Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fuzzy Rules and Reasoning
Fuzzy Rules and Reasoning
Fuzzy Rules and Reasoning
Fuzzy Rules
and Fuzzy Reasoning
(chapter 3)
Page 1
1
8/28/2003
Outline
Extension principle
Fuzzy relations
Fuzzy IF-THEN rules
Compositional rule of inference
Fuzzy reasoning
Extension Principle
Extends crisp domains of mathematical
expressions to fuzzy domains
A is a fuzzy set on X :
A = µ A ( x1 ) / x1 + µ A ( x 2 ) / x 2 + + µ A ( xn ) / xn
Page 2
2
8/28/2003
f(x)=x2-3
B=0.1/1+0.4/-2+0.8/-3+0.9/-2+0.3/1
=0.8/-3+(0.4v0.9)/-2+(0.1v0.3)/1
=0.8/-3+0.9/-2+0.3/1
5
( x − 1) 2 − 1 if x ≥ 0
and f ( x ) =
x if x < 0
Page 3
3
8/28/2003
Fuzzy Relations
A fuzzy relation R is a 2D MF:
R = {(( x , y ), µ R ( x , y ))| ( x , y ) ∈ X × Y }
Examples:
• x depends on y (x and y are events)
• If x is large, then y is small (x is an observed reading
and Y is a corresponding action)
• y is much greater than x (x and y are numbers)
y−x
if y ≥ x
µR (x, y ) = x+ y+2
0 if y < x
If X={3,4,5} and Y={3,4,5,6,7}
• Express fuzzy relation as a relation matrix
0 0 .1 1 0 .2 0 0 .2 7 0 .3 3
R = 0 0 0 .0 9 0 .1 7 0 .2 3
7
0 0 0 0 .0 8 0 .1 4
Max-Min Composition
The max-min composition of two fuzzy relations R1
(defined on X and Y) and R2 (defined on Y and Z) is
µ R R ( x , z ) = ∨ [ µ R ( x , y ) ∧ µ R ( y , z )]
1 2 1 2
y
Page 4
4
8/28/2003
Calculate:
2 is relevant to a
X={ 0 .9 0.1
0 .1 0.3 0 .5 0 .7 1 R2 =
0 .2 0 .3
R1 = 0 .4 0 .2 0 .8 0 .9 2 0.5 0 .6
0 .6 0.8 0 .3 0 .2 3} 0 .7 0.2
Y={α β χ δ} Z={a b}
µR
1 R2 (2, aµ) =
R1 R 2 (2 , a ) = m ax ( 0 .4 ∧ 0 .9 , 0 .2 ∧ 0 .2 , 0 .8 ∧ 0 .5 , 0 .9 ∧ 0 .7 )
10
(max(min(0.4,0.9),min(0.2,0.2),min(0.5,0.8), min(0.7,0.9))
Page 5
5
8/28/2003
Max-Star Composition
Max-product composition:
µR 1 R2 ( x , z ) = ∨ [ µ R1 ( x , y ) µ R 2 ( y , z )]
y
Page 6
6
8/28/2003
Dilation: DIL ( A ) = A 0 . 5
Contrast 2 A2 , 0 ≤ µ A( x ) ≤ 05
.
INT( A) =
Intensification: ¬2(¬A) , 05
2
. ≤ µ A( x) ≤ 1
13
Page 7
7
8/28/2003
15
B B
x x
A A
16
Page 8
8
8/28/2003
{
µ R ( x , y ) = su p c µ A ( x ) * c ≤ µ B ( y ) a n d 0 ≤ c ≤ 1
~
}
• Note: these all reduce to not A or B in two-valued logic
17
A coupled with B
µ R ( x , y ) = min( µ A ( x ), µ B ( y )) µ R ( x , y ) = 0 ∨ ( µ A ( x ) + µ B ( y ) − 1)
µR ( x , y) = µ A ( x) µB ( y ) µ A ( x ) if µ B ( y ) = 1
µ R ( x , y ) = µ B ( y ) if µ A ( x ) = 1
18 0 otherw ise
Page 9
9
8/28/2003
19
µ R ( x , y ) = m in (1,1 − µ A ( x ) + µ B ( y ))
µA ( x)
(
µ R ( x , y ) = max min ( µ A ( x ) , µ B ( y )),1 − µ A ( x ) ) µ R ( x , y ) = min 1,
µB ( y )
µ R ( x , y ) = m ax (1 − µ A ( x ) , µ B ( y ))
20
Page 10
10
8/28/2003
21
b b
y = f(x) y = f(x)
a x x
a
a and b: points
a and b: intervals
y = f(x) : a curve
y = f(x) : an interval-valued
22
function
Page 11
11
8/28/2003
23
µc ( A ) ( x , y ) = µ A ( x )
24
Page 12
12
8/28/2003
Recall: 2D MF Projection
Two-dimensional Projection Projection
MF onto X onto Y
µ R ( x, y ) µ A( x) = µB( y) =
max µ R ( x, y ) max µ R ( x , y )
y x
25
26
Page 13
13
8/28/2003
Crisp Reasoning
Modus Ponens:
Fact: x is A
Rule: IF x is A THEN y is B
Conclusion: y is B
28
Page 14
14
8/28/2003
Fuzzy Reasoning
Single rule with single antecedent
Fact: x is A’
Rule: if x is A then y is B
Conclusion: y is B’
(Generalized Modus Ponens)
Graphic Representation:
29
X Y
A’
B’
30 X Y
x is A’ y is B’
Page 15
15
8/28/2003
Fuzzy Reasoning
Single rule with multiple antecedents
Facts: x is A’ and y is B’
Rule: if x is A and y is B then z is C
Conclusion: z is C’
[ ] [
µC ' ( z ) = ∨ x , y µ A ' ( x ) ∧ µ B ' ( y ) ∧ µ A ( x ) ∧ µ B ( y ) ∧ µC ( z ) ]
= ∨ x,y [µ A'
( x ) ∧ µ B ' ( y ) ∧ µ A ( x ) ∧ µ B ( y )] ∧ µ C ( z )
{ [
= ∨ x µ A' ( x ) ∧ µ A ( x ) ]} ∧ {∨ [ µ ( y ) ∧ µ ( y )]} ∧ µ
x B' B C
(z)
w1 w2
Page 16
16
8/28/2003
Graphical Representation
- w1 denotes degree of compatibility between A and A’
and w2 between B and B’
- w1 v
w2 is degree of fulfilment of the rule
A’ A B’ B T-norm C2
w1
w
w2
Z
X Y
A’ B’
C’
Z
x is A’ X y is B’ Y z is C’
33
Fuzzy Reasoning
Multiple rules with multiple antecedent
Fact: x is A’ and y is B’
Rule 1: if x is A1 and y is B1 then z is C1
Rule 2: if x is A2 and y is B2 then z is C2
Conclusion: z is C’
Graphic Representation: (next slide)
34
Page 17
17
8/28/2003
Fuzzy Reasoning
Graphics representation:
A’ A1 B’ B1 C1
w1
Z
X Y
A’ A2 B’ B2 C2
w2
Z
X Y
T-norm
A’ B’
C’
Z
x is A’ X y is B’ Y z is C’
35
last slide
36
Page 18
18