IDENTIFYING THE EXISTING NATURAL RESOURCES,

STAKEHOLDERS, AND VISITOR MANAGEMENT AT MOUNT BUNDER

CAMPING GROUND, MOUNT BUNDER II, MOUNT HALIMUN SALAK
NATIONAL PARK

By:
BAWI THA LIAN THANG
E3501232801

Field Practicum Report

Ecotourism Resources Management Course

TROPICAL BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION STUDY PROGRAM

GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2024
 INTRODUCTION

Background

Mount Halimun Salak National Park is a protected area located in West

Java, Indonesia, covering a vast area with high biodiversity and unique mountain
forest ecosystems. Geographically, the national park is situated at coordinates
S06°32'14" to S06°55'12" and E106°12'58" to E106°45'50" (Mount Halimun Salak
National Park 2024). This national park encompasses the Halimun and Salak
mountains, with a total area of 113,367 ha after expanding from 40,000 ha in 2003
in three regencies, namely Sukabumi, Bogor, and Lebak regencies. It is a
significant ecological area with high biodiversity, including various ecotourism
resources and attractions. The park was designated in 1992 and expanded in 2003
to include Salak Mountain and surrounding areas (Hennemann 2012; Wicaksana
dan Rachman 2021). The park is managed by a zoning system and serves purposes
such as research, education, tourism, and preservation of native ecosystems
(Rusmana, Agus et al. 2018). Designated as a conservation area, it plays a crucial
role in preserving endemic species like the Javan gibbon and grizzled leaf monkey,
contributing to sustainable and harmonious ecosystems (Ekayani et al. 2019; Qodri
et al. 2020). The park's expansion and management involve various stakeholders,
emphasizing the importance of maintaining environmental sustainability through
activities like tree planting, environmental cleanliness, and socialization efforts
(Ekayani et al. 2014). The socio-cultural literacy of the buffer zone community has
been identified as a key factor in supporting the preservation programs within the
park, highlighting the community's role in conservation efforts (Sawitri 2001).

The Mount Bunder area has a height of between 750-1,050 meters above
sea level and is located within the Gunung Halimun Salak National Park in
Pamijahan sub-district, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (Mutaqin 2023). It offers a
picturesque camping ground spanning approximately 7 hectares amidst stands of
merkusii pine, rasamala, and lower montane forest vegetation (Mutaqin 2023).
Inaugurated by the Minister of Forestry in 1982 as part of sustainable tourism
development initiatives and originally a production forest under Perum Perhutani
equipped with essential facilities like camping spots, a prayer room, and clean
toilets (Kurnia 2023). The area features pine forests divided into several zones with
flat and undulating topography while providing a serene atmosphere with cool air
and stunning natural views for visitors seeking peaceful retreats amid nature.
Additionally, it hosts numerous tourist attractions such as Cihurang Waterfall,
Ciampea Waterfall, Ngumpet II Waterfall, Cigamea Waterfall, Prince Waterfall,
Seribu Waterfall, etc. The camping area is equipped with entrance gates, ticket post
facilities, a visitor center, a resort office, toilets, prayer rooms, and food stalls, as
per the 2009 GHSNP Management Project report. The management of the pine
tourist area, including this camping ground, necessitates the identification of
natural resources, encompassing physical, biological, and socio-cultural aspects.
Mount Bunder's natural allure attracts numerous tourists, making it a popular
choice for those looking to unwind in a refreshing and pristine environment. This
popularity can be attributed to the mountain's unique features, breathtaking views,
and the opportunity for various recreational activities (Kurnia 2023).

Mount Bunder Camping Ground, situated within Mount Bunder II, is part
of the larger Mount Halimun Salak National Park in Indonesia. This national park
is renowned for its rich biodiversity, unique ecosystems, and the intricate balance
between conservation and recreation. The camping ground at Mount Bunder
attracts numerous visitors, both local and international, who come to experience its
natural beauty and engage in various outdoor activities (Kusumoarto dan Ernawati
2018).

The effective management of natural resources, stakeholders, and visitors is

crucial to sustaining the ecological integrity and visitor satisfaction at Mount
Bunder Camping Ground (Sawitri 2001; Kusumawardhani 2022). Identifying and
understanding the existing natural resources is the first step toward implementing
appropriate conservation strategies. This includes cataloging the flora and fauna
present in the area, assessing their health and distribution, and identifying any
potential threats to their sustainability (Yulina et al. 2016; Damayanti et al. 2020).

Stakeholders play a pivotal role in the management of the camping ground.

These include the park's management team, local communities, tourists, tourism
service providers, maintenance and support staff, government authorities, media,
and business operators (Weiler dan Caldicott 2020). Each stakeholder group has
unique interests, responsibilities, and impacts on the camping ground's ecosystem
and visitor experience. Understanding their roles and interrelationships is essential
for developing comprehensive management plans that address the needs of both the
environment and the people involved (Eadens et al. 2009).

Visitor management is another critical component of sustaining the

camping ground. As tourism grows, it brings both opportunities and challenges. On
the positive side, tourism generates revenue that can be reinvested into
conservation and infrastructure improvements. However, it also poses risks such as
environmental degradation, resource overuse, and potential conflicts between
visitors and wildlife. Effective visitor management strategies, including monitoring
visitor satisfaction and behavior, regulating access, and providing education on
responsible tourism, are necessary to mitigate these risks (Pickering 2010; Wyman
et al. 2011).
Objective

The objective of this practicum report paper is:

1. To identify the existing natural resources at Mount Bunder Camping Ground,

Mount Bunder II, Mount Halimun Salak National Park
2. To identify the existing stakeholders and their relationships with each other at
Mount Bunder Camping Ground, Mount Bunder II, Mount Halimun Salak
National Park
3. To identify visitors and analyze visitor management at Mount Bunder Camping
Ground, Mount Bunder II, Mount Halimun Salak National Park
 METHODS

The research was conducted at Mount Bunder Camping Ground, Mount

Bunder II, Mount Halimun Salak National Park within the time period between
February and April 2024. The tools used during the research included a notebook,
pen, camera, and audio recorder.

The research methods used in this study include literature studies,

interviews, and field observations. A series of activities related to library data
collection methods, reading, recording, and processing research materials from
articles related to the field report were also conducted. In writing this field report,
accurate data was collected to discuss and analyze stakeholder resources and visitor
management in Mount Bunder within Mount Halimun Salak National Park.

To gather primary data for this practicum report, literature studies,

interviews, and field observations were carried out. A series of activities related to
library data collection methods, such as reading and recording research materials,
were also conducted. The search for research data involved collecting literature on
resources and stakeholders' involvement in managing visitors at Mount Bunder
within Mount Halimun Salak National Park.

Secondary data supports the primary information gathered during this study.
This includes details about tourist numbers visiting certain destinations or agencies.
Such secondary sources are obtained through internet access as well as previous
theses relevant to the topics covered by this paper.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Overview of Mount Bunder

Mount Bunder is a natural tourist destination located within Mount

Halimun Salak National Park in West Java, Indonesia. The Mount Bunder area has
an elevation ranging from 750 to 1,050 meters above sea level (Mutaqin 2020). In
addition to being the name of a mountain, Mount Bunder is also the name of a
village in Pamijahan sub-district, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. It is renowned for
its refreshing natural beauty, including various natural phenomena, breathtaking
landscapes, and diverse flora and fauna that attract numerous visitors (Gustina
2016). The natural beauty of Mount Bunder, particularly in the Mount Salak Endah
tourist area, has piqued the interest of many people who choose to visit and explore
the surrounding area. This has made Mount Bunder a potential tourist destination
within Mount Halimun Salak National Park . The development and management of
natural tourism in Mount Bunder began in 1988 when Perum Perhutani, the owner
of forest management rights at the Gunung Bunder RPH, BKPH Lewiliang KPH
Bogor, established a camping site named Wana Wisata Gunung Bunder. In 2003,
the Mount Salak area became part of the expanded Mount Halimun National Park,
which is now known as Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS).

Activities such as camping, hiking, and enjoying hot springs are highly
popular among tourists. The strategic location and easy accessibility of this Mount
make it a favored choice for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts. Mount Bunder
Nature Tourism (Wisata Alam Gunung Bunder, WAGB) is one of the natural
tourist destinations within Mount Halimun Salak National Park (Safira et al. 2020).
WAGB offers at least ten natural tourism objects and attractions (Objek dan daya
tarik wisata alam, ODTWA), including Mount Bunder Camping Ground, Kawah
Ratu Climbing, Hot Springs, Ngumpet I Waterfall, Ngumpet II Waterfall, Cihurang
Waterfall, Seribu Waterfall, Geblug Waterfall, Prince Waterfall, and Cigamea
Waterfall (Kurnia 2023). Perum Perhutani has been responsible for the
development and management of tourism in the area since 1988, when it took
charge of the forest for both tourism and non-timber forest products. The strategic
location and ease of access make Mount Bunder Natural Tourism an ideal choice
for many tourists seeking to immerse themselves in the freshness and beauty of
nature (Ekayani et al. 2014; Safira et al. 2020).
 Figure 1. Map of Mount Halimun Salak National Park and Route from IPB
University to Mount Bunder II

Overview of Mount Bunder Camping Ground

This camping ground was founded in 1988 by Perum Perhutani and has a
capacity of up to 1,500 people (Kurnia 2023). The Mount Bunder Camp Site is a
popular feature of the Mount Halimun Salak National Park, catering to visitors who
enjoy camping activities, and the distance between the entrance gate and the
camping area is only 75 meters (Kusumoarto et al. 2017). The camping ground
spans an area of approximately 7 hectares and is located under a stand of merkusii
pine (Pinus sp.), rasamala (Altingia excelsa), and mixed vegetation of lower
montane forest (sub-montane) (Mutaqin 2023). It is one of several natural
attractions in the park and offers an escape for tourists to revel in the freshness and
tranquility of nature. Despite its popularity, the visitation data in the past recorded a
relatively low number of guests. Research was conducted to evaluate visitor
satisfaction and the performance of campground management, with the aim of
improving and developing the site based on visitor expectations. Areas identified
for improvement include the availability of information, bathroom facilities, waste
management, ticket distribution, staff responsiveness, and appropriate pricing
(Safira et al. 2020).
 Figure 2. Overview View of Mount Bunder Camping Ground

The Mount Bunder camping ground is located quite close to Cihurang

Waterfall. You can reach this waterfall by doing a short trek through a fairly
challenging track. However, your tiredness will pay off as soon as you arrive at this
waterfall. Curug Cihurang is a 10-meter-high waterfall in lush mountains. This
waterfall consists of 2 waterfalls that are close to each other. There is a pond that
functions as a reservoir for the water from the waterfall flow. You can swim in this
waterfall while enjoying the coolness of the water. To enter the waterfall area, you
have to pay an additional fee of IDR 2,500 per person (Kurnia 20203; Mutaqin
2023).

Image 1: (A) Mount Bunder Camping Ground, (B) Pine seeds scattered around the
Mount Bunder Camping Ground

Accessibility to Mount Bunder Camping Ground

Two road routes can be taken to get to the Gunung Bunder Camping
Ground from the center of Bogor City, namely:
1. Passing Cipor / Jl Dramaga towards Ciampea, continuing via Jl. Raya
Cikampak – Cicadas, then pass Jl. Bojong Rangkas, Jl. Raya Cibuntu, Jl. Raya
Segog, Jl. Raya Mt. Salak Endah, and Jl. Mt. Bunder. The trip in the direction
of West Bogor can be reached around 25.3 km.
2. The second route can be taken by passing Jl. Raya Ciapus, then pass Jl. Mount
Malang, Jl. Luhur Endah Waterfall, Jl. Pasir Rengit Gunung, Jl. Mount Bunder.
This route can be reached at around 25.2 km.

Accessing the Mount Bunder camping ground is convenient, with an

entrance ticket price of IDR 15,000 per person, as the camping area is located near
the Mount Salak Endah tourist gate (Mutaqin 2023). Visitors can easily reach the
camping ground by car and park next to the tent spots within the camping area.
While the access road transitions from a paved road to a rocky path within the
camping area, it suits city cars and automatic motorbikes. Moreover, the estimated
travel times to reach the Gunung Bunder Camping Ground depends on the place
where you depart from and the time you travel. The journey required from Bogor is
only around 1 hour 15 minutes, then from Depok around 2 hours, 2 hours 15
minutes from Bekasi, and the same 2 hours from Tangerang (Kurnia 2023; Mutaqin
2023).

In addition to the entrance ticket price of IDR 15,000 per person, visitors
should budget for camping costs of IDR 25,000 per person or IDR 175,000 for a
camping package for a minimum of 4 people. Meal costs start from IDR 15,000,
drink costs start from IDR 5,000, and parking fees of IDR 15,000 should also be
considered. Furthermore, the cost of buying firewood is IDR 25,000 per bundle,
and tent rental fees start from IDR 300,000-DR 500,000 (maximum capacity 8
people). While toilet use fees are free, visitors may incur additional expenses for
tent rental, and firewood for campfires, ensuring a comfortable and enjoyable
camping experience at Mount Bunder (Kurnia 2023; Mutaqin 2023).

Identification of Natural Resources

When it comes to natural resources, it encompasses various aspects including

biological, physical, social, and cultural dimensions. The biological aspect of
natural resources involves bioresources such as plants, animals, and
microorganisms that support life and contribute to economic development. The
physical aspect comprises land, water, and air, which are essential for human
activities and welfare (Dacks et al. 2019). Socially, natural resources are subject to
disputes among different actors due to their varying interpretations and societal
needs, leading to conflicts over control and utilization. Additionally, the cultural
aspect of natural resources involves their significance in traditional practices,
indigenous knowledge, and heritage, shaping the relationship between communities
and their environment (Dacks et al. 2019).
 Studying natural resources in the context of national parks is of utmost
importance for several reasons. It helps in understanding and conserving the
diverse ecosystems present within national parks, and aids in identifying and
protecting valuable natural resources, such as endangered species or unique
geological formations. Additionally, it assists in managing and sustainably utilizing
natural resources for various purposes like research, education, tourism, and
recreation while allowing for the development of effective policies and regulations
to ensure the long-term sustainability of these resources within national parks. By
studying natural resources in this context, we can gain a deeper understanding of
the intricate relationships between biodiversity, ecosystems, and human activities
(Damayanti et al. 2020).

According to the research by Safira et al. 2020, the results of the

identification of indicators of natural resource elements are as follows:

Table 1. Results of identification of indicators of natural resource elements (Safira et al.

2020)

According to the above table, we can confirm that the natural resources at the
Mount Bunder Camping Ground have good potential indicators as well as good indicators
(Safira et al. 2020).

Physical Resources

The natural physical resources of Mount Halimun-Salak National Park include

land, water, and air, which are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and
sustainability. The park's land serves as a habitat for diverse vegetation, including
damar plants with economic potential (Kusumoarto dan Ernawati 2018). Forestry
programs also contribute to increasing carbon stock and vegetation cover
(Hennemann 2012). Water resources within the park support local communities
and wildlife, and tourism activities provide economic benefits (Ekayani et al. 2014;
Kusumoarto dan Ernawati 2018). Additionally, the park's air quality is vital for the
well-being of its ecosystems and visitors, highlighting the importance of preserving
the natural environment to sustain tourism and economic growth (Ekayani et al.
2019). Hence, the interplay of these aspects underscores the importance of
conserving Mount Halimun-Salak National Park's natural physical resources for
both environmental protection and community welfare.

The physical terrain of the park covers 113,357 hectares and includes various
ecosystems ranging from lowland to mountain regions. The type of land influences
the types of flora and fauna that can survive there, as well as the types of human
activities that can be supported (Kusumoarto et al. 2017). Moreover, the park's
hydrological resources include an annual rainfall ranging from 4,000 to 6,000 mm
per year. Water resources are crucial for maintaining the park's ecosystems, and
providing water for plants, animals, and human use (Adalina et al. 2014;
Damayanti et al. 2020).

Meanwhile, the physical condition of the land around the nearest waterfall,
Cihurang Waterfall, reflects the unique characteristics of the tropical rainforest
landscape in the area. The soil is often found in damp and soft conditions due to
high humidity and frequent rainfall, especially during the rainy season. This soil
also has a good ability to store water and nutrients, which is important to support
lush vegetation growth around the waterfall. Due to high rainfall and strong water
flow around the waterfall, soil erosion is often a problem that affects the physical
condition of this area (Kurnia 2023; Mutaqin 2023).

Biological Resources

This national park is rich in biological resources, such as wildlife

biodiversity: The park is a habitat for a variety of animals, including endemic
species like the Javan gibbon and the grizzled leaf monkey. These species
contribute to a sustainable and harmonious ecosystem and are integral to the park's
biodiversity (Sawitri 2001). Furthermore, the park features a range of plant species
across different forest ecosystems, including lowland forest, sub-mountain forest,
and mountain forest. For example, in the sub-mountain forest, species such as
rasamala, saninten, huru, puspa, and pasang can be found. The montane forest is
dominated by plants from the Podocarpaceae family, like jamuju and kiputri
(Gunung Salak 2004).
 Image 2. Some of the flora species found in the camping areas

Similarly, the results of observations on the natural resources in the

camping area are detailed in Table 2, highlighting various types of plants identified
throughout the observation area at the practical work site.

Number Local Name Scientific Name Species Individual

1. Pinus Pinus merkusii 1 1000

2. Anggrek Orchidaceae 8 17

3. Lumut Bryophytina 2 107

4. Genjer Limnocharitaceae 1 75

5. Pakis kinca Nephrolepis cordifolia 1 7

6. Ilalang Imperata cylindrica 1 45

7. Terong belanda Solanum betaceum 1 10

Table 2. Species of plants found at the practical location

The presence of pines is a prominent natural resource in the diversity of

flora that dominates the surrounding landscape at Mount Bunder Camping Ground.
In particular, Pinus merkusii, known as teak pine, is one of the species frequently
encountered in this area. These pine trees are scattered along the camping ground.
The characteristic pointed leaves and distinctive color of the bark make it easy to
recognize pine among a variety of other flora observed at Camping Ground based
on field observations. The presence of pines not only adds to the beauty of the
landscape but also makes an important contribution to maintaining the balance of
the ecosystem around the camping ground by providing a unique habitat and
unique microclimate conditions. Pine is therefore an important element that forms
ecological diversity and natural beauty within this region. Visitors to Mount
Bunder Camping Ground in Bogor are attracted to the natural beauty and
biodiversity of the park (Kurnia, 2023).
Social Resources

The traditional or local community is significant in the Gunung Halimun

Salak National Park and its social relationship with the natural resources. Socially,
these resources include food, clothing, medicine, raw materials for the home
industry, and materials for spiritual activities. These aspects are integral to the
traditional knowledge and practices of the indigenous communities, particularly the
Kasepuhan community, and affect their social order and way of life (Rusmana,
Agus et al. 2018). The buffer zone community's socio-cultural literacy is important
for preserving Mount Halimun Salak National Park because it reflects the
community’s awareness and understanding of their role in maintaining the
ecosystem. This literacy enables the community to effectively manage natural
resources in ways that are sustainable and oriented towards their interests without
compromising the environment's carrying capacity. Their traditional management
practices are based on principles such as decentralization, community participation,
and sustainability, which have been proven to maintain ecological, socio-cultural,
and economic sustainability. Such literacy supports the park's preservation
programs and helps protect the ecosystem zone's biodiversity (Rusmana, Agus et al.
2018).

The communities living around Mount Halimun Salak National Park are
relatively homogeneous in terms of social status, ethnicity, and religion. All
respondents in the study were Sundanese Muslims, and 88% of them were of
productive age. Despite having low levels of formal education, they generally had a
good level of health (Adalina et al. 2015).

Several challenges characterize the socio-economic conditions of the

communities around Mount Halimun Salak National Park. The communities are
facing resource degradation, and their average income is below the regional
minimum wage of the West Java and Banten Provinces. The income from the land
within TNGHS contributes to about 38.65% of the total household income for these
communities. The majority of the communities are indigenous Sundanese Muslim
people, with most individuals being of productive age. However, in general, they
have low levels of formal education while maintaining a good level of health
(Adalina et al. 2015). The social status of the communities residing near Mount
Halimun Salak National Park is generally characterized by a lower socio-economic
standing. Their income levels are below the regional minimum wage, which
significantly impacts their livelihoods. This economic strain may push community
members to rely on the park's natural resources for their fundamental needs,
including agriculture, firewood, medicinal plants, and other forest products
(Adalina et al. 2015).

The necessity of utilizing these natural resources for daily needs can lead to
increased interaction with the national park environment, sometimes resulting in
resource degradation. Moreover, due to their economic circumstances, these
communities may find it challenging to participate in conservation efforts without
adequate support or alternative livelihood opportunities. There is a balancing act
required between managing the park for conservation purposes and providing for
the socio-economic needs of the surrounding communities (Damayanti et al. 2020).

These conditions suggest that the local economy is struggling, with the
national park's environmental issues and its management affecting the livelihood of
the people living in the surrounding villages. Efforts to improve the welfare of
these communities need to be balanced with the conservation and ecological goals
of the national park (Damayanti et al. 2020). Hence, the management of the park
and the well-being of the local communities are thus deeply intertwined.
Sustainable environmental management strategies that also aim to improve the
social status and economic conditions of the local communities are essential for the
long-term preservation of the park (Adalina et al. 2015).

The change in function of Mount Halimun-Salak National Park from a

production forest managed by Perum Perhutani, a state-owned forest enterprise, to
a conservation area for pine and damar was formalized in 2003. This shift was
marked by the expansion of the park area from 40,000 hectares to 113,357 hectares
as per the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry's decree. The motivation for this change
was to move away from the harvesting of timber, associated with a production
forest, towards the protection and preservation of the ecosystem, including both its
native and exotic plant species like pine and damar. This reflects a philosophical
and operational pivot towards the ecological, economic, and social benefits of a
national park. Conservation areas are intended not only to protect biodiversity and
ecological processes but also to potentially improve the welfare of local
communities living in and around them (Adalina et al. 2015).

In addition, the socio-ecological impacts of ecotourism include positive

changes such as increased local awareness and involvement in environmental
protection and conservation efforts, improved conservation of local ecosystems,
and potential enhancements in the socio-ecological well-being of the community.
However, ecotourism can also bring about negative impacts if not managed
properly, such as environmental degradation due to increased visitor pressure,
cultural disruption, and potential conflicts over resource use. In the context of
specific research such as the one conducted at Mount Halimun Salak National Park,
socio-ecological impacts also involved residents' involvement in local conservation
and research, as well as changes in housing status (Ayuningtyas dan Dharmawan
2011).

Cultural Resources

The area around Resort II on Salak Mountain has significant potential for
cultural tourism, featuring both tangible and intangible heritage. The tangible
heritage includes a wealth of art studios such as sculpture studios, wayang golek
(traditional puppet theater), jaipongan dance, pencak silat (martial arts), degung
(traditional Sundanese music), and marawis degungan (a type of traditional music),
among others, if we look into the past. However, identifying intangible heritage is
more challenging due to the lack of related documentation (Kusumoarto et al.
2017).

The Gunung Halimun Salak National Park is home to a wealth of natural

resources that are deeply entwined with the cultural practices of the local and
indigenous communities. These resources serve not only as a means of subsistence
but are also a pivotal part of the cultural fabric of these societies. The forest, for
instance, provides a diverse array of plants and other materials used in traditional
medicine, reflecting the community's extensive knowledge of the therapeutic
properties inherent in the local ecosystem (Sawitri 2001; Akmaliyah et al. 2020).

Moreover, the park's natural bounty offers a plethora of materials vital for
spiritual activities, including ceremonies and rituals with religious or spiritual
significance. These traditions are an inextricable part of the cultural identity and
heritage of the people who have inhabited these lands for generations. The
materials sourced from the park also form the basis of various crafts and home
industries, such as woodwork, weaving, and dyeing—all of which bear the
hallmark of the community's cultural artistry and ingenuity. The forest's resources
go beyond fulfilling basic needs such as food and clothing; they embody cultural
meanings and traditions that have been passed down through many generations.
The socio-cultural literacy of the community, concerning these resources, is
indispensable for the preservation of their traditional knowledge and cultural
practices, as well as for the ongoing environmental conservation efforts within the
park (Rusmana, Agus et al. 2018).

The cultural aspects of natural resources in Gunung Halimun Salak

National Park, as highlighted in the source, include the traditional practices of the
indigenous Kasepuhan community, such as the 'leuweung entrusted' system and
traditional agricultural methods. The Kasepuhan have a long history of interaction
with the forest, manifested in their house architecture, their agricultural systems,
and their sustainable use and management of the forests around the national park,
which are integral to their way of life. The community still adheres to these
traditions and concepts, which are considered a part of their cultural heritage
(Wahab 2010).
 Figure 3. Overview View of Mount Bunder 2 Village

Identification of Stakeholders

Generally, a stakeholder can be defined as an individual who is involved in

or affected by a course of action. In the context of a national park, stakeholders can
be defined as individuals or groups who have a vested interest in the management,
conservation, and utilization of the park and its resources (Rastogi et al. 2010). The
relationship between stakeholders in a national park is crucial for effective and
sustainable management. Stakeholders in a national park can include local
communities, indigenous people, government agencies, non-governmental
organizations, tourists, recreational users, scientists, and park staff. Stakeholders in
a national park play a vital role in decision-making processes and can influence
policies, plans, and initiatives related to the park (Al-Tokhais dan Thapa 2019).
Their involvement and collaboration are important for two reasons. First,
stakeholders will actively participate in natural resource management activities if
they clearly understand the objectives to be achieved (Setiawan dan Muhammad
2018). And second, the objectives should be connected, either directly or indirectly,
to the stakeholders' interests and offer both tangible and intangible advantages for
them (Lestari et al. 2020).
 Figure 4. Mapping of Stakeholders in Mount Halimun Salak National Park

Stakeholders in Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Their Roles and

Interrelationships

The stakeholders in Mount Halimun Salak National Park include the

manager of resort II, Bogor Regional Government, respective governments of each
regency within the national park, local governments, heads of communities, Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGOs), natural resources conservation agencies,
Ministry of Forestry and Environment, business operators, academicians and
researchers, local communities, tourists and visitors, media, and so on (Sukiman
2024).

These stakeholders form a complex web of relationships, each playing a

unique role in the park's management, conservation, and utilization. The manager
of resort II, along with the Bogor Regional Government, oversees the
administrative and operational aspects of the park. They collaborate closely with
the respective governments of each regency within the national park, ensuring that
regional policies align with the park's conservation goals.

Local governments are integral in implementing regulations and supporting

infrastructure development that benefits both the park and the surrounding
communities. The heads of local communities act as liaisons, communicating the
needs and concerns of residents to park management and vice versa. These
communities often rely on the park for their livelihoods, whether through direct
employment or tourism-related activities (Sukiman 2024).

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) work alongside natural

resources conservation agencies and the Ministry of Forestry and Environment to
promote sustainable practices and protect biodiversity within the park. These
organizations often provide expertise, funding, and advocacy to bolster
conservation efforts. Business operators, including tour companies and local
vendors, depend on the park's natural beauty to attract tourists, thereby contributing
to the local economy (Xu et al. 2009).

Academicians and researchers play a crucial role by conducting studies that

inform conservation strategies and enhance our understanding of the park's
ecosystems. Their findings can influence policy decisions and management
practices. Local communities, who live in and around the park, are both
beneficiaries and stewards of the park's resources. Their traditional knowledge and
practices can be vital for sustainable management (Damayanti et al. 2020).

Tourists and visitors are key stakeholders as their activities generate

revenue and awareness but also pose potential threats to the environment if not
managed properly. Media organizations help raise awareness about the park's
significance, conservation efforts, and any issues that arise, shaping public
perception and engagement (Sukiman).

In summary, the relationships between these stakeholders are

interdependent and collaborative. Effective communication, mutual respect, and a
shared commitment to conservation and sustainable development are essential for
the successful management of Mount Halimun Salak National Park. Equity, trust,
and learning are needed throughout the process of achieving goals to ensure that all
stakeholders feel heard, valued, and included in decision-making processes.
Stakeholders may have different perspectives, needs, and concerns regarding the
national park. However, through collaboration and communication, stakeholders
can find common ground and work towards shared objectives for the sustainable
management and conservation of the park (Al-Tokhais dan Thapa 2019).

Stakeholders in Mount Bunder Camping Ground, Their Roles and

Interrelationships

Similar to the context with the stakeholders at Mount Halimun Salak

National Park, many stakeholders benefit from or are related to this camping
ground, and their roles are different and interconnected with each other in
achieving the goals of providing satisfaction to campers and visitors while
promoting the conservation practices.
 Figure 5. Mapping of Stakeholders in Mount Bunder Camping Ground, Mount
Halimun Salak National Park

The stakeholders at Mount Bunder Camping Ground can be identified as

the Manager of Resort II, local communities, tourists and visitors, tourism service
providers, maintenance and support staff, government authorities, media, and
business operators. Each of these stakeholders plays a crucial role in shaping and
influencing activities related to the camping ground. The relationships between
these stakeholders at the Mount Bunder camping ground are interconnected and
collaborative, with each playing a vital role in the sustainable management and
operation of the area. The Manager of Resort II oversees the overall operations of
the camping ground, ensuring the maintenance and quality of facilities. This role
requires constant coordination with other stakeholders to promote sustainable
practices and address any issues or concerns raised by visitors and staff. The
manager relies on the input and cooperation of the local communities, who provide
essential services such as guidance, food supplies, and cultural experiences. These
communities benefit economically from tourism-related activities and employment
opportunities generated by the camping ground, creating a mutually beneficial
relationship (Xu et al. 2009).

Tourists and visitors are key stakeholders, as they contribute to the

economic sustainability of the area by utilizing the camping ground and its
facilities. Their experiences and feedback are crucial for the continuous
improvement of services. Tourism service providers enhance these experiences by
organizing camping trips, offering rental services for camping gear, and providing
guided tours and educational programs (Wicaksana dan Rachman 2021; Mutaqin
2023). They collaborate closely with the park management and maintenance and
support staff to ensure visitor safety, satisfaction, and the cleanliness and
functionality of the facilities (Safira et al. 2020).

Government authorities play a significant role in the management of the

camping ground as it is part of the Mount Halimun Salak National Park. They
provide the regulatory framework, resources, and support necessary for the park's
operation, working with the manager and other stakeholders to implement policies
and ensure compliance with environmental and tourism regulations (Gustina 2016).

Media outlets shape public perceptions and attitudes towards the Gunung
Bunder Bogor camping ground. Journalists, bloggers, social media influencers, and
other media professionals influence visitor numbers, community engagement, and
conservation efforts through their coverage and reporting on relevant issues. Their
role is crucial in promoting the camping ground and raising awareness about
conservation efforts and sustainable practices (Kurnia 2023; Mutaqin 2023).

Business operators within and around the Gunung Bunder Bogor camping
ground, including tour operators, accommodation providers, food vendors, and
recreational equipment suppliers, significantly impact visitor experiences and
economic development in the area. Their activities need to align with the park's
sustainability goals to ensure a positive impact on the environment and local
economy (Kurnia 2023; Mutaqin 2023).

In summary, the relationships between these stakeholders are built on

mutual support, collaboration, and a shared commitment to sustainable tourism,
conservation of natural resources, and enhancement of the visitor experience at the
Mount Bunder camping ground. Each stakeholder's role is integral to the successful
operation and sustainability of the camping ground, highlighting the importance of
continuous communication and cooperation (DeKoninck 2007).

Identification of Visitors

Identifying and analyzing visitor management in national parks is of

significant importance for a multitude of reasons. First, it helps protect the natural
environment and ensures that tourism activities do not harm sensitive areas. Second,
by determining carrying capacity, visitor management analysis can prevent
environmental degradation and the tragedy of the commons (Safira et al. 2020).
Third, understanding visitor needs is crucial to providing a high-quality experience
through informed decisions on infrastructure and amenities. Fourth, effective
management systems improve safety through crowd control and hazard
communication (Cessford dan Muhar 2003). Fifth, the delivery of educational
programs increases awareness about natural resources while fostering
conservation-minded attitudes (Dewi et al. 2022). Sixth, analyzing visitor behavior
allows for the efficient allocation of park resources such as staff time and budget to
areas needing the most support (Cessford dan Muhar 2003). Lastly, well-managed
visitor systems are integral to maintaining sustainable tourism practices that
support local communities while preserving the environment (Safira et al. 2020).
Overall, analyzing visitor management helps balance the three pillars of
sustainability in national parks: environmental integrity, economic viability, and
social equity.

The role of facilities in visitor satisfaction at Gunung Bunder Nature

Tourism is significant. According to research, the facilities available at a tourist
destination like Gunung Bunder have a substantial impact on how satisfied visitors
feel with their experience. If the facilities are improved, visitor satisfaction is likely
to increase. In the study conducted, it was found that facilities influenced visitor
satisfaction by 71.9%, indicating that well-maintained and adequate facilities play a
crucial role in enhancing the enjoyment and contentment of visitors
(Kusumawardhani 2022).

Characteristics of Visitors

Tourist visits to Mount Halimun Salak National Park were observed based
on various characteristics (Table 3). These include gender, age, occupation, and
place of origin. Male tourists outnumber female tourists due to the park's
association with outdoor activities that require physical effort. The majority of
visitors belong to the 18-24 age group, considered fit for outdoor tourism, and are
predominantly unmarried students or private employees seeking relaxation after
their daily routines. Additionally, most tourists come from Bogor, while those
outside the area are less inclined to visit due to distance and busy access (Batubara
dan Putri 2022).

Characteristics Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative

Percent Percent
Gender
Valid Male 60 60.0 60.0 60.0
Female 40 40.0 40.0 100.0

Age
Valid 18 - 24 Year 53 53.0 53.0 53.0
25 - 31 Year 18 18.0 18.0 71.0
32 - 38 Year 8 8.0 8.0 79.0
>38 Year 21 21.0 21.0 100.0

Marital Status
Valid Single (Not Married) 66 66.0 66.0 66.0
Married 34 34.0 34.0 100.0

Latest Education
Valid SMP/MTs (Junior High School) 1 1.0 1.0 1.0
SMA/SMK (Senior High School / 56 56.0 56.0 57.0
Vocational High School)
 Diploma (D1/D2/D3) 8 8.0 8.0 65.0
Sarjana (S1/S2/S3) 35 35.0 35.0 100.0
(Undergraduate/Master's/Doctorate)

Work
Valid Student/University Student 30 30.0 30.0 30.0
Private employees 34 34.0 34.0 64.0
Civil Servant 4 4.0 4.0 68.0
Businessman 14 14.0 14.0 82.0
Other 18 18.0 18.0 100.0

Income/month
Valid <Rp 500.000 31 31.0 31.0 31.0
Rp 500.000 - Rp 1.000.000 8 8.0 8.0 39.0
Rp 1.000.000 - Rp 12 12.0 12.0 51.0
3.000.000
Rp 3.000.000 - Rp 26 26.0 26.0 77.0
5.000.000
>Rp 5.000.000 23 23.0 23.0 100.0

Domicile (Origin of City)

Valid Jakarta 16 16.0 16.0 16.0
Bogor 65 65.0 65.0 81.0
Depok 9 9.0 9.0 90.0
Bekasi 5 5.0 5.0 95.0
Tangerang 3 3.0 3.0 98.0
Other 2 2.0 2.0 100.0

Table 3. Characteristics of visitors to TNGHS (Processed SPSS Data 2020 by

Batubara and Putri 2022)

Even though there is no exact data or information regarding the

characteristics of visitors to Mount Bunder Camping Ground, the most likely
visitors may exhibit a diverse range of characteristics due to the popularity and
accessibility of the area. Visitors to Mount Bunder Camping Ground are typically
outdoor enthusiasts and nature lovers who enjoy camping in a peaceful and
secluded environment (Kurnia, 2023). They are often individuals or families
looking for a break from bustling city life and seeking tranquility in the mountains.
Many visitors to Mount Bunder Camping Ground engage in activities such as
hiking, exploring waterfalls, and taking in the beautiful panoramic views of the
pine forest. Additionally, the campground attracts visitors who appreciate the large
camping area which provides flexibility in choosing a spot for their tent setup.
Furthermore, Mount Bunder Camping Ground is an ideal destination for those who
prefer solo camping or family camping using a campervan. Moreover, the visitors
include students and young travelers because Mount Bunder Camping Ground is
particularly popular among them seeking budget-friendly outdoor adventures. The
affordable camping options and proximity to Bogor make it a convenient choice for
student groups and backpackers. However, this trip to Mount Bunder Camping
Ground is not a type of real adventure as vehicles can reach the camp area directly.
Besides, families also frequent Mount Bunder Camping Ground, especially during
the holiday seasons, seeking a peaceful retreat amidst nature. Family groups engage
in activities like picnicking, hiking, and enjoying quality time together in the serene
environment (Batubara dan Putri 2022).

Visitors Facilities and Services

Facilities and amenities are also provided to ensure that campers can have a
comfortable and enjoyable experience in the park as well as within the camping
area. Some of the facilities include a parking area, signboard, road access, media
information, trash bin, prayer room, canteen, media communication, security post,
safety post, and clean water network. Regarding the parking area, it's wide enough
for the visitors. As for the signboard and notice board, they are indeed placed
before the entrance to the national park and also within the camp area. Similarly,
the road access to the camping ground is very smooth as it's near the entrance of
the national park. However, from the camping area to other travel destinations such
as Cihurang waterfall, the road is very harsh and rocky, even though it can be
accessible with difficulty.

For the media information as part of the pre-trip facilities, there is enough
information available online, such as how to get to the destination, what kinds of
facilities the visitors can expect, what activities the visitors can do, and how they
can rent the tent or other necessities related to camping activities, and so on. Also,
trash bins are provided, and there is a collection of trash within the camping area.
Besides, there is a prayer room where visitors can pray anytime. The canteen or
food stalls are also available with a range of prices according to what the visitors
choose to eat. However, the media communication from the official sources is not
at a satisfactory level. The security post is located at the entrance of the gate, and
the safety post is nearby, but it does not have serious accountability. Regarding
water, there's a clean water provider not only within the national park but also
within the camping area that visitors can use for cooking or taking a bath after
certain activities.

Visitor management includes pre-trip planning, on-site management, and

post-trip evaluation. Pre-trip planning to a tourism destination involves a complex
decision-making process influenced by various factors. Tourists extensively use the
internet to gather information, consult different sources, and search for specific
details about their upcoming trips. This planning phase requires a significant
amount of information to choose the destination, mode of travel, and activities,
highlighting the importance of a centralized information platform utilizing open
data sources to support travelers (Pickering 2010).
 Travellers (People)
Month
Foreigners Local Total
January - 17,355 17,355
February - 4,672 4,672
March - 4,103 4,103
April - 14,098 14,098
May 4 5,339 5,343
June - 32,292 32,292
July - 852 852
August - 11 11
September - 3,748 3,748
October - 2,391 2,391
November - 2,769 2,769
December - 7,057 7,057
Total 4 94,687 94,691

Table 4. Data on the number of visitors to TNGHS in 2021 (Wicaksana dan

Rachman 2021)

The table above demonstrates the total number of visitors to the national
park in 2021, according to the statistics of Mount Halimun Salak National Park.
However, there is currently no update on the number of visitors to this national
park. Regarding the Mount Bunder camping ground, there is no recorded data
except for 2016, when a study by Jubei et al. in 2017 stated that the smallest
number of visitors was 365. Based on online media and the increasing popularity of
camping grounds in recent years, it is certain that the number of visitors has been
increasing annually. Furthermore, the study suggests that the visitor satisfaction
index value for camping activities at Mount Bunder Camping Ground is 69%,
indicating that visitors are satisfied, and it is recommended that the manager
maintains these positive indicators (Jubei et al. 2017). Hence, there is a research
gap concerning the number of visitors to the camping ground, and more data or
research is needed to obtain specific information.

Before visiting the Mount Bunder camping ground, there are facilities such
as the Satri Rimba Athalla Cooperative, which serves as an information service.
Unfortunately, the manager has not effectively implemented the information from
this cooperative (Wicaksana dan Rachman 2021). You can find information about
camping areas on various online websites and social media platforms. Additionally,
you can read reviews that provide details about the facilities and activities available
in the camping area.

Regarding the facilities during the trip, based on existing data by Safira et
al., 2020 and my personal experience during a field trip, the distribution of tickets
to visitors and the responsiveness of janitors are important factors in camping
activities. However, visitor satisfaction regarding these aspects has not met
expectations, and improvements are needed to address this. Visitors still notice
scattered garbage in the camping area (Image 3A).
 Image 3. (A) Trash collection, and (B) Toilet facility at the Mount Bunder
Camping Ground

During the trip, there are many activities like camping, including setting up
tents in the camping area, experiencing overnight stays in nature, away from the
hustle and bustle of city life, and enjoying campfires, but with proper precautions
and permissions. Since the camping area is within the national park with various
travel destinations and tourist attractions, the visitors also explore various hiking
trails that lead through the park's lush forests and scenic landscapes such as to
Kawah Ratu, and also discover amazing waterfalls such as Cihurang waterfall,
Kondang waterfall, a thousand waterfall, and even natural springs along the trails.
Moreover, the campers and visitors can still observe the diverse flora and fauna of
the national park, including rare and endangered species, and engage in bird
watching for various native and migratory bird species, and other animals in their
natural habitats. This is not the end; one of the many visitors' reasons to go
camping is to enjoy nature as forest healing, while another reason is to capture the
stunning landscapes, flora, and fauna of the park. Furthermore, many visitors go
camping using designated picnic areas for family or group picnics and enjoy meals
such as BBQ in the natural setting of the camping area or any designated area
within the park. Lastly, the campers and visitors usually enjoy clear night skies for
stargazing, especially in areas with minimal light pollution (Kurnia 2023; Mutaqin
2023).

Regarding the security and safety of the visitors, there are certainly
measures in place within the national park. According to the study by Safira et al.
(2017), they identify how the satisfaction of visitors to the facilities within the
camping ground using three indicators: the number of safety and security measures
in place, the competence and ability of the staff, and the availability of first aid
resources. In this study, these indicators were found to be potential and good
indicators of visitor satisfaction. However, based on the actual visit and the current
situation within the national park as well as the camping area, there are some
differences compared to what was mentioned. Furthermore, in terms of first aid
availability and response, although they were initially stated as potential and good
indicators, the actual situation is similar to the safety and security of visitors within
the national park (Safira et al. 2020).
 The presence of campers and visitors at Mount Bunder camping ground can
have both positive and negative impacts. On the positive side, tourism brings
economic benefits to the local economy through increased spending on services
like food, guides, and accommodations. This boosts income for local communities
and creates job opportunities in various sectors, from employment in the park to
transportation and retail services. Additionally, tourism fosters cultural exchange
by allowing visitors to engage with local communities and gain a deeper
appreciation of traditions. Interested in culture can motivate communities to
preserve their heritage while raising environmental awareness among visitors
through guided tours and programs about conservation efforts (Stem et al. 2003).
However, the presence of campers and visitors has negative impacts.
Environmental degradation is a concern, with littering and improper waste disposal
harming wildlife and natural beauty. Increased human presence can disturb wildlife,
leading to habitat destruction and stress on animal populations. Overuse of natural
resources like water and firewood can lead to depletion, while frequent use of trails
and camping sites can result in soil erosion and damage to plant life (Lynn dan
Brown 2003).

Moreover, the management of plants and animals at Mount Bunder

Camping Ground involves a multi-faceted approach that combines conservation,
sustainable tourism, research, community involvement, and strict regulation. By
continuously adapting and improving these strategies, the park aims to preserve its
rich biodiversity and ensure that visitors can enjoy its natural beauty responsibly
(Wicaksana dan Rachman 2021).

As the post-trip evaluation or facilities after visiting the Mount Bunder

Camping Ground within Mount Halimun Salak National Park, there are certain
extend that collect information or data regarding the satisfaction of visitors and
campers. Monitoring and evaluating the quality of visitor experiences is essential to
ensure visitor satisfaction and the sustainability of tourism activities in tourist
destinations (Arabatzis dan Grigoroudis 2010).

Table 5. Analysis of low-performance indicators with regulations (Safira et al.

2020)

Notes: √ = Already loaded; x = Not yet loaded,

1 = Regulation of the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature
Conservation Number P.02/IV-SET/2012 of 2012 concerning Nature Tourism
Facilities in National Parks, Tahura, and Nature Tourism Parks;

2 = Regulation of the Minister of Tourism Number 24 of 2015 concerning

Campground Business Standards;

3 = Nature Tourism Community Service Standards (PSLK 2015)

According to the above table, after doing Importance Performance Analysis

(IPA) here are seven indicators that are in top priority, which means that the
performance indicators are low and are the top priority in managing camping
activities at Gunung Bunder Camping ground. The seven indicators were analyzed
with laws and regulations and standard provisions related to nature tourism
activities (Safira et al. 2020).

To the extent I can research, there are no surveys conducted by the manager
of the national park or by the major stakeholders of the camping ground regarding
the satisfaction level of visitors after visiting certain specific destinations.
 CONCLUSION
The Mount Bunder Camping Ground offers a variety of attractions and
activities, such as camping activities and visiting waterfalls, which are very popular
among tourists. However, enhancements in visitor information services, facilities,
and overall management are necessary to fully meet visitor expectations and
improve the satisfaction index, which currently stands at 69%. While the camping
ground promotes economic growth and cultural exchange, it also faces
environmental issues such as littering, wildlife disturbance, and habitat degradation.
Balancing tourism with the conservation of the park's natural resources is essential.
Infrastructure and Services Improvements are needed in facilities such as
bathroom amenities, waste management, and ticket distribution. Additionally,
maintenance and cleanliness, particularly regarding waste disposal, require
attention. Besides, visitor safety and security measures, along with the availability
of first aid, are important indicators of satisfaction. The report paper suggests a gap
between expected and currently provided services.
In conclusion, Mount Bunder Camping Ground has great potential as a
natural tourist destination. However, to enhance visitor experiences and satisfaction,
as well as to preserve the natural beauty and ecological health of Mount Halimun
Salak National Park, significant improvements in visitor facilities, services, and
environmental management practices are necessary.
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