.03-88
 Win 3.0-90, win 3.1-92, win 95-95
 Win 98-98, win nie-2000, win NT 3.1-
2000
 Win 2000-2000, win XP-2001 win serve
2003-2003
 Win vista-2007, win serves 2008-2009,
win 7.0-2009
COMPUTER OF WINDOWS:
 Desktop: The 1st servers that appear on the
monitor.
 Icons: Small picture on the desktop. The
default icons are
 My Computer: Store the data in particular
drive.
Ex: HDD, FDD, CD, ROM Drive,
Removable Drive etc
 My Documents: It stores all files &
folders
 Recycle Bin: It stores deleted files and
folders.
 Internet: Explorer, Browser software.
 Task Bar: It is present at the lower and
of the desktop. It consists of start button.
Date/Time indicator & opened
application.
Each window contain the following part:
 Title Bar: It is present at the top of the
windows. It tells the file name. It
consists of 3 buttons, minimize,
maximize, & restore class options.
 Menu Bar: It contains number of
menus, files edit, view etc.
Disk Operating System [Dos]:
 In 1980 Tim Paterson from IBM invented
QDO [Quick Dirty Operating System].
 In 1981 Bill Gates founder of Microsoft
purchases QDOS & introduced as MS-
DOS.
 DOS supports only text. It is also called
TUI/ CUI [Text/ Character use Interface].
 It user character to operate computer.
 It provide number of commands with this
user can operate computer.
 It is a single user and single operating
system.
 Component of MS DOS-To, SYS, MS
DOS< SYS command. Com.
UNIX:
Earlier it was called UNIXCS [Unfixed
Information Computing System] later it is known
as UNIX.
 It is designed for client server network. It
consists of kernel which include takes like
file access, storage security mechanisms &
performs all hardware access.
 It is multi-user & multi tasking.
 It consists of commands like VM, cot is
mkdir.
LINUX: It is a server of UNIX OS created by
LINUX travels in 1990. It is combination of two
words UNIX OS & LINUX to words features are
small as that of UNIX OS but is support graphical
use interface application. All features for internet
connecting & it is freeware.
 CEO of Microsoft-Steve Ballmer.
 CEO of Infosys- S. Gopala Krishna
 CEO of Wipro- T.K Kurien
 CEO of Chairman of IBM- Smallel
palmsiane
 India‟s News fast super computer SAGA-
220
Window Based Basic Applications:
Notepad, word pad, paint, calculator.
NOTEPAD: It is a text editor. The extension of
notepad is text.
WORD PAD: It stored text & picture s extension
is RTF [Rich Text format] UTF rich format.
PAINT: Image editor extension is bmp.
Calculator: Performs calculation.
 Notepad: Consists following menus file,
edit, format, view, help.
 Paint: File, edit, view, image, colour,
help.
 Word pad: File, view, insert, format, help
with standard & format, toolbar.
MS WORD:
It used word processor software word processing
is developed for the purpose to text processing. A
word processor package help up to create edit &
perform various operations of documents.
Ex: word processor-word perfect word star
Microsoft word.
 MS Word is application software used for
documentation. In MS word each
application is called document by default
the name is document.
 The file of extension of ms word is : doc.
Important Function of MS Word Home menu:
 It allows us to format an entire document
using font options.
 It supports bullets, numbers, multilevel
lists, starting line, spacing fill, column &
border options.
 There are 4 types of alignment in MS
word if left, under, right & justify.
 It allows us to find a specific word &
replace the selected word.
 It allow use to move & copy data from
place to another using cut, copy, past
command.
INSERT MENU:
 It helps to design cover page blank
page insert page break.
 It helps to draw to table according to
user requirement.
 It allow is to insert picture, clip arts,
shapes, charts, smart art, hyperlink,
page number, header & footer etc.
PAGE LAYOUT MENU:
 It helps to change the entire designs of the
document including colours, fonts &
themes.
 It allows you to set the page including
paper size, margin & orientation of the
page.
 IT allows us to insert the watermark page
colour & page borders.
REFERENCE MENU:
It allows you to insert good note, captain table of
content etc.
MAILING MENU:
 It helps to create & print envelops &
labels.
 It allow us to create mail merge menus
same message with different address. Mail
merge allows to send multiple copies of
same matter with different address or
receipts.
REVIEW MENU:
 It allows us to user to check the
spelling & grammar to synonyms and
to count the number of letter/ word etc.
 It gives the options to enter the
comment.
 Using protect document option data or
document can be protected.
VIEW MENU:
 MS WORD allows the 5 kinds of views
the default is point by out view.
 Point layout
 Full server leading
 Web layout
 Outline
 Draft
 It is used to show or hide the ruler
 The document can be zoomed in &
zoomed out from 10% to 500%.
MS EXCEL 2007:
MS Excel user electronic spread sheet [ESS]
software. Spread sheet means largest sheet
containing number of rows & columns.
In excel there are 10.48,576 rows & 16,834
columns, Alphabets indicating columns and
number indicating rows. The last column name is
XFD
Excel is mainly used for calculation. In excel
each application is called book by default. The
name is book1. Each workbook contains number
of worksheets by default. There are 3 sheet i.e
sheet 1, sheet 2, sheet 3. The extension of excel is
X15 or X15k.
CELL: Combination of rows & columns in excel
calculation.
Begins With Symbol:
To edit cell contents:
 Double click on the cell & edit.
 Click on formula bar & edit.
 Press F2 to edit.
To Insert Excel rows, column or cell
HOME- INSERT
To delete unwanted rows, column, cell-home
delete to format the cell, rows, column-home,
format cells.
To Insert Chart: INSERT-CHART
The chart wised of MS-Excel allows the user to
create the various kind of charts for selected data.
The different type of chart are column line, PIB,
area, scuttle other charts.
To write 75% in excel type 75 then press%
 When you insert the new column in
between the column „F‟ and „G‟. The new
column name will „G‟.
 When you insert new row between the row
20 & 21. The new row number will 21.
 Cell address is made up of column
alphabet & row number. Ex: 520.
 Combination of two or more cells is called
merging.
 In excel by default always text align at left
& number at right.
 Formula has display formula symbol
number on the selected cells.
 If A6 cell contain grass salary B6 cell
contain deduction. Then get not salary type
the formula A6-B6.
 To fin the amount in table use the function
lookup & reference functions.
LOGICAL FUNCTION:
 AND (): Returns true is all its arguments
are true, return false if any of its arguments
is false.
Ex: = and (27>13, 58>78,100>500) false
=and (28<10, 50>25) true
 OR (): Returns true if any of its argument
is true, returns false if all of its arguments
are true.
Ex: or (28>15, 39<15) true.
 NOT (): Returns true is the condition is
false returns false if the condition is true.
Ex: =not (20>15) false
=not (78<10() true
 IF (): It is a logical function used to cheek
condition. If the condition is true it returns
the 1st statement. If the condition is false it
returns second statement.
Ex: If (age>=18, “major”, minor”)
 In the above formula if the age value is 20.
Then condition is true, means 1st statement
major is returned
DATA MENU:
 It allows us to receive data from external
sources.
 The data can be arranged in ascending or
descending order using sort options.
 The data can be fettered according to
returns requirements using fitter options.
 It allow us to calculate sub total of a given
data using sub total options.
 It also helps for validation of data using
validation options.
FUNCTIONS:
Mathematical and trigonometric functions:
 SUM (): adds all the number in the given
list.
Ex: sum (20, 3050, 80,) 180
 POWER (): Returns the result of a
number raised to a power
Ex: power (2 3) 23=8
 PRODUCT (): Multiples all the numbers.
Ex: product 92, 3) =6
 SQRT (): Returns the square root of a
numbers.
Ex: sqrt (25) 5
 SUM IF (): Adds the cells specified by the
condition.
Ex: sum if (range, condition)
STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS:
 Average (): Returns the average of a given
numbers.
Ex: Average [20, 25, 40]36.6
 Count (): Count the numbers.
Ex: Count [2, 5, 9, 8]4
 Max (): Returns the max or biggest
numbers.
Ex: Max [20, 50, 90, 40]90
 Min (): Returns the min of a given
numbers.
Ex: Min [20, 50, 40, 70]20
DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS:
 Today (): The function returns the current
data.
Ex: today ()
 Now (): Returns current data and time.
Ex: now ()
TEXT FUNCTIONS:
 Upper (): Convert text into upper case
[capital letters].
Ex: Upper (“hallow”) HELLOW
 Lower (): Convert text into lower case
[small letter].
Ex: lwr [“DHARWAD”] dharwad
 Proper (): Convert text into proper case.
Ex: Proper (“hello”) HELLO
 Len (): Returns the length of given text.
Ex: Len [“ICS”] 3
 Repeat (): Repeat the given text into
specified numbers of time.
Ex: Rept [“ICS”] ICS
MS POWER POINT:
MS Power Point presentation the graphical
package for preparing slides power point is used
for presentation and audience.
In power point each application is called
presentation. In one presentation we can include
any number of slides.
Slide: Individual page of presentation the
extension of power point is PPT or PPTX.
To Create a New Presentation:
File-New:
 Auto Content wised: Menu pre-prepared
slide or ready made slides.
 Design Template: Create a new
presentation with background designs.
  Blank presentation: Create a new
presentation without background design.
To Insert a Slide Numbers:
 VIEW: Header and Footer.
 To Change the design of slides: Format
slide design.
 To apply animation effects: Slide show-
custom animation.
 To run slide automatically: slide show-
slide transaction.
 To insert new slide: Insert new slides.
 To insert data and time to a slide: Insert-
data and time.
 To delete a slide: Edit- Delete slide.
MS POWERPOINT 2007
 MS Power point uses presentation graphics
package for preparing slides.
 Power point is used for presentation.
 Each application is called presentation by
default the name is presentation-I.
 In one presentation any number of slides
can be inserted.
 Slides mean individual pages of
presentation.
 The extension of power point is PPT or
PPTX.
 To create a new presentation in power
point use the following option
 Bank Template
 From design Template
 Wizard content wizard
 To insert new slide in power point
presentation select home menu click on
new slide.
 Auto content wised means pre-prepared
slide or ready made slides with design &
matter.
 To change the design of the slide in one
presentation use the optic design
template.
 To change the outline or layout of the
slide use the option layout.
 In power point slides numbers can be
insert by the slide as a footer option.
 The different views of a presentation
slides are normal view displays the slides
in normal way.
Slide Sorter: Arranges all slides in single
window.
Slide Show: Display the slide in full screen.
Notes Pages: Displays note page area.
We can present power point presentation using
monitor projection or movie projector.
ANIMATION MENU:
1. Ti support the user to add animation to the
slides as per user requirement means
special effect given to the slides.
2. May be movement of text movement of
the picture or sound effect this can be done
using the option animation.
Slide Show Menu: To view the menu shoe we
use the option slide show.
To setup the slide & make its rehearsal use the
option setup slide show .ss