• Electrolyte: Acidified water (water • Electrolyte: Molten lead bromide (PbBr2) • Process of electrolysis is a redox reaction (i) Strong

• Process of electrolysis is a redox reaction (i) Strong electrolytes

diluted with H2SO4)
• Electrodes: Platinum foils.
Ionisation of acidified water:
The process of decomposition of a The compounds which either in aqueous
• Temperature: Around 380˚C e.g., Dissociation of NaCl during - Allow large amount of electricity to flow through them.
chemical compound in aqueous solution solution or in molten state allows electric
• Ions present: Pb2+ + Br- electrolysis. NaCl Na++ Cl– current to pass through them.
- Good conductors of electricity.
or in molten state accompanied by a - Almost completely dissociated in fused or aqueous
Electrode reaction
chemical change by using direct electric - Particles: Ions only or ions and molecules

Ch
H2O H+ + OH- At cathode: Pb2+ + 2e- Pb solution state.

ara
2-
Metals Cations Anions current. only.
H2SO4 2H+ + SO4 At anode: Br- - e- Br - Particles: Ions only.

cte
K K+ SO42– e.g., Acid: H2SO4, HNO3 ;

Increasing ease of discharge

Increasing ease of oxidation

Ions present in solution: Br + Br Br2 e.g., Acid: HCl, H2SO4 etc

rist
Increasing ease of discharge at cathode

l y s is
2-
Ca Ca2+ Base: NaOH, KOH.
H+, OH-, SO 4 Overall-reaction: PbBr2 (l) Pb(s) + Br2(g) Base: NaOH, KOH (aqueous or molten state) etc.

ic of
NO–3 Salt: NaCl, CuSO4

Ele
Na Na+

ct r o
Particles present in solution: Salt: NaCl (molten or aqueous), PbBr2 (molten, CuCl2

elect
ctr
2-
H+, OH-, SO 4 , H2O Mg Mg2+ (aq.) etc.

Ele
cations are Cl–

oly
Al Al3+

lead
Reaction at cathode.

rolysi
discharged tes

sis
H+ + e- H Zn Zn2+
Br– Electroly (ii) Weak electrolytes
at cathode

of

olten
pla
Fe Fe3+

s
Br2)
H+H H2 - Allow small amount of electricity to flow through them.

aci
by gain of
I–

tin
Reaction at Anode: Ni Ni2+ Types

dif
electron(s) - Poor conductor of electricity.

fm
um

(P b
Sn Sn4+

ied rod
OH- OH + e- OH– - Partially dissociated in fused or aqueous solution state.

is o
ele
OH + OH H2O+O Pb Pb2+

id e
- Particles: Ions and unionised molecules.

ct

at

lys
O + O O2 ru H H+ • Anions at lower

om
si n e.g., Acids: Carbonic acid, acetic acid etc.

tro
Cu Cu2+ position easily get

e
• At anode: The discharge of OH- ions

Br
g Bases: Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]

ec
Hg Hg2+ discharged at anode.

El
disturbs the ionic equilibrium of water Salts: Ammonium carbonate and lead acetate
and to maintain it more water ionises. Ag Ag+ • Higher anions in
H2O H+ + OH- Au Au 3+ series, very difficult Compound which neither in solution nor in the molten state allows an electric current
SO 4 Non-Electrolytes
s Cu Ele

Definitions and their Examples

4+
Pt Pt to get oxidised.
queou ctr to pass through it. They do not have ions even in solution, contain only molecules. e.g.
ysis of a

Ex
s o
Electrol tr ode lyt
ic Distilled water, alcohol, kerosene, etc.

am
l ec

Ele
pper e The process due to which an c ell
using co (Volt

pl

ctr
ionic compound dissociates a m e t er )

es
fe A non-conducting vessel containing two electrodes immersed in a solution of electrolyte

och
• Electrolyte: Aqueous copper sulphate le into ions in fused into ions in Elec
c tr o fused state or aqueous solution. troch used to bring about a chemical reaction. It converts electrical energy into chemical energy.

emi
• Electrode: Cathode - Cu, Anode - Cu lys emica
(Arrhenius theory, 1887 is l Cell
Dissociation of CuSO4:

cal
2- (Svante Arrhenius) states Theory Ion It is used to convert chemical energy into electrical
CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO 4 of
that acids are substances s Electrodes

seri
a nd
H 2O H+ + OH- elect energy e.g., Simple Voltaic cell, Daniell cell, etc.
2- that dissociates in water rolytic s

es o
Ions present: Cu2+, H+, SO4 , OH- olution

ion
to yield electronically
Electrode reaction:

fm
charged atoms on • A process in which a film of metal El yp

T
At Anode Cu - 2e - Cu 2+
es Two metal plates or wires or graphite rods or gas carbon
(Au, Ag, Ni, etc) gets deposited on ec

eta
molecules called ions, one tro rods immersed in the electrolyte through which the
At Cathode Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
of which is hydrogen ion another metallic article with the help Di lyt

l
current enters and leaves the electrolytic cell.

s
Products: At anode : Cu2+ sso ic
ions are formed (H), and bases ionize in of electricity. cia
water to yield hydroxide tio
At cathode: Pink and reddish brown n An
ion OH. Electrode connected to the positive
Electroplatin
Cu is deposited. od
e terminal of the battery. At this
electrode, oxidation take place and
• For decoration, Reason
s
Electrolysis

Ca
anions migrate to this electrode.
• Electrolyte: sodium argentocyanide

th
protect from rusting

od
or potassiun argentocyanide e
and corrosion.
ilver
g

AgNO3 + NaCN AgCN + NaNO3,

with s ysis
Applications of electrol

Dis
AgCN+ NaCN Na[Ag (CN)2] rticle

Typ
an a Electrode connected to the negative terminal of the battery. At this electrode

soc
Sodium argentocyanide ng
plati

es
Dissociation: Na[Ag (CN)2] Na+ o or reduction take place and cations migrate to this electrode.
lectr

iatio
ple e ial ns at
+Ag+ + 2CN– ; HO H++ OH - nt of io
Exam rge

n
e

ha e

n
fer

atio
c
is rod
Pre

ns The atoms or groups of atoms which carry a positive or negative charges.

Conditio t
d

Ionis
• Separation of ions
ive

• Low temperature, high

ele
ect

current density, low which are already

of
: Refining copper
Sel

Reduction
metal ion concentration. present in an ionic Cation Atoms which carry positive charge and migrate to the
mple compound. s
Exa • Electrovalent
cathode during electrolysis. e.g., Na+, Ca2+, Al3+, etc.
• Electrolyte: A solution of copper compounds show
s

An
sulphate and dilute sulphuric acid
tal • In electrolysis of dissociation. Atoms which carry negative charge and migrate to the anode during electrolysis e.g.
me

io
• Cathode: Thin strip of pure copper –
Cl–, PO43 , SO42–, OH– etc.

ns
e.g., KCl, PbBr2, etc.

Ox
of compounds which contain
ing
• Anode: Impure copper KCl K+ + Cl–

ida
more than one type of • The charge on an ion, positive or negative is equal to the valency of the atom or the
• Reaction At Cathode: Cu2+ 2e- Cu efin
tror cation or anion, one type

tio
ion.
At anode: Cu+ 2e- Cu2+ Elce

n
of ion will be discharged
• The process by which polar covalent compounds are
in preference to others.

Oxi
ls e converted into ions in water solution. • Process in whcih an atom or an ion loses electron(s).
A process in which eta pl • Polar covalent compounds show ionisation.
of m

dis
Zn – 2e– Zn2+
am

metal containing n e.g., HCl, H2CO3, NH4OH etc.

o

ing
ti Fe 2+ – e– Fe 3+
Ex

impurities are purified rac H2O

Ext Fa HCl H+ + Cl– OR

age
electrolytically to give cto

Re
• A chemical process which involves addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen.
rs

du
pure metal.

nt
(a) Addition of oxygen – C + O2 CO2

cin
• Metals like Zn, Pb, • Ionic equation. ag

g
CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO 4
2-
en 2 Mg + O 2 2Mg O.
Hg, Ag and Cu are t
H2O H+ + OH- • Position of ion in series. (b) Removal of hydrogen – H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S
refined by • Process in which an atom or an ion gains electron.
electrolysis. Cations : Cu2+, H+, Anions:, SO42-, OH- • Nature of electrode. Cu2+ + 2e– Cu
At Cathode: Cu2+ and H+ migrate towards cathode • Concertration of ions in solution. S + 2e– S2– • A substance that tends to bring out oxidation by being reduced and gaining
but Cu2+ being lower in electrochemical OR
• The process of extraction of metals by electron(s). e.g., Chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, etc.
series will be discharged • A chemical process which involves removal of
electrolysis. ex– Potassium Cu2+ + 2e- Cu oxygen and addition of hydrogen.
Electrolyte: Fused KBr At Anode: OH- and SO4 will migrate, but OH-
2- • A substance that tends to bring out reduction by being oxidised and losing electron(s).
(a) Removal of oxygen:
Reaction: KBr K+ + Br– being lower in the electrochemical series ZnO + C Zn + CO e.g., Carbon, zinc, HBr, HI, CO, etc.
At cathode: K+ + e– K will be discharged. Trace the Mind Map Cl2 + H2S S + 2HCl
–
At anode: 2Br Br2 + 2e- OH - - e- OH First Level Second Level Third Level


K metal is obtained at cathode. OH - + OH- H2O + O

O+O O2