| | sp3 {in alkanes) ~ Tebmhedyal Sp2 lin alkenes) - Planar (higonal) Spin alkynes) - linens : * louis shuckuve ~ Elect for bonding electrons as a line hehwoetn the 4uoo _alnms * Bond -line struchire = Carbon 2 hydrogen atoms Ore not shown aantaaaI | {i | Daly Lines vespresen -dyoiwn in 0 Qe ox_all the dashes representing. covalent hands _— -and by Indizaling Phe number_a|_idenHeal _pyatins — aHached fn on Glam by o subseript . ____ * Complele structure - lomis shuchive 1 considered os — tomplere Atvichuval Jormula. . H, CH, NaN CH, — CH,CHBrCH,CH, Creer The 3D sbuchuve ic molecules con be. represented on _papeb by u in conventions + Ex —_hy suing solid [=") ond dashed [um ) mmedge dashed wedge thond aay bonds in H le the plane ——>| from observer) of paper Neel Hs H solid wedge {bond towards *Molecuilor models ‘obeerved) Physical devices suse Jox heltey visio isaHion al 3D shapes of ovganit molecules Ae he Framework modet Ball and stick modet StacieT t —Oxpanit compounds 7 4 Acyelic Cy ( T o - Alicyeli, Aromakic ‘ Homaryclic. Heberncyelis (non - 4 — Renzenald Nan henzenaid —_Heternryeliz, (oxmobe) * Acuclic ox open chnin compounds —__ i 4 Also knovan as dliphake compounds __ cy—¢ —" ‘ Shight x branched chain carmpaunds — Acetaldehyde 4 a 5 CHg, ri Hy — CH—CHy— * wobutane * Ali 4 (ii) Heteroryelie - A pruent_in the ving. d [> O-0 o— Cyelopropane Cyclohexane cyclohexene ‘Tetrahydrofuran d *Axomoht compounds i 4 These. lodludes_benene ond other veloted ving = compounds 4Benzenotd aromatic compounds __ Heterocyetic aromatic compounds r OO oO 090 2 noes ae & Benzene Aniline __ Naphthalene (CH2 unit+ Fy- Alkane, Alkenes + amines ety + Substituent group | Prefix | ® Nomendahire_of organic compounds # Fluoro “a Chiro Ce —— a Prefix | #of carbon | “Be Bromo aH ci. ethane atoms > = a necncncx, | nButae (HyC),CHCH,, Aeobutane Math- : Nitro eee Neopentane Eth: 2 Nitro wycen.caon | nPop acon Prop: 2 — = wo Formaldehyde Sa ; (Hsc1.c0 ee - cel, CChoroform Pent- 5 “Alkoxy c,coon seni ac Her é Socal joe vine £ cat oe caHoCH, Aniecle Hopt- 7 -OC,H,(or) -OEt | Ethoxy a. SoH es Oct: 8 -CH, (or) -Me | Methyl ceutcocn, Acstophenone Non: ° = GiROCHLCHy ul met ether Don +0 CH, (or) Bt | Ethyl “CH,-CH,-CH, | 1 propyl (apropy) | — -CHICH,), | 2-propyl (Go-prpy) | — “CH,CH,CH,CH, | L-batyl(a-butyD)Ln Functional The_Tupac_name consi group {OI 4 (CH,— CH — CH,— CH—CH— CHL] q ne a Parent chait 4 Branch rundional arent chain, 4 a q | Prefix Word rook Suffix ! *Namenclahive a) straight chain_al —unith sullix ane Khe numbet of CH. — | Methane |-cH, ‘Methyl CiHe | Ethane |-CH,CHs Ethyl CsHa | Propane |-CH.CH.CH; | Propyl CéHio | Butane |-CH,CH.CH.CHs) Butyl CioHz2 | Decane |-CHs(CH:)CHs | Decyl ~Taegest carbon chain on moter! ule ix_identilied ‘ he branched sotto lane ‘pe ha tak ¢ The o | are then prefixed fn the name—e}—parent alkane =| and_posikion of subshituents it Indi Gppengatiait numba, ——________] q 4tril Joe 3) Leh Lox 4) eke arr sued the lnroer, in_alphaheb‘al Hsking - ban a enealewcd te bape y fundamental Nome of weer Tie ‘ofies see ond led oaenat | contideredin_he the post of the Jundomental | name To_multi - substitiited compounds , remember follovaing ruler:| TITTY °t the: se chain is in be selected which contnina*move __| chains “. Aisa te dumberlng is tn he dane aon end closes do the substituent, 2CH GH CHyCHy OH CHyCH-CH, SS CH, CH, CH, Isopropyl- sec-Butyl- Isobutyl- ve _ _ CH,-C- CHy GOH ee CH, CH, tert-Butyl- Neopentyl- — CH, CH, CH, CH, | | | | CH,-CH-CH,-CH-CH, CH,—C—CH,—CH—CH, 1°23 45 1 213 4 5 CH, 2,4-Trimethylpentane imethylpentane CH, - CHICH), 7 1° 1 2 3 4] 5°86 7 8 9 10 — CH CHy-CH,-CH-CH-CH-CH,-CH,CH;CH, — CH,—CH,—CH—C—CH,—CH,—CH, 1 2° 3 [45° 6 7 cu-du-curcn, 5-sec-Butyl-4-isopropyldecane 102 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 CHICK, CHs-CH;CH-CHrCH-CH.-CH;CHyCH, —— 3 9 8 7 6 5 T 7 CH,CH,CH,CH-CH,GH{CH,CH-CH,CH, re — af 2 34 | —— Ics C-cH, cH Sots cH-0-cH, —_ t+ 5£2.2-Dimethylpropylinonane —_— cHcH, 5-(2-Ethylbuty)-3,3-dimethyldecane2 Cycle “tampounds — A Sakuraba monocyclic compound it named) by {| 5 . 4 Alphabetical order { cS numbering a ——_ Oo — 6 i getopentane 1-Methyl-3- On at More branched. = 3 carbon gets lower number 3-Ethyl-1, I-dimethyleyclohexane I thot the |unclonal group is attached at the ‘ 0 In _Hhe chaln + a a a e iy Oppropriate _pyelives a * Oxdes fdeccesing priory = -COOH, -SO,H, -COOR (Realkyl group), COCI, a -CONH,, -CN,-HC=0, >C=0, -OH, -NH,, >C=C<, Cae. a | The =f. Cable=. holagent , =No2 + alka (=n8) ef ; ore alnys_pi subshituent . daicnia 4yoq | el a = aS ee 6 6 ¢ ——— Methylbenzene Methoxybenzene Aminobenzene | (Toluene) (anisole) (aniline) NO, g ed Nitrobenzene Bromobenzene 1,2Dibromo- — 1.3-Dibromo- —_,4-Dibromo- benzene benzene benzene ¢To_triviol system ol nomenclature the terms ortho (0) . meta (m)_and pam (p) Ove used ox prefixes to indicate the yelalve pncihons 1.9 ; [13 and 1.4 xespectively UT Me NH. 1H De sci Ne i 2-CH; 6 2 8 : ° 7? oN cH, CH, CH, cH, 2-Chloro-4-methylanisole 4-Ethyl-2-methylanitine _3:4-Dimethylphenot —_NOTE = biker 2 bensnt ing [Cots - 1 also shinee ak_ph) 4 a ¢ The + slg he sheokala. i tt oxmuto bi ~_—_[sameismn ‘ Structural isomerism Ctevenlsomeris i 4 4 a T T 4 Creometyical -Ophial <4 isomerism isomerism I" Choin isomerism ‘ [then tun or more. compauncly hove cimilos 4 moleculoy formula. but —diffecent covbon skeletons. 5 yh fen ocho, ‘ CHCHcHCHCH, cH, crCH,CH, ve 4 Pentane Isopentane i (2-MethyIbutane) lcopentane — (2.2-Dimethylpropane) Position isomerism 4 of subsivenb nthe eaten | olnm oy Junchinnal group o} Skeleton on op CH,CH,CHOH = CH,-CH-CH, Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol ( 4190 oy mo ormula hut different JuocHional gyouips —______—— ° qe I t CH,-CH,—C= 0 CH,C-CH, Propanone Propanal ee ie Metamerism Arises clue fo difjexent_olky! chains on eithes._sice o} Junckanal group in the molecife ——_______— 7 f Ex - CuHiod aeprexenis_melhoxypropane (CHa0¢sH2)_ eshoxyethone (C2H<00sHe) —— s Findamental_tencepts_in_oxgonic._yenclion mechanism (Gubshate) | (ea * Renctinn mechanism A equslal-dunie fh asp dnaiog da 9 elechnn movement + enexgtlict luring bond “cleavage » bond_|ormation_and_the anles_of _tyons{oxmabion o} reackan! Inko _panducts (kinebics ) Substyate — Which supplies Covbon fn the neo hond and other reackant is called yengenp. PLS FS PSS WWW TS ew we ee Th ~oEx = CHa (methyl tohian) ‘ | chad : : , i {eudoeu (ispropyl eakinn . ce endawy enshacalvon) 4 | (buh, YU ett TNT PT |! ° Qader of i | tus < cuaduas < (CudotH <(CHadat A e I . ; . Fig.12.8 Shape of met cation : é tee ; . ‘ unsinble » reactive species ‘ * Heteroly: i ‘ clis\- 7 — > Hacz + 2+ ‘ (methyt anton) e Corhoonian = carbon species coming a -ve chenge on ( Caybon atom + 3 wy Shuchuve is distorted tetrahedron Onstnble » veachive species al ali a| ai al{| \ cyanta) | ' 913 Tonic polos. /_hetsepalan_xenchi ‘on —The oxganic_xeacHanttobich. proceed through. hetexolybic. ee ———— = dai | eledlyan£ nes a ROX bel ox light > g + x Alkyl free radical Free radicals 2 Neutyal species «hich contains an_unpaired electyan. Classified ax primoxy., Secondary ax terkiony —-______— . ili La , 1 | , | » b ! PY ale onded _akom._______— t— Soe ded , ) > » » * Free radical” / homapolar/ non pola» xeachon ________ —Orpanie rachiont_.twhich proceed by homalyle fissian— Subshale and xeopent Substrate - A molecule ushase carbon is invalved in | -3R7F "7 —"\e—— qian, I Da ® Nucleaphilec >. A seapent [hot brings an elechnn pair tn the touclenphillc _ Fx - Ho"), (ne-) 1 Rac:) °F ectrophiles ~ eleehophilie. Ex - H + 4 positian . 4 4 =Y= > =Y= prom atom fn adjacent band ‘ a -Elechmn displacement effects In covalent bonds © Thi a ox_group of different dhnnapalaly or_under Hhe influence of _some_outkide alinching gyaup , _= * These lend tn a number of effects thich are os follows (i). i Ui) Eleclomeric effect Git) Recanance ox Mesomerit eect (iv) Hypexconiupalion eHeck a d d 4 4 4 4 4 ( 4—Thductive ec Tho covalent bond . due in dijlerent electyon of eloctynns sthese ave displaced trnorcls the more eleclranegalive ohm - Gi) +7 eject gzaups Celeckon xelensing ot _donoling ) __ | total (CHa) Eth CCH) SO Resonance, structure. + A numbes ol_organic_campounds cannot be oecurately — sonted hy one structive * These can he bya bybsid of all Identical styuchuves xepresented equally cael by the y Identical stvuichives , iohich repcenal one_odequately — ed yernnance abuichivee call 6 8 1 5 1 5 Wf ays y 3 1 0i eresononee Sbruchires axe bypnthebinl and fodividually do nok represent any real molecules 1 Resonance. &tahi © Dillevence in energy heltne een the achat Shruchive Die energy wesononce Asbniefiye - __ 4 * More the numbey of tontributin ng Sbruchives the 1 Mnove._is lhe ln et * The vesonanceStruchives have — a 1 (i) Some positions of nuiclel . | Th ' f f { t pp Fy - =halagen =0H,-OR ,-OCOR ,-NH>o , - NHO =NRo.—NHCNR : Gin, NH, NH, NH, 4 —O-- oO —— —S —_— = !T_electyons of the multiple hand aye transferred fn __ Hot olom in tobi the 2espeat_gek_alinshad | >c kcau—s vb- CS {attacking reagent) H [= Nepotive clechaunede aleck (=E eect) does not gek ol so Ltc+ tn —s >e-t¢ fattacking reagent) cn £2 then Inductive « elerhnmevic effects nperade ) ) Nov | ns dtvoeft pHy pexcanjugakon _ 4* Delnralicakion ol o electron An _alky| group dl t Phe _pyenter is the hy perconjugahon_Interachon_s. 4 Stohilisakion o| the rakian + + - q (cHalac > (CHsoCH > (HaCH> > CHa 1 Fig. 12.4(a) Orbital diagram showing hyperconjugation in ethyl cation LbLibtidiiddi ( ajantss ( i j ( a zs — 1 1 o) 4 —T ae i erconjugaion in proper 4 HOH H q se wt babnes ‘ ——_ t ( tat ( H- C=C— C-H 4 HY 7 4 yay 4 a G= =C— C-H 1 ChemCoutent ' Ch 4 ( Types_o} organi reacHons and mechanisms -{ 4 4 1 Gi) A 1 Gi) Eliminatian reachions 4 { Gy) Renwangement yeorHons 4 1 ti) Sublimakion2 C Sublime ble Leap eg Based on dillerence. in the solubilities of compaund tf impuvibies ino Suitnble solvent. The Lenpuxe compound is dissolved In solvent , heated ab high ternperntuse » — on © Distillation uncles vedueed pressure, Usect ‘opus | Liquids having vey igh hailing, polobs_and those cobich clecampose ator helorg thelr haiti Ex = Galyceval can _he Separated eam spent lye tn Sap indhiusby by thls method.» * Steam diskillakon Used fo separate substances anhich axe_steom_volotile — and aye immiscible uoith crater Fy. Aniline - mater mirturve| PLT TTL[ @jantal e Yi 1 lia 2) oc ion eer eens I Th ts the process_o}_exlyacling on —oxganie ___ ' tompound rom its aqueous —Solubinn by ; Shaking ik oth on_nyganir solvent ineahich __ Organic Solvent ix lates removed __ {| diskilalian om hy evapmatian tn_get hark Lhe ___ * Chr: Used tn “sepornte mixtures in _ln_ thelr Components __ purijy he compounds and test the purify of l compounds = This elaselfied as = — aC) &: SEU AOE S REPS), Tr is of barn fypes = Mixhuve aver a column a} adenrhen (i) Thin Loyjes chyomatagraphy = invalver_sepavah'on oy. “en adeaea cooted an glass_plate ~ eeil ongante compound solvent in solvent ———_—e__ layer layer ee ee ee organte aqueous ‘compound layer - — in aqueous, layer _ —— Before extraction _—_After extraction solvent —— Fig.12.10 Diferenttal extraction. Extraction ofcom-— ypigture of —slL pound takes place based on difference compounds -, in solubitey ator a a 4 adsorbent (stationary . phase) lass woot raphy. Digerent of nf components ‘on glass plate base sample dot solvent ig.12.12(@) Thin layer chromatography, (Chromatogram betng developed. sen [pf oon ‘ront + — | «| [spot chromatography r* | basetine Paper y jar x baseline spot —_— bes — ESAS convent —_ ¥1g.12.12 0) Developed chromatogram. —_ 1Fig.12.13 Paper ehwomatography. (Chromatography paper btw dierent shapes.Detection of eovhon and hydaegen Detecled by henking the campaund uit coppex TI avide taben Cavhon idized In (D2 tahith tan be fesked caith me _sontes_2 hydlaagen converted Sulphate rohich buns blue Cot 2tun A, Pe + CO. DH + (ug A (y+ He C02 + (Catou), _, Caros gs + Mag SHoo + Gisoy »—Cusdy + SH20 heme inten ia Fehon “sodium fusion Lea a odium Tr doteck the presence _o| balgen. nitragen and Sulpbuy in an _nyganie compound « No+C +N Noctn > [> > 2QNo + ¢ —s—_Na2S > No + ¥ »—_Nla xX Cyanide Sulphide —a_halide oj} Andium_so_Jomect_ove Je Test Jor Nitvagen Ui i =ton of Prussian blue cali. sone the prerence ofGON” + fe2t __, [Fete \e]°"____4 BC Eetrn)e] 4" + YFe3! stn S"Tesk Jor sulphur S ‘ arid and lend acetate i added ta it + A black 4 preprint tate of lead. sulpbs ide jnchicates Lhe presence 4 gt + Ph?t —> Phe ‘ ——— ——# Ta case nitwngen ¢ Sulphur Ankh ave present then _@ No + ¢+N+S$ —— Nasen 4 Fest + sen > [Fe (sew) 1°"Used Jor th i elements present in 0 compound , * Carbon and hydrogen: sample in platinum boat Sama BE a . {oe oe = } Pigie= | ty) o: =a I Ww pure dry * exysten. anhydrous CaCl, _ KOH solutionlek the m, = | Vobime ibragen Collected : Viml Room bemperobure > Tk 4 1 4 Vnlume_of Nook STP = Pi, y 973 = V mt 4 ( I¢o x Tr NOTE i 99uN0 ml N2 of stp eight 28 9. ____—q jeldant's tmp contents of Kjeldahts organte compound Mask after digestion * canc-H1 504 NaOH F cus, known volume of standard acid digestion theating in Kjeldah's Mask) ‘Kjeldaht's distillation Kjeldaht method. sn-containing compound és treated with concentrated H,SO, to get ‘ammonium sulphate which liberates anvnanta on treating with NaOH: anunonla ls absorbed in known volume of standard acid. The_volume of atid untisedd is_found by tibvaon against Tg Mandawd! alkali solulian 1 ai Yeof Nitmgen js determined by applying the equakion ~4 ~ anCompound is heated caith ~fuming—aibeit ocd_in_the ‘50m token = mg Mass if -—s fosmed = mg 2 Pewentage of = olomic mow of X xm x 100 __ halogen monleculo%. Mais _of AgX xm ef the masta) tise qepanin vereeeand 4akory = my Mau of Rost. Jormed = mig L } I presente of Ailves, nityabe . f tek_max_q organic compound wane } |r ) L ) ) ) ) ) ) ! ‘Z_o| _Aulphuy = 39 ¥ my ino.