Human Reproduction

ZOOLOGY

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KH=JEK * 2 + Rete testis → Efferent ductules →
Epididymis → Vas deference
Rete testis → Epididymis → Efferent
ductules → Vas deference
Rete testis → Vas deference →
>>=rent ductules → Epididymis
Efferent ductules → Rete testis → Vas
deference → Epididymis
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ZOOLOGY

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ZOOLOGY

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ZOOLOGY

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ZOOLOGY

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ZOOLOGY

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+JAE9JQ KH=JE9LG;QL=K <ANA<= :Q
EALGLA;;=DD<ANAKAGF
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;@JGEGKGE=K 9F< MF<=J?G K=;GF<
E=AGLA;<ANAKAGF
.H=JE9LGRG9 9J= LJ9FK>GJE=< AFLG
KH=JE9LA<K
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:=;GE==E:=<<=<AF * 2 +
'=Q<A?;=DDK 9FLJME

.=JLGDA;=DDK AFL=JKLALA9D;=DDK
MJAF? KH=JEA9LAGF L@= KH=JEK 9J= -=>=J LG L@= ?AN=F >DGO;@9JL $F AL KGE=
J=D=9K=<>JGE6) / P=EHD9J7* 2 + KH9;=K9J=E=FLAGF=<9K 9F<
$<=FLA>QL@=;GJJ=;LGHLAGF>GJL@=E>JGE
K=EAFA>=JGMKLM:MD=K L@=;G<=K?AN=F:=DGO * 2 +
N9K<=>=J=FK
=HA<A<QEAK G<=K
HJGKL9L=?D9F<
/@= <A>>=J=F;= :=LO==F KH=JEAG?=F=KAK
9F<KH=JEA9LAGFAK6) / 7
* 2 +
AF KH=JEAG?=F=KAK KH=JE9LA<K 9J=
>GJE=< O@AD= AF KH=JEA9LAGF
KH=JE9LGRG99J=>GJE=<
AF KH=JEAG?=F=KAK KH=JE9LGRG9 9J=
>GJE=< O@AD= AF KH=JEA9LAGF
KH=JE9LA<K9J=>GJE=<

ZOOLOGY

"F-# '# .=JLGDA F<JG?=F
;=DDK K
'# "F-# F<JG?=F .=JLGDA
K ;=DDK
F<JG?=F '# $FL=JKLALA9D !.#
K ;=DDK
!.# .=JLGD "F-# '#
A;=DDK
/@=9FL=JAGJHGJLAGFG>L@=KH=JE@=9<AK
;GN=J=<:Q9;9H DAC=KLJM;LMJ=;9DD=<
* 2 +
EA<<D=HA=;= 9FLJME $ /@= 9;JGKGE= AK >ADD=< OAL@ =FRQE=K
9;JGKGE= FGF=G>L@=K= L@9L@=DHAF>=JLADARAF?L@=GNME
(9L;@L@=GDMEF $J=HJ=K=FLAF?H9JLKG> $$/@= F=;C HGKK=KK=K FME=JGMK
L@= KH=JE LG GDMEF $$ K@GOAF? L@=AJ EALG;@GF<JA9
>MF;LAGFK9F<;@GGK=L@=;GJJ=;LGHLAGF $$$/9ADAKJ=KHGFKA:D=>GJKH=JEEGLADALQ
6) -/ P=EHD9J7 * 2 + $1 /@= @ME9FE9D==B9;MD9L=K –
EADDAGFKH=JEK<MJAF?9;GALMK
GDMEF$ GDMEF$$
$$9F<$1 $9F<$$$
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; ;JGKGE= F=J?Q ;@JGEGKGE=K * 2 +
< /9AD "=F=LA; .H=JE9LG?GFA9 5Q?GL=
E9L=JA9D .=;GF<9JQGG;QL=*G?GFA9
9/0< /@=GG?=F=KAKAKE9JC=<DQ<A>>=J=FL>JGE
KH=JE9LG?=F=KAK:=;9MK= * 2 +
AL AK AFALA9L=< <MJAF? =E:JQGFA;
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AL HJG<M;=K KH=JEK 9DKG AF KH=;A9D

;GF<ALAGFK
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9FLJME ;GJHMKDML=ME
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KLJM;LMJ= G> 9 KH=JE /@= >A?MJ= AK +JAE9JQ>GDDA;D=
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@GGK= L@= AF;GJJ=;L KL9L=E=FLK 9:GML /=JLA9JQ>GDDA;D=
AL * 2 + )GF=G>L@=K=
(9L;@ GDMEF $ OAL@ GDMEF $$ 9F<
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9 *G?GFA9 FLJME
: /=JLA9JQ "9E=L=
>GDDA;D= EGL@=J;=DDK
; .=;GF<9JQ #9HDGA<
>GDDA;D=

ZOOLOGY

< .=;GF<9JQ (GJ= D9Q=JK "0,<98 (ADDAGFK G> GG?GFA9 9J= >GJE=<
GG;QL= G>?J9FMDGK9 OAL@AF=9;@GN9JQ=N=JQEGFL@ * 2 +
G<=K
GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM=
9 : ; < 9F<J=9KGFAKL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF
G>9KK=JLAGF
GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF LJM= :ML
J=9KGFAKFGLL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF
G>9KK=JLAGF
KK=JLAGFAKLJM=:MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK=
PLJMKAGFG>K=;GF<HGD9J:G<Q>JGE=?? GL@9KK=JLAGF9F<J=9KGF9J=>9DK=
FM;D=MKG;;MJK6) / 7* 2 + <<0;=498 D9J?= @9HDGA< K=;GF<9JQ
9>L=J =FLJQ G> KH=JE :ML :=>GJ= GG;QL=AK>GJE=<<M=LGMF=IM9D<ANAKAGF
>=JLADAK9LAGF "0,<98 LAFQ K=;GF< HGD9J :G<Q AK
9>L=J>=JLADAK9LAGF >GJE=<<MJAF?L@AK<ANAKAGF * 2 +
:=>GJ==FLJQG>KH=JEAFLGGNME GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM=
KAEMDL9F=GMKDQOAL@>AJKL;D=9N9?= 9F<J=9KGFAKL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF
-=>=J LG L@= ?AN=F >A?MJ= K@GOAF? G>9KK=JLAGF
<A9?J9EE9LA;K=;LAGFNA=OG>GN9JQ /@= GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF LJM= :ML
=F;AJ;D=< H9JL G> >A?MJ= AK K@GOAF? 9 J=9KGFAKFGLL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF
HJG;=KKG>GG?=F=KAK $<=FLA>QAL9KO=DD9K G>9KK=JLAGF
L@= >GDDA;D= O@A;@ AK AFNGDN=< AF L@AK KK=JLAGFAKLJM=:MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK=
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HJAE9L=KAK;9DD=< * 2 +
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.H=JEA9LAGF .=;GF<9JQ>GDDA;D=
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(=F9J;@=L@9L:=?AFK9LHM:=JLQAK
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"0,<98/@=J=AK9KA?FA>A;9FLAF;J=9K=AF
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L@= K=;J=LAGF G> ?GF9<GLJGHAF J=D=9KAF?
FGF=G>L@=K=
@GJEGF=9LHM:=JLQ * 2 +
/@= ;Q;D= G> =N=FLK KL9JLAF? >JGE GF=
GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM= E=FKLJM9LAGFLADDL@=F=PLGF=AK;9DD=<
9F<J=9KGFAKL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF * 2 +
G>9KK=JLAGF E=FGH9MK= E=F9J;@=
GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM= E=FKLJM9D;Q;D= G=KLJGMK;Q;D=
:ML J=9KGF AK FGL L@= ;GJJ=;L /@=E=FKLJM9DH@9K=G>E=FKLJM9D;Q;D=
=PHD9F9LAGFG>9KK=JLAGF D9KLK>GJ * 2 +
KK=JLAGFAKLJM= :MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK= –<9QK –<9QK
GL@9KK=JLAGF9F<J=9KGF9J=>9DK= <9Q –<9QK
<<0;=498 *G?=F=KAK AK AFALA9L=< 9L (=FKLJM9D>DGOJ=KMDLK<M=LG:J=9C<GOF
HM:=JLQ G> * 2 +
=F<GE=LJA9DDAFAF?

ZOOLOGY

:DGG<N=KK=DK $<=FLA>Q L@=E 9F< ;@GGK= L@= ;GJJ=;L
EQGE=LJA9DDAFAF? GHLAGF>JGEL@=;G<=K?AN=F:=DGO
:GL@99F<: * 2 +
(=FKLJM9LAGFGFDQG;;MJKA>* 2 +
AEHD9FL9LAGF@9KG;;MJJ=<
L@=J=D=9K=<GNMEAK>=JLADAR=<
L@=J=D=9K=<GNMEAKFGL>=JLADAR=<
:GL@9F<
/@=D9;CG>E=FKLJM9LAGFE9Q:=<M=LG
* 2 +
HJ=?F9F;Q
KLJ=KK
HGGJ@=9DL@
9DDG>L@=K=
/@=E=FKLJM9DH@9K=AK>GDDGO=<:Q
* 2 + G<=K
>GDDA;MD9JH@9K=
DML=9DH@9K= $F;J=9K= $F;J=9K= KLJG?=FK
=;J=9K= $F;J=9K= KLJG?=FK
K=;J=LGJQH@9K=
=;J=9K= =;J=9K= /=KLGKL=JGF=
:GL@:9F<;
$F;J=9K= =;J=9K= /.#
2@9L ;@9F?=K G;;MJ AF GN9JQ 9F< GJ
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ML=JMK <MJAF? >GDDA;MD9J H@9K= G>
L@GK= AF GDMEF $$ 9F< K=D=;L ;GJJ=;L
E=FKLJM9D;Q;D= * 2 +
GHLAGF >JGE L@= ;G<=K ?AN=F :=DGO
!GJE9LAGFG>"J99>A9F>GDDA;D= 6) /– 7 * 2 +
!GJE9LAGFG>;GJHMKDML=ME
GDMEF$ GDMEF$$
-=?=F=J9LAGFG>=F<GE=LJAME
9 +JGDA>=J9LAN= J=9C<GOFG>
GL@9F< H@9K= =F<GE=LJA9D
/@= ;@9F?=K AF L@= GN9JQ 9F< ML=JMK DAFAF?
<MJAF?HJGDA>=J9LAN=H@9K=9J=AF<M;=<:Q : .=;J=L9JQ !GDDA;MD9J
;@9F?=KAFL@=D=N=DKG> * 2 + H@9K= H@9K=
; (=FKLJM9LAGF 'ML=9DH@9K=
HALMAL9JQ@GJEGF=
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HAF=9D@GJEGF= 9 : ;
:GL@99F<:
$F L@= GN9JQ G> 9 @=9DL@Q @ME9F >=E9D=
E9LMJ= "J99>A9F >GDDA;D= AK ?=F=J9DDQ
HJ=K=FL9JGMF<6) -/ P=EHD9J7
* 2 +
–<9QG>E=FKLJM9D;Q;D= GL@'#9F<!.#9LL9AF9H=9CD=N=DGF
–<9QG>E=FKLJM9D;Q;D= about ‘A’ day of cycle. Choose the correct
–<9QG>E=FKLJM9D;Q;D= option for ‘A’. * 2 +
–<9QG>E=FKLJM9D;Q;D= L@<9Q L@<9Q
MJAF? HJGDA>=J9LAN= H@9K= L@= ?JGOAF? L@<9Q L@<9Q
>GDDA;D=KK=;J=L= * 2 + -=9<L@=>GDDGOAF?KL9L=E=FLK9:GML'#
KMJ?=9F<;@GGK=L@=AF;GJJ=;LGF=
'# !.# * 2 +
?GF9<GLJGHAFK =KLJG?=FK '# KMJ?= AK J9HA< K=;J=LAGF G> DML=9D
-=>=J LG L@= ?AN=F >DGO;@9JL AF O@A;@ @GJEGF=
L@J== H9JLK 9J= D9:=D=< 9K 9F< $LG;;MJKAFL@=EA<G>L@=;Q;D=

ZOOLOGY

'# KMJ?= AF<M;=K <=?=F=J9LAGF G> (D) Secondary follicle → Graafian follicle
;GJHMKDML=ME -=9< L@= >GDDGOAF? KL9L=E=FLK 9:GML
$L;9MK=KGNMD9LAGF ;GJHMK DML=ME 9F< ;@GGK= L@= ;GJJ=;L
/@=J=D=9K=G>GNMEG;;MJK<MJAF?O@A;@ GF=K>JGEL@=>GDDGOAF?GHLAGFK
H@9K=G>E=FKLJM9D;Q;D= * 2 + * 2 +
!GDDA;MD9JH@9K=
+JGDA>=J9LAN=H@9K= $ $LAK>GJE=<<MJAF?GNMD9LGJQH@9K=
*NMD9LGJQH@9K= G>E=FKLJM9D;Q;D=
.=;J=LGJQH@9K= $$ $L K=;J=L=K D9J?= 9EGMFLK G>
/@=GNMD9LGJQH@9K=G>E=FKLJM9D;Q;D=AK HJG?=KL=JGF=
>GDDGO=<:Q * 2 + $$$ $F L@= 9:K=F;= G> GNMD9LAGF L@=
DML=9DH@9K= ;GJHMKDML=ME<=?=F=J9L=K
>GDDA;MD9JH@9K= $1 /@= <=?=F=J9LAGF G> ;GJHMK DML=ME
HJGDA>=J9LAN=H@9K= ;9MK=K <AKAFL=?J9LAGF G>
E=FKLJM9DH@9K= =F<GE=LJAME
)G F=O >GDDA;D=K <=N=DGH AF L@= DML=9D $9F<$$$ $$9F<$$$
H@9K= G> L@= E=FKLJM9D ;Q;D= :=;9MK= $$9F<$1 $9F<$1
6) /*<AK@9 7 * 2 + $F@ME9F:=AF?K H=JE9F=FL;=KK9LAGFG>
E=FKLJM9D;Q;D=AK;9DD=< * 2 +
GL@!.#9F<'#D=N=DK9J=DGOAFL@= (=FGH9MK=
DML=9DH@9K= (=F9J;@=
>GDDA;D=K <G FGL J=E9AF AF L@= GN9JQ *NMD9LAGF
9>L=JGNMD9LAGF )GF=G>L@=K=
!.# D=N=DK 9J= @A?@ AF L@= DML=9D -=>=JLGL@=?AN=F>A?MJ=LG9FKO=J
H@9K= L@= IM=KLAGF FG – /@= >A?MJ= AK
'#D=N=DK9J=@A?@AFL@=DML=9DH@9K= K@GOAF? <A9?J9EE9LA; HJ=K=FL9LAGF G>
(9L;@ L@= H@9K=K G> E=FKLJM9D ;Q;D= N9JAGMK=N=FLK<MJAF?9E=FKLJM9D;Q;D=
?AN=F AF GDMEF $ OAL@ L@= @GJEGF=K $F L@= >A?MJ= 9F< K@GO L@=
K=;J=L=<<MJAF?L@9LH@9K=AFGDMEF $$ D=N=DKG>HALMAL9JQ9F<GN9JA9F@GJEGF=K
@GGK=L@=;GJJ=;LGHLAGF>JGEL@=;G<=K J=KH=;LAN=DQ
?AN=F:=DGO * 2 +
GDMEF$ GDMEF$$
9 !GDDA;MD9J +JG?=KL=JGF=
H@9K=
: *NMD9LGJQ "GF9<GLJGHAFK
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9 : ;
/@= ?J9<M9D AF;J=9K= G> O@A;@ @GJEGF=
KLAEMD9L=KL@=K=;J=LAGFG>@GJEGF=
* 2 +

GL@99F<:
/@=J9HA<AF;J=9K=G>O@A;@@GJEGF=OADD
EGF? L@= >GDDGOAF? O@A;@ ;@9F?= AF<M;= JMHLMJ= G> "J99>A9F >GDDA;D= 9F<
G;;MJK<MJAF?DML=9DH@9K=* 2 + L@=J=:QL@=J=D=9K=G>GNME* 2 +
(A) Corpus luteum → Graafian follicle
(B) Graafian follicle → Corpus luteum
(C) Primary follicle → Secondary follicle

ZOOLOGY

@GGK=L@=AF;GJJ=;LKL9L=E=FL>JGEL@= GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM=
>GDDGOAF? 6) -/ P=EHD9J7* 2 + :ML J=9KGF AK FGL L@= ;GJJ=;L
$ #A?@ D=N=DK G> =KLJG?=F LJA??=JK L@= =PHD9F9LAGFG>9KK=JLAGF
GNMD9LGJQKMJ?= KK=JLAGFAKLJM=:MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK=
$$*G?GFA9D;=DDKKL9JLLGHJGDA>=J9L=9F< GL@9KK=JLAGF9F<J=9KGF9J=>9DK=
?AN= JAK= LG >MF;LAGF9D GN9 AF J=?MD9J <<0;=498MJAF?HJ=?F9F;Q 9DD=N=FLK
;Q;D=K>JGEHM:=JLQGFO9J<K G>L@=E=FKLJM9D;Q;D=KLGH
$$$ .H=JEK J=D=9K=< >JGE K=EAFA>=JGMK
LM:MD=K9J=HGGJDQEGLAD= FGF EGLAD= "0,<98 $F L@= 9:K=F;= G> >=JLADAK9LAGF L@=
$1+JG?=KL=JGF=D=N=DAK@A?@<MJAF?L@= ;GJHMKDML=ME<=?=F=J9L=K * 2 +
HGKLGNMD9LGJQH@9K=G>E=FKLJM9D;Q;D= GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM= 9F<
$9F<$$$ $$9F<$1 J=9KGF AK L@= ;GJJ=;L =PHD9F9LAGF G>
$9F<$1 $9F<$$ 9KK=JLAGF
GFKA<=JL@=>GDDGOAF?>=9LMJ=K GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM= :ML
* 2 + J=9KGF AK FGL L@= ;GJJ=;L =PHD9F9LAGF G>
A/J9FK>GJE9LAGFG>"J99>A9F>GDDA;D=AFLG 9KK=JLAGF
;GJHMKDML=ME KK=JLAGFAKLJM=:MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK=
AA .=;J=LAGF G> D9J?= 9EGMFL G> GL@9KK=JLAGF9F<J=9KGF9J=>9DK=
HJG?=KL=JGF=>JGE;GJHMKDML=ME ,;,
AAA(9AFL=F9F;=G>=F<GE=LJA9DDAFAF?G>
L@=ML=JMK 0;=464C,=498,8/7:6,8=,=498
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;Q;D= L@9L HGKK=KK=K 9DD L@= 9:GN= /@= KH=JEK J=D=9K=< <MJAF? ;GHMD9LAGF
;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K >AF9DDQ J=9;@ LG O@A;@ H9JL G> L@=
!GDDA;MD9JH@9K= !9DDGHA9FLM:= * 2 +
.=;J=LGJQH@9K= $F>MF<A:MDME
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*NMD9LGJQH@9K= EHMDD9
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:=AF<A;9LAN=G>HJ=?F9F;Q DD ;GHMD9LAGFK FGL D=9< LG L@=
"0,<98 (=FKMJ9LAGF GFDQ G;;MJK A> L@= >=JLADAK9LAGF 9F< HJ=?F9F;Q @GGK= L@=
J=D=9K=<GNMEAKFGL>=JLADAK=< * 2 + ;GJJ=;L J=9KGF >GJ L@= K9E= >JGE L@=
>GDDGOAF?GHLAGFK * 2 +
GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM= !=JLADAK9LAGF;9FGFDQG;;MJA>KH=JEK
9F<J=9KGFAKL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF 9J= LJ9FKHGJL=< LG L@= 9EHMDD9JQ
G>9KK=JLAGF AKL@EA;BMF;LAGF:=>GJ=L@=GNME
GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM= !=JLADAK9LAGF ;9F GFDQ G;;MJ A> L@=
:ML J=9KGF AK FGL L@= ;GJJ=;L GNME 9F< KH=JEK 9J= LJ9FKHGJL=<
=PHD9F9LAGFG>9KK=JLAGF KAEMDL9F=GMKDQ LG L@= 9EHMDD9JQ
KK=JLAGFAKLJM=:MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK= AKL@EA;BMF;LAGF
GL@9KK=JLAGF9F<J=9KGF9J=>9DK= !=JLADAK9LAGF;9FGFDQG;;MJA>GNMEAK
<<0;=498 MJAF? K=;J=LGJQ H@9K= L@= LJ9FKHGJL=<LGL@=9EHMDD9JQ–AKL@EA;
D=N=DKG>'#9F<!.#?J9<M9DDQAF;J=9K= BMF;LAGF:=>GJ=L@=KH=JEK
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HJG?=KL=JGF= * 2 + * 2 +
GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM= =HA<A<QEAK
9F<J=9KGFAKL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF N9K<=>=J=FK
G>9KK=JLAGF >=E9D=J=HJG<M;LAN=LJ9;L
J=L=L=KLAK
9H9;AL9LAGF J=>=JK LG ;@9F?=K AF L@=
6$+(/ 7 * 2 +

ZOOLOGY

GNME:=>GJ=>=JLADAK9LAGF ;@GJAGF 9EFAGF
GNME9>L=J>=JLADAK9LAGF (9L;@L@==N=FLK?AN=FAFGDMEF $OAL@
KH=JE9>L=J>=JLADAK9LAGF L@=AJ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;>=9LMJ=KAFGDMEF $$
KH=JE:=>GJ=>=JLADAK9LAGF 9F< ;@GGK= L@= ;GJJ=;L GHLAGF >JGE L@=
-=>=JLGL@=?AN=F>A?MJ=K@GOAF?9FGNME ;G<=K?AN=F:=DGO * 2 +
surrounded by few sperms. Sperm ‘A’ in
GDMEF$ GDMEF$$
L@=>A?MJ=AKLJQAF?LG>=JLADAK=L@=GNME
9 !=JLADAK9LAGF !=E9D=
How will this sperm ‘A’ ensure that no
J=HJG<M;LAN=
GL@=JKH=JE;9F>=JLADAK=L@=GNME LJ9;L
* 2 + : 9H9;AL9LAGF GFL9;L G>
KH=JE OAL@
RGF9H=DDM;A<9
; ;JGKGE9D =>GJ=
J=9;LAGF >=JLADAK9LAGF
9F< 9>L=J
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< .=;GF< HGD9J EHMDD9JQ
:G<Q AKL@EA;
BMF;LAGF
G<=K
9 : ; <

Q AF<M;AF? ;@9F?=K AF L@= ;=DDK G>
;GJGF9J9<A9L9
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H=DDM;A<9D9Q=JG>L@=GNME
Q AF<M;AF? ;@9F?=K AF L@=
/@= =E:JQG @9NAF? – :D9KLGE=J=K AK
H=JANAL=DDAF=KH9;=G>L@=GNME
;9DD=< * 2 +
Q J=D=9KAF? KGE= ;@=EA;9DK LG CADD
:D9KLMD9 ?9KLJMD9
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(GJMD9 AK CFGOF 9K 9 <=N=DGHE=FL9D
AK >GMF< 9L L@= LAE= G> GNMD9LAGF AK
KL9?=6) -/ P=EHD9J7 * 2 +
6) -/ P=EHD9J7 * 2 +
:=LO==FL@=RQ?GL=9F<:D9KLG;QKL
;GJGF9J9<A9L9 :=LO==FL@=:D9KLG;QKL9F<?9KLJMD9
RGF9J9<A9L9 9>L=JL@=AEHD9FL9LAGF
RGF9H=DDM;A<9 :=LO==FAEHD9FL9LAGF9F<H9JLMJALAGF
;@GJAGF -=>=JLGL@=?AN=F>DGO;@9JL $L@9KKGE=
MJAF? 9;JGKGE9D J=9;LAGF L@= KH=JE :D9FC KH9;=K E=FLAGF=< 9K 9F<
6) -/ P=EHD9J7 * 2 + @GGK=L@=;GJJ=;LGHLAGF>GJL@=K=
9F< * 2 +
;GE=KAF;GFL9;LOAL@RGF9H=DDM;A<9
G>L@=GN9
MF<=J?G=K J=9;LAGFK OAL@AF L@=
ML=JAF==FNAJGFE=FLG>>=E9D=
MF<=J?G=K J=9;LAGFK OAL@AF L@=
=HA<A<QE9D=FNAJGFE=FLG>L@=E9D=
HJG<M;=K9F<JG?=FKAFL@=ML=JMK
/@= K=;J=LAGFK G> L@=9;JGKGE= @=DH L@=
KH=JE LG =FL=J AFLG L@= ;QLGHD9KE G>
GNMEL@JGM?@ * 2 +
;GJGF9J9<A9L9 RGF9H=DDM;A<9

ZOOLOGY

4 ;@JGEGKGE=K
?9E=L=K@9N=39F< @9N=4
;@JGEGKGE=K
?9E=L=K@9N=39F<@9N=4
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D=9N9?= L@9L G;;MJK AF L@= RQ?GL= 9K AL
EGN=K L@JGM?@ L@= AKL@EMK G> GNA<M;L
LGO9J<KL@=ML=JMKAK * 2 +
E=AGLA;<ANAKAGF
EALGLA;<ANAKAGF
J=<M;LAGF9D<ANAKAGF
FGF=G>L@=K=
(9L;@ L@= >GDDGOAF? 9F< ;@GGK= L@=
;GJJ=;L GHLAGF >JGE L@= ;G<=K ?AN=F
:=DGO * 2 +
(GJMD9D9KLG;QKL/JGH@G:D9KL$FF=J;=DD

E9KK
D9KLG;QKL(GJMD9/JGH@G:D9KL$FF=J;=DD 96>78 96>78
E9KK 9 /JGH@G:D9KL E:=<<AF? G>
(GJMD9 D9KLG;QKL $FF=J ;=DD E9KK D9KLG;QKL AF
/JGH@G:D9KL L@=
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/JGH@G:D9KL : D=9N9?= "JGMH G> ;=DDK
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<A>>=J=FLA9L= 9K
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E9KK E9KK :D9KLG;QKL
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9F GML=J ;=DD E9KK 9F< AFF=J
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=E:JQG * 2 +

/JGH@G:D9KL $FF=J;=DDE9KK
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/@= =E:=<<AF? G> :D9KLG;QKL AF L@=
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* 2 + -=>=J LG L@= ?AN=F >A?MJ= K@GOAF?
LJ9FKHGJL G> GNME >=JLADAK9LAGF 9F<
HJ=?F9F;Q D9;L9LAGF H9KK9?= G> ?JGOAF? =E:JQG L@JGM?@
=E:JQG?=F=KAK AEHD9FL9LAGF !9DDGHA9FLM:= /@=>A?MJ=AK>GDDGO=<:Q
PLJMKAGFG>K=;GF<HGD9J:G<Q>JGE=?? >GMJ KL9L=E=FLK @GGK= L@= AF;GJJ=;L
FM;D=MKG;;MJK6) /– 7* 2 + KL9L=E=FL9:GMLAL * 2 +
9>L=J =FLJQ G> KH=JE :ML :=>GJ=
>=JLADAK9LAGF
9>L=J>=JLADAK9LAGF
:=>GJ==FLJQG>KH=JEAFLGGNME
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DDL@=@9HDGA<?9E=L=KHJG<M;=<:QL@=
>=E9D=@9N= * 2 +
3 ;@JGEGKGE=K

ZOOLOGY

<<0;=498 /@= :D9KLGE=J=K AF L@=
:D9KLG;QKL9J=9JJ9F?=<AFLGLJGH@G:D9KL
9F<AFF=J;=DDE9KK
"0,<98 /@= LJGH@G:D9KL D9Q=J ?=LK
9LL9;@=<LGL@==F<GE=LJAME * 2 +
9F<J=9KGFAKL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF
G>9KK=JLAGF
:ML J=9KGF AK FGL L@= ;GJJ=;L
=PHD9F9LAGFG>9KK=JLAGF
KK=JLAGFAKLJM=:MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK=
/@= K=;GF< E=AGLA; <ANAKAGF G> GL@9KK=JLAGF9F<J=9KGF9J=>9DK=
K=;GF<9JQ GG;QL= G;;MJK 9>L=J
>=JLADAK9LAGF
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/@==E:JQGOAL@–:D9KLGE=J=KAK
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?=LK=E:=<<=<AFL@==F<GE=LJAME
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<A>>=J=FLA9L=LG>GJE=E:JQG L@= LJGH@G:D9KL 9>L=J AEHD9FL9LAGF 9J=
<<0;=498DD;GHMD9LAGFK<GFGLD=9<LG ;9DD=< * 2 +
>=JLADAK9LAGF9F<HJ=?F9F;Q LJGH@G=;LG<=JE ;@GJAGFA;NADDA
HD9;=FL9 FGF=G>L@=K=
"0,<98 !=JLADAK9LAGF ;9F GFDQ G;;MJ A> /@= KLJM;LMJ9D 9F< >MF;LAGF9D MFAL
L@=GNME9F<KH=JEK9J=LJ9FKHGJL=< >GJE=< :=LO==F L@= <=N=DGHAF? =E:JQG
KAEMDL9F=GMKDQLGL@=9EHMDD9JQ–AKL@EA; >G=LMK9F<E9L=JF9D:G<QAK;9DD=<
BMF;LAGF * 2 + * 2 +
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9F<J=9KGFAKL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF ;@GJAGFA;NADDA
G>9KK=JLAGF LJGH@G=;LG<=JE
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:ML J=9KGF AK FGL L@= ;GJJ=;L HD9;=FL9L@JGM?@ * 2 +
=PHD9F9LAGFG>9KK=JLAGF ;@GJAGFA;NADDA
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<<0;=498 /@= K=;J=LAGFK G> L@= FGF=G>L@=K=
9;JGKGE= @=DH L@= KH=JE =FL=J AFLG L@= @GGK= L@= AF;GJJ=;L KL9L=E=FL 9:GML
;QLGHD9KEG>L@=GNME HD9;=FL9 * 2 +
"0,<98 /@= =FLJQ G> KH=JE AFLG L@=
;QLGHD9KEG>L@=GNMEAKJ=KHGFKA:D=>GJ /@=HD9;=FL9>9;ADAL9L=KL@=KMHHDQG>
L@=;9H9;AL9LAGFG>KH=JEK * 2 + GPQ?=F9F<FMLJA=FLKLGL@==E:JQG
$L @=DHK AF L@= J=EGN9D G> * 9F<
GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM= =P;J=LGJQ O9KL= E9L=JA9DK HJG<M;=<
9F<J=9KGFAKL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF :QL@==E:JQG
G>9KK=JLAGF /@= HD9;=FL9 AK ;GFF=;L=< LG L@=
GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM= =E:JQGL@JGM?@ME:ADA;9D;GJ<
:ML J=9KGF AK FGL L@= ;GJJ=;L +D9;=FL99;LKDAC=9F=F<G;JAF=LAKKM=
=PHD9F9LAGFG>9KK=JLAGF 9F<HJG<M;=KK=N=J9D=FRQE=K9DKG
KK=JLAGFAKLJM=:MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK= 2@A;@ G> L@= >GDDGOAF? @GJEGF=K AK FGL
GL@9KK=JLAGF9F<J=9KGF9J=>9DK= K=;J=L=< :Q @ME9F HD9;=FL9 6) -/
P=EHD9J7 * 2 +

ZOOLOGY

@" KLJG?=F $FF=J;=DDE9KK
+JG?=KL=JGF= '# )GF=G>L@=K=
.=N=J9D @GJEGF=K DAC= @" @+' -=>=JLGL@=?AN=F>A?MJ=K@GOAF?@ME9F
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6) /– 7 * 2 + removal of ‘A’ in the figure affect the
!9DDGHA9FLM:= HALMAL9JQ ?JGOL@G>>G=LMK * 2 +
GN9JQ HD9;=FL9
@GJEGF= L@9L AK K=;J=L=< :Q GN9JQ AF
L@=D9L=JH@9K=G>HJ=?F9F;QAK* 2 +
=KLJG?=F !.#
J=D9PAF @"
/@= @GJEGF=K L@9L AK 9J= HJG<M;=<
<MJAF?HJ=?F9F;QGFDQ * 2 +
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/@= D=N=DK G> =KLJG?=FK HJG?=KLG?=FK
;GJLAKGD HJGD9;LAF =L; AF;J=9K= E9FQ .=;J=LAGFG>@"@GJEGF=OADDKLGH
>GD< AF :DGG< <MJAF? HJ=?F9F;Q $L AK .=;J=LAGFG>J=D9PAF@GJEGF=OADDKLGH
F=;=KK9JQ>GJ * 2 + /J9FKHGJL9LAGFG>KM:KL9F;=KLG9F<
>JGEL@==E:JQGOADDKLGH
KMHHGJLAF?L@=>=L9D?JGOL@ DDG>L@=K=
E=L9:GDA;;@9F?=KAFL@=EGL@=J /@=AFF=J;=DDE9KK;GFL9AFK;=JL9AF;=DDK
L@=E9AFL=F9F;=G>HJ=?F9F;Q ;9DD=<KL=E;=DDKO@A;@@9N=L@=HGL=F;Q
9DDG>L@=K= LG?AN=JAK=LG * 2 +
(9L;@ GDMEF $ OAL@ GDMEF $$ 9F< KH=;A>A;LAKKM=K9F<GJ?9FK
;@GGK=L@=;GJJ=;LGHLAGF>JGEL@=;G<=K 9DDLAKKM=K9F<GJ?9FK
?AN=F:=DGO * 2 + GFDQ;9J<A9;;=DDK9F<@=9JL
GDMEF$ GDMEF$$
FGF=G>L@=K=
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9 : ; <

$EE=<A9L=DQ 9>L=J AEHD9FL9LAGF O@A;@
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=;LG<=JE9F<=F<G<=JE * 2 + L@==F<G> * 2 +
/JGH@G:D9KL
@GJAGFA;NADDA KLEGFL@G>HJ=?F9F;Q

ZOOLOGY

F<EGFL@G>HJ=?F9F;Q (B) Gametogenesis → Gamete transfer →
J<EGFL@G>HJ=?F9F;Q Syngamy → Zygote cell division
L@EGFL@G>HJ=?F9F;Q (cleavage) → cell differentiation →
(9L;@ GDMEF $ OAL@ GDMEF $$ 9F< GJ?9FG?=F=KAK
;@GGK=L@=;GJJ=;LGHLAGF>JGEL@=;G<=K "9E=LG?=F=KAs → Gamete transfer →
?AN=F:=DGO * 2 + Syngamy → Zygote cell division
(cleavage) → organogenesis → cell
GDMEF $ GDMEF $$
<A>>=J=FLA9LAGF
*J?9F (GFL@ G>
<=N=DGHE=FL
(D) Gametogenesis → Syngamy →
<MJAF? Gamete transfer → Zygote cell
HJ=?F9F;Q division (cleavage) → cell
9 #=9JL .=;GF<EGFL@ differentiation → organogenesis
: 'AE:K 9F< !AJKLEGFL@ <<0;=498/@=HD9;=FL9AK;GFF=;L=<LG
<A?ALK L@==E:JQGL@JGM?@9FME:ADA;9D;GJ<
; PL=JF9D !A>L@EGFL@
?=FAL9DA9 "0,<98/@=ME:ADA;9D;GJ<@=DHKAFL@=
< HH=9J9F;= /@AJ<EGFL@ LJ9FKHGJLG>KM:KL9F;=KLG9F<>JGEL@=
G> @9AJ GF =E:JQG * 2 +
@=9<
G<=K
9 : ; < G>9KK=JLAGF
KK=JLAGFAKLJM= :MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK=
GL@9KK=JLAGF9F<J=9KGF9J=>9DK=
<<0;=498 +D9;=FL9 9DKG 9;LK 9K 9F
-=9< L@= >GDDGOAF? KL9L=E=FLK 9:GML
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E9BGJ>=9LMJ=KG>=E:JQGFA;<=N=DGHE=FL
9LN9JAGMKEGFL@KG>HJ=?F9F;Q @GGK= "0,<98$FL@=D9L=JH@9K=G>HJ=?F9F;Q
L@=AF;GJJ=;LKL9L=E=FLK9:GMLAL J=D9PAFAKK=;J=L=<:QHD9;=FL9 * 2 +
* 2 +
(I) The embryo’s heart is the first formed 9F<J=9KGFAKL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF
GJ?9F G>9KK=JLAGF
$$(GKLG>L@=E9BGJGJ?9FKQKL=EK9J= GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM=
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HJ=?F9F;Q =PHD9F9LAGFG>9KK=JLAGF
$$$ /@= >AJKL EGN=E=FL G> >G=LMK AK KK=JLAGFAKLJM= :MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK=
G:K=JN=< <MJAF? L@ EGFL@ G> GL@9KK=JLAGF9F<J=9KGF9J=>9DK=
HJ=?F9F;Q <<0;=498/@=>AJKLEGN=E=FLKG>>G=LMK
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(A) Gametogenesis → Gamete transfer → 9F<J=9KGFAKL@=;GJJ=;L=PHD9F9LAGF
Syngamy → Zygote cell differentiation G>9KK=JLAGF
→ cell division (cleavage) → GL@ 9KK=JLAGF 9F< J=9KGF 9J= LJM=
GJ?9FG?=F=KAK :ML J=9KGF AK FGL L@= ;GJJ=;L

ZOOLOGY

KK=JLAGFAKLJM= :MLJ=9KGFAK>9DK= /@= >G=L9D =B=;LAGF J=>D=P LJA??=JK
GL@9KK=JLAGF9F<J=9KGF9J=>9DK= J=D=9K= G> GPQLG;AF >JGE L@=
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/@=<MJ9LAGFG>HJ=?F9F;QAK;9DD=< 2@A;@ G> L@= >GDDGOAF? @GJEGF=K AK
* 2 + J=KHGFKA:D= >GJ :GL@ L@= EADC =B=;LAGF
H9JLMJALAGF D9;L9LAGF J=>D=P 9F< L@= >G=L9D =B=;LAGF J=>D=P
?=KL9LAGFH=JAG< FGF=G>L@=K= 6*<AK@9 ) / 7 * 2 +
/@= HJG;=KK G> <=DAN=JQ G> L@= >G=LMK AK -=D9PAF KLJG?=F
;9DD=< * 2 + +JGD9;LAF *PQLG;AF
D9;L9LAGF /@=EADCHJG<M;=<<MJAF?L@=AFALA9D>=O
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>G=L9D=B=;LAGFJ=>D=P
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HD9;=FL9
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ZOOLOGY

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Human Reproduction

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ZOOLOGY

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