‫ﻣﺎدة‬

‫اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﯿــــﺔ و اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﯿــــﺔ‬ ‫أھﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺮات‬
‫‪3AC‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد زوروا ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻣﻲ‬

‫‪ _ I‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﯿــﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ a‬ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬

‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪ f‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪ x‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪a.x‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ ‪ a‬و ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫أو ‪f : x → a.x‬‬ ‫‪f (x ) = a.x‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪ a.x‬ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺻﻮرة ‪ x‬ﺑﺎﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫‪ – (2‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ f‬و ‪ g‬و ‪ h‬دوال ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫و ‪h (x ) = − 5.x‬‬ ‫= ) ‪ f ( x‬و ‪g ( x ) = 0x‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ f --‬داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺪد‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ g --‬داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺪد ‪.0‬‬
‫‪ h --‬داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺪد ‪− 5‬‬

‫‪ – (3‬ﺧــﺎﺻﯿـﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ f‬داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ و ‪ x‬ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪم ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪f (x‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ھﻮ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫* ‪ /‬ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ f‬داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ‪f (−5) = :‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺣﺪد ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﺪد ) ‪. f (x‬‬
‫اﻟﺤــﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪f (−5‬‬ ‫‪2 − 5 −10‬‬
‫=‪.a‬‬ ‫× = ‪=3‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ f‬داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ إذن ‪ f (x ) = a.x :‬وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪−5‬‬ ‫‪−5 3 1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪−10‬‬
‫= ) ‪. f (x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫و ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد زوروا ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪ – (4‬اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫* ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪ (O ; I ; J‬ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬

‫ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ھﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﯾﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ‪. O‬‬

‫* ‪ /‬ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬
‫‪ f‬داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪. f (x ) = − 2x :‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻨﺸﺊ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ ) ‪. (O ; I ; J‬‬

‫ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬

‫إذن اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ O‬و ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪. A (1; − 2‬‬

‫* ‪ /‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ --‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ) ‪ M (x ; y‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ‪ f‬ﻓﺈن ‪. f (x ) = y :‬‬

‫‪ --‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ M‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ‪ f‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫)) ‪. M (x ; f (x‬‬

‫‪ _ II‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﯿـــﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ a‬و ‪ b‬ﻋﺪدان ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺎن ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎن ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪ f‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪ x‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪a.x + b‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ داﻟﺔ ﺗﺂﻟﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ ‪ a‬و ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫أو ‪f : x → a.x + b‬‬ ‫=‪f (x‬‬‫‪) a.x + b‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪد ‪ a.x + b‬ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺻﻮرة ‪ x‬ﺑﺎﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ ‪f‬‬

‫‪ – (2‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ f‬و ‪ g‬داﻟﺘﺎن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﺎن ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫و ‪g (x ) = 5‬‬ ‫= ) ‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪− + 11‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ f --‬داﻟﺔ ﺗﺂﻟﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ ‪. −‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪ g --‬داﻟﺔ ﺗﺂﻟﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ ‪. 0‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد زوروا ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪ – (3‬ﺧــﺎﺻﯿـﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ f‬داﻟﺔ ﺗﺂﻟﻔﯿﺔ و ‪ x‬ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪم ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫)' ‪f (x ) − f (x‬‬
‫و ‪x −x '≠0‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ھﻮ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫' ‪x −x‬‬

‫* ‪ /‬ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫و ‪f (1) = − 3‬‬ ‫‪ f‬داﻟﺔ ﺗﺂﻟﻔﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ‪f (3) = 2 :‬‬
‫ﺣﺪد ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ f‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﺪد ) ‪. f (x‬‬
‫اﻟﺤــﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫و ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫=‪f (x‬‬‫ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ داﻟﺔ ﺗﺂﻟﻔﯿﺔ إذن ‪) a.x + b :‬‬

‫‪f (3) − f (1) 2 − (−3) 2 + 3 5‬‬

‫=‬‫‪a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= =‬
‫‪3 −1‬‬ ‫‪3 −1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫=( ‪. f‬‬
‫)‪x‬‬ ‫‪.x + b‬‬ ‫و ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪. b‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ‪:‬‬ ‫‪f (1) = − 3‬‬

‫‪× 1 + b =− 3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪+ b =− 6‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪5 + 2b‬‬ ‫‪−6‬‬
‫= ‪2b‬‬ ‫‪−6−5‬‬
‫‪−11‬‬
‫=‪b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫=( ‪. f‬‬
‫)‪x‬‬ ‫‪.x −‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ – (4‬اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺗﺂﻟﻔﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫* ‪ /‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪ (O ; I ; J‬ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬

‫ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ھﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﯾﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫)) ‪ A (x ; f (x‬و ))' ‪B (x ' ; f (x‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد زوروا ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫* ‪ /‬ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻨﺸﺊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ ) ‪ ، (O ; I ; J‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﯿﺔ ‪ f‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ‪) 2x + 4 :‬‬
‫=‪. f (x‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬

‫) ‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪ (AB‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬ ‫إذن اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ‬

‫)‪B (− 2;0‬‬ ‫)‪ A (0;4‬و‬

‫‪ – (5‬ﺣــﺎﻟﺔ ﺧــﺎﺻﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ a‬ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬

‫اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ f‬اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪ f (x ) = a :‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ داﻟﺔ ﺗﺂﻟﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ ‪0‬‬
‫و ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ) ‪ A (0; a‬و اﻟﻤﻮازي ﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﺎﺻﯿﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫* ‪ /‬ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﻨﺸﺊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ ) ‪ ، (O ; I ; J‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﯿﺔ ‪ f‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬

‫‪. f (x ) = − 2‬‬
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