Ch02 Statics of Particles

VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:
2
CHAPTER
STATICS
F. P. Beer
E. Russell -Johnston, Jr. Chapter 2
Statics of
Particles
2 - 1reser
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Contents
Introduction Sample Problem 2.3

Resultant of Two Forces Equilibrium of a Particle
Vectors Free-Body Diagrams
Addition of Vectors Sample Problem 2.4
Resultant of Several Concurrent Sample Problem 2.5
Forces Rectangular Components in Space
Sample Problem 2.1 Sample Problem 2.6
Sample Problem 2.2
Rectangular Components of a Force:
Unit Vectors
Addition of Forces by Summing
Components
2-2
Introduction
• The objective for the current chapter is to investigate the effects of forces
on particles:
- replacing multiple forces acting on a particle with a single
equivalent or resultant force,
- relations between forces acting on a particle that is in a
state of equilibrium.
Focusing on particles does not imply a restriction to tiny bodies. Rather, the
study is limited to analyzes in which the size and shape of the bodies are
not significant, so that all forces can be assumed to be applied at a single
point.
2-3
Resultant of Two Forces
Force: action of one body on another;

characterized by its point of application,
magnitude, line of action and meaning.
Experimental evidence shows that the combined

effect of two forces can be represented by a
single resultant force.
• The resultant is equivalent to the diagonal of

a parallelogram which contains the two
forces in adjacent legs.
• Force is a vector quantity.
2-4
Vectors
• Vector: parameters that have magnitude and direction and
that are added according to the parallelogram law.
Examples: displacements, speeds, accelerations.
• Scalar: parameters possessing magnitude but not
direction. Examples: mass, volume, temperature
• Vector classifications:
- Los vectores fijos o ligados tienen puntos de
aplicación bien definidos que no se pueden cambiar sin
afectar el análisis.
- Los vectores libres se pueden mover libremente en el
espacio sin cambiar su efecto en un análisis.
- Los vectores deslizantes se pueden aplicar en cualquier
lugar a lo largo de su línea de acción sin afectar el
análisis.
• Equal vectors have the same magnitude and direction.
• Negative vector of a given vector has the same magnitude
and the opposite direction.
2-5
Addition of Vectors
• Trapezoid rule for vector addition
• Triangle rule for vector addition
• Law of cosines,
C
B R2 =P 2 +Q 2 −2 PQ cos B
C
⃗R = ⃗P + Q
⃗
• Law of sines,
sin A sin B sin C
= =
B Q R A
• Vector addition is commutative,
⃗P + Q=
⃗ Q+
⃗ ⃗P
• Vector subtraction
2-6
Addition of Vectors
• Addition of three or more vectors through
repeated application of the triangle rule
• The polygon rule for the addition of three or

more vectors.
• Vector addition is associative,
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
P+ Q+ S=( ⃗ ⃗ )+ ⃗
P+ Q ⃗ + ( Q+
S= P ⃗ ⃗S)
• Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
2-7
Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces
• Concurrent forces: set of forces which all
pass through the same point (varias fuerzas
coplanares).
A set of concurrent forces applied to a

particle may be replaced by a single
resultant force which is the vector sum of
the applied forces.
• Vector force components: two or more force

vectors which, together, have the same effect
as a single force vector.
2-8
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
• Graphical solution - construct a
parallelogram with sides in the same
direction as P and Q and lengths in
proportion. Graphically evaluate the
resultant which is equivalent in direction
and proportional in magnitude to the the
diagonal.
The two forces act on a bolt at
A. Determine their resultant. • Trigonometric solution - use the triangle
rule for vector addition in conjunction
with the law of cosines and law of sines
to find the resultant.
2-9
Sample Problem 2.1
• Graphical solution - A parallelogram with sides

equal to P and Q is drawn to scale. The
magnitude and direction of the resultant or of
the diagonal to the parallelogram are measured,
R=98 N α=35 °
• Graphical solution - A triangle is drawn with P

and Q head-to-tail and to scale. The magnitude
and direction of the resultant or of the third
side of the triangle are measured,
R=98 N α=35 °
2 - 10
Sample Problem 2.1
• Trigonometric solution - Apply the triangle rule.
From the Law of Cosines,
R2 =P 2 +Q 2 −2 PQ cos B
=( 40 N )2 + ( 60 N )2 −2 ( 40 N )( 60 N ) cos 155 °
R=97 . 73 N
From the Law of Sines,

sin A sin B
=
Q R
Q
sin A=sin B
R
60 N
=sin 155 °
97 .73 N
A=15 . 04 °
α =20 °+ A
α =35 .04 °
2 - 11
Sample Problem 2.2
SOLUTION:
• Find a graphical solution by applying the
Remolcador
Parallelogram Rule for vector addition. The
Barcaza
parallelogram has sides in the directions of
the two ropes and a diagonal in the direction
of the barge axis and length proportional to
5000 N.
A barge is pulled by two tugboats.
If the resultant of the forces • Find a trigonometric solution by applying
exerted by the tugboats is 5000 N the Triangle Rule for vector addition. With
directed along the axis of the the magnitude and direction of the resultant
barge, determine known and the directions of the other two
sides parallel to the ropes given, apply the
a) the tension in each of the ropes Law of Sines to find the rope tensions.
for  = 45o, • The angle for minimum tension in rope 2 is
b) the value of  for which the determined by applying the Triangle Rule
tension in rope 2 is a minimum. and observing the effect of variations in .
2 - 12
Sample Problem 2.2
• Graphical solution - Parallelogram Rule

with known resultant direction and
magnitude, known directions for sides.
T 1=3700 N T 2=2600 N
• Trigonometric solution - Triangle Rule

with Law of Sines
T1 T2 5000 N
= =
sin 45 ° sin 30 ° sin105 °
T 1=3660 N T 2=2590 N
2 - 13
Sample Problem 2.2
• The angle for minimum tension in rope 2 is
determined by applying the Triangle Rule
and observing the effect of variations in .
• The minimum tension in rope 2 occurs when

T1 and T2 are perpendicular.
T 2 =( 5000 N ) sin 30 ° T 2 =2500 N
T 1= (5000 N ) cos 30 ° T 1=4330 N
α =90 °−30° α =60 °
2 - 14
Tarea
• Resolver los problemas del 2.1 al 2.20, solo números

pares, del libro Beer, Johnston, Mazurek y Eisenberg (9na
edición). Mecánica Vectorial para Ingenieros Estática.
México: McGraw Hill.
2 - 15
Rectangular Components of a Force: Unit Vectors
• May resolve a force vector into perpendicular
components so that the resulting parallelogram is a
rectangle. F⃗x and F⃗y are referred to as rectangular vector
components and
⃗F = ⃗F + ⃗F
x y
• Define perpendicular unit vectors ⃗i and ⃗j which are

parallel to the x and y axes.
Vector components may be expressed as products of the

unit vectors with the scalar magnitudes of the vector
components.
⃗F =F ⃗i +F ⃗j
x y
Fx and Fy are referred to as the scalar components of ⃗F
2 - 16
Addition of Forces by Summing Components
• Wish to find the resultant of 3 or more
concurrent forces,
⃗R = ⃗P + Q+
⃗ ⃗S
• Resolve each force into rectangular components

R x ⃗i + R y ⃗j =P x ⃗i + P y ⃗j +Q x ⃗i +Q y ⃗j + S x ⃗i + S y ⃗j
= ( P +Q + S ) ⃗i + ( P + Q +S ) ⃗j
x x x y y y
• The scalar components of the resultant are

equal to the sum of the corresponding scalar
components of the given forces.
R x = P x +Q x + S x R y= P y +Q y + S y
=∑ F x =∑ F y
• To find the resultant magnitude and direction,
Ry
√ 2 2
R= R x + R y θ=tan −1
Rx
2 - 17
Sample Problem 2.3
SOLUTION:
• Resolve each force into rectangular
components.
• Determine the components of the
resultant by adding the corresponding
force components.
• Calculate the magnitude and direction

Four forces act on bolt A as shown. of the resultant.
Determine the resultant of the force
on the bolt.
2 - 18
Sample Problem 2.3
SOLUTION:
• Resolve each force into rectangular components.
force mag x−comp y −comp
⃗F 1 150 + 129. 9 + 75 . 0
⃗F 80 −27 . 4 +75 . 2
2
⃗F 110 0 −110 . 0
3
⃗F 100 +96 .6 −25 . 9
4
R x =+199 . 1 R y =+14 .3
• Determine the components of the resultant by
adding the corresponding force components.
• Calculate the magnitude and direction.
R=√ 199. 12 +14 . 32 R=199 .6 N
14 . 3 N
tan α= α =4 . 1 °
199 .1 N
2 - 19
Tarea
Resolver los problemas del 2.21 al 2.42, solo números pares,

del libro Beer, Johnston, Mazurek y Eisenberg (9na edición).
Mecánica Vectorial para Ingenieros Estática. México: McGraw
Hill.
2 - 20
Equilibrium of a Particle
• When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is zero, the particle is
in equilibrium.
• Newton’s First Law: If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle will
remain at rest or will continue at constant speed in a straight line.
• Particle acted upon by • Particle acted upon by three or more forces:

two forces: - graphical solution yields a closed polygon
- equal magnitude - algebraic solution
- same line of action ⃗R =∑ F
⃗ =0
- opposite sense
∑ F x=0 ∑ F y =0
2 - 21
Free-Body Diagrams
736 N
Space Diagram: A sketch Free-Body Diagram: A sketch showing

showing the physical conditions only the forces on the selected particle.
of the problem.
2 - 22
Sample Problem 2.4
SOLUTION:
• Construct a free-body diagram for the
particle at the junction of the rope and
cable.
• Apply the conditions for equilibrium by
creating a closed polygon from the
forces applied to the particle.
• Apply trigonometric relations to
determine the unknown force
In a ship-unloading operation, a magnitudes.
3500-N automobile is supported by
a cable. A rope is tied to the cable
and pulled to center the automobile
over its intended position. What is
the tension in the rope?
2 - 23
Sample Problem 2.4
SOLUTION:
• Construct a free-body diagram for the
particle at A.
• Apply the conditions for equilibrium.
• Solve for the unknown force magnitudes.

T AB T AC 3500 N
= =
sin 120 ° sin 2 ° sin 58°
T AB=3570 N
T AC=144 N
2 - 24
Sample Problem 2.5
SOLUTION:
• Choosing the hull as the free body,
draw a free-body diagram.
• Express the condition for equilibrium
for the hull by writing that the sum of
all forces must be zero.
It is desired to determine the drag force
• Resolve the vector equilibrium
at a given speed on a prototype sailboat
hull (casco de un velero). A model is equation into two component
placed in a test channel and three equations. Solve for the two unknown
cables are used to align its bow (proa) cable tensions.
on the channel centerline. For a given
speed, the tension is 40 N in cable AB
and 60 N in cable AE.
Determine the drag force exerted on
the hull and the tension in cable AC.
2 - 25
Sample Problem 2.5
SOLUTION:
• Choosing the hull as the free body, draw a
free-body diagram.
7m 1. 5 m
tan α= =1. 75 tan β = =0 . 375
4m 4m
α=60 .25 ° β=20 .56 °
• Express the condition for equilibrium

for the hull by writing that the sum of
all forces must be zero.
⃗ ⃗ +T
R =T ⃗ +T⃗ +F⃗ =0
AB AC AE D
2 - 26
Sample Problem 2.5
• Resolve the vector equilibrium equation into
two component equations. Solve for the two
unknown cable tensions.
T⃗AB=−( 40 N )sin(60.26 °) ⃗i +(40 N )cos (60.26 ° )
=−34.73 ⃗i +19.84 ⃗j
T⃗AC =T AC sin(20.56 °) ⃗i +T [ AC ] cos (20.56 ° )
=0.3512 T AC ¿ ⃗i +0.9363 T [ AC ] ⃗j
T⃗ =−(60 N ) ⃗j
F D =F D ⃗i
⃗
R=0
=(−34.73+ 0.3512T AC + F D ) ⃗i
(+19.84+ 0.9363 T AC −60) ⃗j
2 - 27
Sample Problem 2.5
⃗R =0
= (−34 .73+ 0 . 3512 T AC + F D ) ⃗i
+ ( 19 .84 +0 . 9363 T −60 ) ⃗j
AC
This equation is satisfied only if each component

of the resultant is equal to zero.
(∑ F x =0 ) 0=−34 .73 +0 . 3512 T AC + F D

(∑ F y =0 ) 0=19 . 84+ 0 .9363 T AC −60
T AC =+ 42 .9 N
F D =+ 19. 66 N
2 - 28
Tarea
Resolver los problemas del 2.43 al 2.70, solo números pares,

del libro Beer, Johnston, Mazurek y Eisenberg (9na edición).
Mecánica Vectorial para Ingenieros Estática. México: McGraw
Hill.
2 - 29
Rectangular Components in Space
• Resolve F h into
rectangular
• The vector ⃗F is • Resolve ⃗F into components.
contained in the horizontal and vertical
plane OBAC. components. Fx  Fh cos 
 F sin  y cos 
F y =F cos θ y
F z  Fh sin 
F h =F sin θ y
 F sin  y sin 
2 - 30
• With the angles between ⃗F and the axes,

F x =F cos θ x F y =F cos θ y F z =F cos θ z
⃗F =F ⃗i +F ⃗j + F ⃗k
x y z
=F ( cos θ x ⃗i +cos θ y ⃗j+ cos θ z ⃗k )
=F ⃗λ
⃗λ=cos θ ⃗i + cos θ ⃗j +cos θ ⃗k
x y z
• ⃗λ is a unit vector along the line of action of ⃗F and
cosθ x , cosθ y , and cosθ z are the direction cosines for ⃗F
2 - 31
Direction of the force is defined by

the location of two points,
M ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and N ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )
⃗
d = vector joining M and N
=d x ⃗i + d y ⃗j+ d z ⃗k
d x= x 2 −x 1 d y = y 2 − y 1 d z =z 2 −z 1
F =F ⃗λ
⃗
⃗λ=1 ( d x ⃗i + d y ⃗j + d z ⃗
k)
d
Fd x Fd y Fd z
Fx= F y= F z=
d d d
2 - 32
Sample Problem 2.6
SOLUTION:
• Based on the relative locations of the
points A and B, determine the unit
vector pointing from A towards B.
• Apply the unit vector to determine the

components of the force acting on A.
• Noting that the components of the unit

vector are the direction cosines for the
The tension in the guy wire is 2500 N. vector, calculate the corresponding
Determine: angles.
a) components Fx, Fy, Fz of the force

acting on the bolt at A,
b) the angles x, y, zdefining the
direction of the force
2 - 33
Sample Problem 2.6
SOLUTION:
• Determine the unit vector pointing from A towards
B.
AB= (−40 m ) ⃗i + ( 80 m ) ⃗j + ( 30 m ) ⃗k
⃗
AB= √ (−40 m )2 + ( 80 m )2 + ( 30 m )2
=94 . 3 m
( ) ( ) ( )
⃗λ = −40 ⃗i + 80 ⃗j+ 30 ⃗k
94.3 94.3 94.3
=−0.424 ⃗i +0.848 ⃗j+0.318 ⃗k
• Determine the components of the force.
⃗F =F ⃗λ
=( 2500 N ) (−0.424 ⃗i +0.848 ⃗j+0.318 ⃗k )
= (−1060 N ) ⃗i + ( 2120 N ) ⃗j + ( 795 N ) ⃗k
2 - 34
Sample Problem 2.6
• Noting that the components of the unit vector are
the direction cosines for the vector, calculate the
corresponding angles.
⃗λ=cosθ ⃗i +cos θ ⃗j+cos θ ⃗k

x y z
=−0.424 ⃗i +0.848 ⃗j+0.318 ⃗k
θ x =115.1∘
θ y =32.0 ∘
θ z =71.5 ∘
2 - 35
Problem 2.7
The direction of the 75-lb

240 lb
A forces may vary, but the
30o angle between the forces
 is always 50o. Determine
the value of  for which
75 lb
50o the resultant of the forces
acting at A is directed
75 lb horizontally to the left.
36
Problem 2.7
Solving Problems on Your Own
240 lb The direction of the 75-lb
A
forces may vary, but the
30o
angle between the forces

is always 50o. Determine
75 lb the value of  for which
50o
the resultant of the forces
75 lb acting at A is directed
horizontally to the left.
1. Determine the resultant R of two or more forces.
2. Draw a parallelogram with the applied forces as two adjacent

sides and the resultant as the included diagonal.
3. Set the resultant, or sum of the forces, directed horizontally.

37
Problem 2.7 Solution
240 lb Determine the resultant R of two
A
or more forces.
30o

75 lb We first Replace the two 75-lb
50o forces by their resultant R1, using
the triangle rule.
75 lb

R1 = 2(75 lb) cos25o = 135.95 lb
25o
50o 25o R1
R1 = 135.95 lb  +25o
38
Draw a parallelogram with the applied forces as two adjacent
sides and the resultant as the included diagonal.
Set the resultant, or sum of the forces, directed horizontally.
R2
Consider the resultant R2
30o +25o of R1 and the 240-lb force
R = 135.95 lb and recall that R2 must be
240 lb 1
horizontal and directed to
the left.
Law of sines:
sin(+25o) sin(30o)
=
240 lb 135.95 lb  + 25o = 61.97o
(240 lb) sin(30 o
)
sin(+25 ) =
o
= 0.88270  = 37.0o
135.95 lb 39
Problem 2.8
y
360 mm
C 450 mm
D A container of weight
O W = 1165 N is supported
500 mm
by three cables as shown.
B 320 mm
Determine the tension in
z A 600 mm x each cable.
40
Problem 2.8
y
360 mm
C 450 mm
O W = 1165 N is supported
500 mm
B 320 mm
z A 600 mm x each cable.
1. Draw a free-body diagram of the particle. This diagram shows

the particle and all the forces acting on it.
2. Resolve each of the forces into rectangular components.

Follow the method outlined in the text.
F
F = F  = (dx i + dy j + dz k)
d 41
Problem 2.8
y
360 mm
C 450 mm
O
W = 1165 N is supported
500 mm
B 320 mm
z A x
600 mm each cable.
3. Set the resultant, or sum, of the forces exerted on the particle

equal to zero. You will obtain a vectorial equation consisting
of terms containing the unit vectors i, j, and k. Three scalar
equations result, which can be solved for the unknowns.
42
y Draw a free-body diagram of the particle.

360 mm
C 450 mm
D
O
F=0
500 mm TAC
TAD
B 320 mm TAB + TAC + TAD + W = 0
z TAB
A 600 mm x
W = _ (1165 N) j
AB = (450 mm)i + (600 mm)j AB = 750 mm
AC = (600 mm)j _ (320mm)k AC = 680 mm
AD = (_500 mm)i + (600 mm)j + (360 mm)k AD = 860 mm

43
y Problem 2.8 Solution
360 mm
C 450 mm Resolve each of the forces
D into rectangular components.
O ⃗
TAC AB
500 mm T AB=T AB λ AB =T AB
TAD
B 320 mm AB
TAB
( )
z 450 600
A 600 mm x = i+ j T AB
W = _ (1165 N) j 750 750
=( 0.6 i+ 0.8 j ) T AB
( ) ( )
⃗
AC 600 320 15 8
T AC =T AC λ AC =T AC = j− k T AC = j − k T AC
AC 680 680 17 17
( )
⃗
AD −500 600 360
T AD=T AD λ AD =T AD = i+ j+ k T AD
A 860 860 860
=
43 (
−25 30
i+
43
18
j + k T AD
43 ) 44
360 mm
C 450 mm Set the resultant, or sum, of
D the forces exerted on the
O
500 mm TAC particle equal to zero.
B 320 mm
TAD TAB Substitution into F = 0,
z
A 600 mm x factor i, j, k and set their
W = _ (1165 N) j coefficients to zero:
0.6 TAB _ 25 TAD = 0 TAB = 0.9690 TAD (1)

43
15 30 T _
0.8 TAB + T + 1165 N = 0 (2)
17 AC 43 AD
_ 8 18 T = 0
T + TAC = 0.8895 TAD (3)
17 AC 43 AD 45
360 mm
C 450 mm
D Substitution for TAB and

O
500 mm TAC TAC from (1) and (3)
B 320 mm into (2):
TAD TAB
z
A 600 mm x
W = _ (1165 N) j
15 30
( 0.8 x 0.9690 + x 0.8895 + )TAD _ 1165 N = 0
17 43
2.2578 TAD _ 1165 N = 0 TAD = 516 N
From (1): TAB = 0.9690 (516 N) TAB = 500 N
From (3): TAC = 0.8895 (516 N) TAC = 459 N46

Problem 2.9
y
A
56 ft Cable AB is 65 ft long, and
the tension in that cable is
3900 lb. Determine (a) the
D x, y, and z components of
 the force exerted by the
O B cable on the anchor B, (b)
the angles x, y, and z
20o
50o defining the direction of
z that force.
C x
47
Problem 2.9
y
A
56 ft Cable AB is 65 ft long, and
the tension in that cable is
O B cable on the anchor B, (b)
the angles x, y, and z
20o
z that force.
C x
1. Determine the rectangular components of a force defined by
its magnitude and direction. If the direction of the force F is
defined by the angles y and , projections of F through these
angles or their components will yield the components of F.
48
Problem 2.9
y
A
Cable AB is 65 ft long, and
56 ft the tension in that cable is
cable on the anchor B, (b)
O B the angles x, y, and z
50o
that force.
z C x
2. Determine the direction cosines of the line of action of a force.
The direction cosines of the line of action of a force F are
determined by dividing the components of the force by F.
Fx Fy Fz
cos x= F cos y= F cos z= F
49
A
Determine the direction cosines of
the line of action of a force.
65 ft
y From triangle AOB:
F Fy
56 ft cos y = 56 ft = 0.86154
65 ft
Fx y = 30.51o
O B
(a) Fx = _ F sin y cos 20o
20o Fz
= _ (3900 lb) sin 30.51o cos 20o
z
Fx = _1861 lb
x
Fy = + F cos y = (3900 lb)(0.86154) Fy = + 3360 lb
Fz = + (3900 lb) sin 30.51o sin 20o Fz = + 677 lb 50

A
Determine the direction cosines
65 ft of the line of action of a force.
y
F Fy Fx _
1861 lb
56 ft (b) cos x = =
F 3900 lb
cos x = _ 0.4771
Fx
O B x = 118.5o
20o Fz
z
From above (a): y = 30.5o
x
Fz 677 lb
cos z = = + = + 0.1736 z = 80.0o
F 3900 lb
51
Problem 2.10
A B
Two cables are tied
together at C and
8.5 ft 9 ft loaded as shown.
C determine the tension
5 ft
396 lb (a) in cable AC,
(b) in cable BC.
12 ft 7.5 ft
52
Problem 2.10
A B
Two cables are tied
together at C and
8.5 ft 9 ft loaded as shown.
C determine the tension
5 ft
396 lb (a) in cable AC,
(b) in cable BC.
12 ft 7.5 ft


53
FREE BODY C: Problem 2.10 Solution
y
Draw a free-body diagram
TBC of the particle.
TAC
12.5 8.5
3.5 4 Set the resultant, or sum, of
x
12 7.5 the forces exerted on the
particle equal to zero.
396 lb
12 T 7.5
 Fx = 0 : AC + 8.5 TBC = 0
12.5
TBC = 1.088 TAC
3.5 4
T
 Fy = 0 : 12.5 AC + 8.5 TBC 396 lb = 0
54
TBC
TAC
12.5 8.5
3.5 4
12 7.5
x
396 lb
(a) Substitute for TBC:
3.5 4
TAC + (1.088 T ) _
396 lb = 0
12.5 8.5 AC
(0.280 + 0.512) TAC _ 396 lb = 0 TAC = 500 lb
(b) TBC = 1.088 (500 lb) TBC = 544 lb

55
Problem 2.11
y
x
Collars A and B are connected
P
by a 25-in.-long wire and can
A slide freely on frictionless rods.
If a 60-lb force Q is applied to
O collar B as shown, Determine
20 in
(a) the tension in the wire when
Q
x = 9 in., (b) the corresponding
z
B x magnitude of the force P required
z to maintain the equilibrium of
the system.
56
Problem 2.11
y Solving Problems on Your Own

x Collars A and B are connected
P by a 25-in.-long wire and can
slide freely on frictionless rods.
A
If a 60-lb force Q is applied to
O collar B as shown, Determine
20 in (a) the tension in the wire when
Q x = 9 in., (b) the corresponding
z
magnitude of the force P required
B x
the system.

57
Problem 2.11
y
x Collars A and B are connected
P by a 25-in.-long wire and can
slide freely on frictionless rods.
A If a 60-lb force Q is applied to
collar B as shown, Determine
O 20 in (a) the tension in the wire when
Q x = 9 in., (b) the corresponding
z magnitude of the force P required
B x
the system.
58
yy Problem 2.11 Solution
x
P _
x i _ (20 in) j + z k
AB = AB
AB = 25 in
A
Draw a free-body diagram of the particle.
O 20 in
Q
z
B x
z Free Body: Collar A
Ny j
 F = 0: P i + Ny j + Nz k + TAB AB = 0
A Substitute for AB and set coefficients

Nz k Pi of i equal to zero:
TAB x
P _
= 0 (1)
TAB AB 25 59
Ny j _
TAB AB
Free Body: Collar B
 F = 0: (60 lb) k + Nx i + Ny j _ TAB AB = 0

B
Nx i Substitute for AB and set coefficients
of k equal to zero:
Q = (60 lb) k
TAB z
60 _
= 0 (2)
25
(a) Since x = 9 in.: (9 in)2 + (20 in) 2 + z 2 = (25 in) 2 z = 12 in
TAB (12)
From eq. (2): 60 _
= 0 TAB = 125.0 lb
25
(125.0 lb)(9 in)
(b) From eq. (1): P = P = 45.0 lb
25 in
60

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VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

Introduction Sample Problem 2.3

Force: action of one body on another;

Experimental evidence shows that the combined

• The resultant is equivalent to the diagonal of

• Force is a vector quantity.

• Triangle rule for vector addition

• The polygon rule for the addition of three or

• Multiplication of a vector by a scalar

A set of concurrent forces applied to a

• Vector force components: two or more force

• Graphical solution - A parallelogram with sides

• Graphical solution - A triangle is drawn with P

From the Law of Sines,

• Graphical solution - Parallelogram Rule

• Trigonometric solution - Triangle Rule

• The minimum tension in rope 2 occurs when

T 2 =( 5000 N ) sin 30 ° T 2 =2500 N

T 1= (5000 N ) cos 30 ° T 1=4330 N

α =90 °−30° α =60 °

• Resolver los problemas del 2.1 al 2.20, solo números

• Define perpendicular unit vectors ⃗i and ⃗j which are

Vector components may be expressed as products of the

• Resolve each force into rectangular components

• The scalar components of the resultant are

• Calculate the magnitude and direction

Resolver los problemas del 2.21 al 2.42, solo números pares,

• Particle acted upon by • Particle acted upon by three or more forces:

Space Diagram: A sketch Free-Body Diagram: A sketch showing

• Apply the conditions for equilibrium.

• Solve for the unknown force magnitudes.

• Express the condition for equilibrium

This equation is satisfied only if each component

(∑ F x =0 ) 0=−34 .73 +0 . 3512 T AC + F D

Resolver los problemas del 2.43 al 2.70, solo números pares,

• With the angles between ⃗F and the axes,

Direction of the force is defined by

• Apply the unit vector to determine the

• Noting that the components of the unit

a) components Fx, Fy, Fz of the force

⃗λ=cosθ ⃗i +cos θ ⃗j+cos θ ⃗k

The direction of the 75-lb

1. Determine the resultant R of two or more forces.

2. Draw a parallelogram with the applied forces as two adjacent

3. Set the resultant, or sum of the forces, directed horizontally.

1. Draw a free-body diagram of the particle. This diagram shows

2. Resolve each of the forces into rectangular components.

3. Set the resultant, or sum, of the forces exerted on the particle

y Draw a free-body diagram of the particle.

AB = (450 mm)i + (600 mm)j AB = 750 mm

AC = (600 mm)j _ (320mm)k AC = 680 mm

AD = (_500 mm)i + (600 mm)j + (360 mm)k AD = 860 mm

0.6 TAB _ 25 TAD = 0 TAB = 0.9690 TAD (1)

D Substitution for TAB and

From (1): TAB = 0.9690 (516 N) TAB = 500 N

From (3): TAC = 0.8895 (516 N) TAC = 459 N46

Fy = + F cos y = (3900 lb)(0.86154) Fy = + 3360 lb

Fz = + (3900 lb) sin 30.51o sin 20o Fz = + 677 lb 50