Settlement Patterns in Mubwa District.

FACTORS INFLUENCING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN NALUSANGA WARD OF
MUMBWA DISTRICT CENTRAL PROVINCE.
BY
LUNGU FAIDES
A report submitted to the Kwame Nkrumah University in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Bachelors of Arts in Education.
Kwame Nkrumah University
2024
DECLERATION
I, Lungu Faides declare that this work presented for assessment follows the copyright and academic
writing rules and research ethics.
Authors signature..................................... Date............................................
Supervisors signature.................................. Date............................................
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 18
DEDICATION
For my family.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Let me begin by thanking Jehovah, the beginning and end of all things.
My deepest gratitude also goes to Ms. Siachako, G., my supervisor, for holding my hand throughout the
process of writing this research report. Thank you so much madam, I could not have done this work
without you steadfast guidance and direction. You are an outstanding educator.
My sincere thanks also go to all the participants of this this study for taking time out of their busy
schedules to participate in the study.
I am also deeply thankful to my family. I love and truly appreciate you all.
Contents
DECLERATION..........................................................................................................................................i
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................1
1.0. Introduction................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the Study............................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem...........................................................................................................4
1.3. Purpose of the Study...................................................................................................................4
1.4. Objectives of the Study...............................................................................................................4
1.5 Research Questions......................................................................................................................5
1.7. Limitation of the Study...............................................................................................................6
1.8. Operational Definitions..............................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................................7
1.2 Factors That Influence Human Settlement................................................................................7
1.3 Nature of livelihood Associated with Settlements near National Parks...................................9
1.4 Challenges of Settlements in Protected Areas..........................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................14
DESCRIPTIVE OF THE STUDY AREA.........................................................................................................14
3.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................................14
3.1 Location......................................................................................................................................14
3.2 Physical Features.......................................................................................................................16
3.2.1 Climate....................................................................................................................................17
3.2.2 Relief and Drainage................................................................................................................17
3.3 Population Characteristics........................................................................................................18
3.4 Economic and Social Features..................................................................................................19
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................21
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................21
4.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................................21
4.1 Research Methodology..............................................................................................................21
4.2. Research Design........................................................................................................................21
4.3. Target Population.....................................................................................................................21
4.4. Sample Size................................................................................................................................21
4.5. Sampling Procedures................................................................................................................22
4.6. Instruments for Data Collection..............................................................................................22
4.6.1 An Interview Guide................................................................................................................22
4.6.2. Semi Structured Questionnaire............................................................................................23
4.7. Procedure for Data Collection.................................................................................................23
4.8. Data Presentation and Analysis...............................................................................................23
4.9 Ethical Considerations..............................................................................................................24
CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................................................................................25
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS................................................................................................................25
5.0. Introduction................................................................................................................................25
5.1. Role of Geographical Features on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward................................25
5.2. Role of Historical Events and Processes on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward.................27
5.3. Role of Socio-economic Factors on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward.............................30
5.4. Role of Environmental Factors in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward................................31
DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS....................................................................................................34
6.0. Introduction................................................................................................................................34
6.1. Discussion of the Role of Geographical Features in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward.....34
6.2. Discussion of the Role of Historical Events and Processes in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga
Ward..................................................................................................................................................36
6.3. Discussion of the Socio-economic Factors in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward.......39
6.4. Discussion of the Role of Environmental Factors in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
...........................................................................................................................................................41
CHAPTER SEVEN...................................................................................................................................44
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................................................44
7.0. Introduction................................................................................................................................44
7.1. Conclusion of the Study..............................................................................................................44
7.2. Recommendation of the Study....................................................................................................45
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Rate of Response of Various Respondents page 25
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Nalusanga Ward on the Zambian Map page 15
Figure 1.2. Close Up of Nalusanga Ward page 16
Figure 1.3. Population breakdown by Gender in Nalusanga Ward page 18
Figure 1.4. Breakdown of Population by Age in Nalusanga Ward page 18
Figure 1.5. Breakdown of Population by Age Distribution in Nalusanga Ward page 19
Figure 1.6. Urbanization of Population in Nalusanga Ward page 19
ABSTRACT
This study explored the factors influencing settlement patterns in Nalusanga ward of Mumbwa
district central province. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively explore the
multifaceted factors that influence settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area of Mumbwa
District, Central Province, Zambia. Specifically, the research aims to identify and analyze the
various socio-economic, environmental, historical, and geographical factors that shape the spatial
distribution and dynamics of settlements in the study area.
To achieve the research objectives, a mixed-methods approach was employed, combining

qualitative and quantitative research methods. Interviews were conducted with community
members, local leaders, and stakeholders to gather insights into their perceptions, experiences,
and observations regarding settlement patterns and the factors influencing them. Questionnaires
were distributed to residents across various settlements in the Nalusanga area to collect
quantitative data on socio-economic characteristics, land use patterns, environmental conditions,
and other relevant factors.
The collected data from interviews and questionnaires were analyzed using appropriate
qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques. Qualitative data from interviews were
thematically coded and analyzed to identify recurring themes and patterns related to settlement
dynamics. Quantitative data were subjected to statistical analysis, including descriptive statistics,
correlation analysis, and spatial analysis, to uncover relationships and trends in settlement
patterns.
The key findings of this research highlight the intricate interplay of various factors influencing
settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area of Mumbwa District, Central Province, Zambia. These
findings provide insights into the role of geographical features, historical events, socio-economic
factors, and environmental dynamics in shaping settlement location, spatial distribution, and
socio-economic composition. Geographical features such as topography, land use, and natural
resource distribution significantly influence settlement location and spatial distribution in the
Nalusanga area. Settlements are often clustered around fertile lands, water sources, and
transportation routes, reflecting the importance of geographical features in determining
settlement patterns. Historical events, including colonialism, migration patterns, and land tenure
systems, have enduring impacts on settlement dynamics and socio-economic disparities. The
legacy of colonialism has resulted in inequalities in land ownership and access, perpetuating
marginalization of certain communities and influencing settlement patterns. Socio-economic
factors such as livelihood strategies, economic activities, and social networks play crucial roles
in shaping settlement decisions and resilience. Access to economic opportunities, social ties, and
community networks significantly influence settlement location, composition, and well-being.
Environmental factors including climate variability, soil degradation, and water availability pose
significant challenges to settlement sustainability. Environmental hazards and resource
constraints impact settlement resilience, livelihoods, and overall community well-being,
necessitating adaptive strategies.
Overall, the key findings underscore the complex and multifaceted nature of factors influencing
settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area. By recognizing the interplay of geographical,
historical, socio-economic, and environmental factors, policymakers, planners, and development
practitioners can formulate informed strategies and interventions aimed at promoting sustainable
development, resilience, and well-being in the region.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.0. Introduction
This chapter will present the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the
study, research objectives and questions, significance of the study, limitations of the study and
definition of terms.
1.1. Background of the Study

According Shilengwe et al., (2023) Mumbwa district, encompassing a diverse array of
landscapes ranging from fertile valleys to rugged hills, plays a pivotal role in the agricultural
heartland of Zambia. They add that within this district, Nalusanga ward emerges as a focal point,
characterized by its intricate network of settlements, each with its own story of resilience and
adaptation to the surrounding environment.
Nswana & Simuyaba, (2021) propose that Nalusanga ward, nestled within the expansive
landscape of Mumbwa district, exhibits a rich tapestry of geographical features that profoundly
influence settlement patterns and human activities. The topography of the Nalusanga ward is
characterized by a mix of low-lying plains, undulating hills, and occasional rugged terrain. These
diverse landforms shape the distribution of settlements and influence land use practices. Low-
lying plains often serve as fertile agricultural land, while hillsides may be utilized for grazing or
settlement purposes. The rugged terrain, although less suitable for agriculture, may provide
opportunities for natural resource extraction or serve as buffer zones against environmental
hazards. (Mwanabayeke & Moono, 2019)
According to Lupele, (2003) land use in Nalusanga ward is primarily geared towards agriculture,
reflecting its importance as a source of livelihood for local communities. Smallholder farmers
cultivate a variety of crops, including maize, cassava, groundnuts, and vegetables, utilizing both
rain-fed and irrigated farming techniques. Livestock rearing, particularly goats, and chickens, is
also prevalent, contributing to the region's agrarian economy. Natural resources such as water,
forests, and minerals play a vital role in sustaining livelihoods and supporting local economies.
Rivers and streams serve as lifelines for irrigation and domestic water supply, while forests
provide timber, non-timber forest products, and ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration
and biodiversity conservation. Additionally, the Nalusanga ward may contain deposits of
minerals such as copper, although exploitation and extraction may be limited compared to other
regions in Zambia.
Nswana & Simuyaba, (2021) suggest that environmental factors exert a profound influence on
settlement patterns and human activities in the Nalusanga ward. Climate variability, including
seasonal rainfall patterns and temperature fluctuations, affects agricultural productivity and water
availability. Soil fertility and composition influence crop suitability and farming techniques, with
some areas more conducive to intensive cultivation than others. Environmental hazards such as
floods, droughts, and soil erosion pose challenges to sustainable land use and require adaptive
strategies to mitigate their impact on communities. The interaction between humans and their
environment is dynamic and complex, shaped by cultural practices, historical legacies, and
socio-economic factors. Local knowledge systems and traditional land management practices
play a crucial role in sustainable resource utilization and resilience-building efforts. However,
external pressures such as population growth, market integration, and land tenure dynamics may
exacerbate environmental degradation and socio-economic vulnerabilities, necessitating holistic
approaches to environmental conservation and rural development.
Shilengwe et al., (2023) propose that the spatial organization of settlements in the Nalusanga
ward of Mumbwa district reflects a complex interplay of geographic, historical, and socio-
economic factors. Through an analysis of settlement distribution, density, and arrangement
within the landscape, this section seeks to elucidate the patterns and processes underlying human
settlement in this rural region. Settlements in the Nalusanga area are distributed unevenly across
the landscape, influenced by factors such as topography, access to water, and historical land use
patterns. Low-lying plains and river valleys tend to be more densely populated, as they offer
fertile land for agriculture and reliable water sources for domestic and irrigation purposes. In
contrast, rugged terrain and upland areas may have sparser settlements, as they are less
conducive to intensive cultivation and infrastructure development. The distribution of
settlements also reflects historical patterns of colonization, missionary activity, and economic
development. Administrative centers, trading posts, and transportation routes often serve as
nuclei for settlement clustering, drawing populations towards areas of economic opportunity and
social interaction. As a result, some settlements in the Nalusanga ward may exhibit a concentric
pattern of development, with the highest population density concentrated around central nodes of
activity.
Greenwood & Zimring, (2016) propose that he density of settlements varies widely within the
Nalusanga ward, ranging from compact villages to dispersed homesteads scattered across the
countryside. Villages tend to have higher population densities, with households clustered
together in close proximity to shared amenities such as schools, churches, and markets. This
clustering facilitates social interaction, collective decision-making, and mutual support networks
within the community. In contrast, dispersed homesteads are more prevalent in rural areas, where
households may be scattered across the landscape, often separated by vast tracts of agricultural
land or natural barriers such as rivers and forests. While dispersed settlement patterns offer
greater privacy and autonomy for individual households, they may also pose challenges in terms
of access to services, infrastructure, and social cohesion.
The arrangement of settlements in the Nalusanga ward reflects a mix of planned and spontaneous
development, shaped by historical, cultural, and environmental factors. Planned settlements,
established through government initiatives or private investment, may exhibit a grid-like layout
with organized streets, plots, and public spaces. These settlements often serve as administrative
centers, market towns, or agricultural hubs, attracting populations from surrounding rural areas.
Spontaneous settlements, on the other hand, emerge organically through informal processes of
land occupation and housing construction. These settlements may lack formal planning and
infrastructure, resulting in irregular layouts and informal land tenure arrangements. While
spontaneous settlements may initially arise out of necessity or economic opportunity, they often
face challenges in terms of access to basic services, tenure security, and environmental
sustainability. (Rashid, 2021)
The spatial organization of settlements in the Nalusanga ward is not static but undergoes
continuous change over time, driven by demographic shifts, economic transformations, and
policy interventions (Aule et al., 2022). According to Banwari, (2022) population growth,
migration, and urbanization contribute to the expansion and densification of settlements, leading
to peri-urban sprawl and land-use conflicts at the rural-urban interface. He adds that economic
development initiatives, such as agricultural intensification or infrastructure projects, may also
influence settlement patterns by attracting investment, stimulating employment, and altering land
use dynamics. The spatial organization of settlements in the Nalusanga ward reflects a complex
interplay of geographic, historical, and socio-economic factors. According Xu et al., (2023) to
By analyzing settlement distribution, density, and arrangement within the landscape, we gain
insights into the patterns and processes shaping human settlement in rural Zambia and the
challenges and opportunities for sustainable development in the region.
1.2. Statement of the Problem

The settlement patterns observed in the Nalusanga ward of Mumbwa district, Central Province,
Zambia, are the result of a complex interplay of diverse factors spanning geographical, historical,
socio-economic, and environmental dimensions. These settlement patterns hold significant
implications for rural development, resource management, and community livelihoods in the
region. However, despite their importance, there remains a gap in our understanding of the
specific factors that influence the spatial distribution, density, and arrangement of settlements in
the Nalusanga ward. At the heart of this problem lies the need to comprehensively examine the
various drivers and dynamics shaping settlement patterns in order to inform targeted
interventions and policy decisions that promote sustainable development and enhance the well-
being of local communities.
1.3. Purpose of the Study

The main aim of this research was to investigate the factors that influence settlement patterns in
Nalusanga ward of Mumbwe District Central Province of Zambia.
1.4. Objectives of the Study

This current study was guided by the following objectives:
i. Find out role do geographical features such as topography, land use, and natural
resource distribution play in shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward?
ii. Examine how historical events and processes, including colonialism, migration
patterns, and land tenure systems, influenced the spatial distribution and demographic
composition of settlements in the Nalusanga ward?
iii. Measure the extent that socio-economic factors, such as livelihood strategies,
economic activities, and social networks, contribute to settlement patterns in the
Nalusanga ward?
iv. Explore environmental factors, including climate variability, soil degradation, and
water availability, pose challenges or opportunities for settlement in the Nalusanga
ward?
1.5 Research Questions

The study addressed the following research questions:
i. What role do geographical features such as topography, land use, and natural resource
distribution play in shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward?
ii. How have historical events and processes, including colonialism, migration patterns,
and land tenure systems, influenced the spatial distribution and demographic
composition of settlements in the Nalusanga ward?
iii. To what extent do socio-economic factors, such as livelihood strategies, economic
activities, and social networks, contribute to settlement patterns in the Nalusanga
ward?
iv. What environmental factors, including climate variability, soil degradation, and water
availability, pose challenges or opportunities for settlement in the Nalusanga ward?
1.6. Significance of the Study
The investigation into the factors influencing settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward of Mumbwa
district, Central Province, Zambia, holds significant importance for several key stakeholders and areas of
interest: Firstly, understanding the drivers behind settlement patterns is crucial for informed rural
development planning and policy formulation. By identifying the factors that shape the spatial
organization of settlements, policymakers and development practitioners can design targeted interventions
and infrastructure investments that address the specific needs and challenges of communities in the
Nalusanga ward. This study can inform strategies for improving access to essential services, enhancing
livelihood opportunities, and fostering sustainable economic development in rural Zambia.
Settlement patterns have implications for natural resource management, including land use planning,
water management, and environmental conservation. By elucidating the relationship between settlement
dynamics and environmental factors, this research can guide efforts to promote sustainable resource
utilization, mitigate environmental degradation, and enhance ecosystem resilience in the Nalusanga ward.
By integrating local knowledge and community perspectives into resource management strategies, this
study can contribute to more effective and equitable stewardship of natural assets.
The study of settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward contributes to the academic literature on rural
geography, human-environment interactions, and development studies. By advancing our understanding
of the complex dynamics shaping rural landscapes, this research can inform theoretical frameworks,
methodological approaches, and empirical analyses in the field of human geography. By generating new
knowledge and insights, this study can inspire further research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and
comparative studies across different contexts and regions.
Research findings on factors influencing settlement patterns can serve as a basis for advocacy
efforts aimed at promoting inclusive and sustainable development policies and practices. By
disseminating research findings to policymakers, government agencies, and non-governmental
organizations, this study can raise awareness of key issues, highlight best practices, and catalyze
policy change. By advocating for policies that prioritize community needs, environmental
sustainability, and social equity, this study can contribute to positive transformative change in
the Nalusanga ward and beyond.
1.7. Limitation of the Study

The study was to Nalusanga ward in Mumbwe District. Further, the other limitation will be
monetary constraints and time factor since the researcher is a full time employee of the Ministry
of Education.
1.8. Operational Definitions

The following terms were used in this study:
Alluvial deposits: Fertile soil layers that are find along the river banks deposited by the
movement of water.
Poaching: The illegal killing of wild animals.
Poachers: People who illegally kill wild animals.
Eviction: A legal driving away of occupants in a particular place.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.0 Introduction
This chapter will cover the literature that has already being done by other scholars on the same
topic. The literature will further review reports, articles, books, journals and other relevant
sources. In order to review only relevant literature, this chapter will be guided by the research
objects and research questions. Further, the literature will establish in some instance the
knowledge gaps on the similar topic.
1.2 Factors That Influence Human Settlement.

To begin with, settlement is associated with a number of factors that are related to the livelihood
of people, crops, domestic animals and including social economic structures.
According to Xu et al., (2023) topography is one of the important factors influencing the
distribution of rural settlements, as the natural environment in plateau-mountain areas is more
complicated and harsher and the forces of various natural influences are more obvious. They
argue that analyzing the correlation between settlement distribution and topography would help
understand the influence of topography on human activities. They found that the distribution
pattern of rural settlements in Yunnan Province is dense in the northeast, sparse in the northwest,
dense in the middle, and sparse in the south; the overall pattern shows low density,
fragmentation, and a dotted distribution of high-value areas, showing three typical core areas
with very obvious spatial differentiation. They also found that the distribution of rural
settlements is influenced by three key topographic factors: Relief amplitude, incision depth, and
surface roughness. The dispersion index of rural settlements drastically declines as the value
rises. Their research found that each topographic factor influences the natural resources and
climatic characteristics of the region, and by coupling them with the production and life of the
rural settlements and the psychological needs of the inhabitants, they form an intrinsic
mechanism that influences the distribution of rural settlements. Therefore they contend that
topography is an important factor when developing and constructing in plateau-mountain areas.
The environmental protection and construction of human settlements should be in accordance
with nature and adapted to the terrain, which can reduce the damage to the natural environment.
The study provides effective data support for quantifying the relationship between the
distribution of rural settlements and topography in the plateau-mountain area and optimizing the
layout of rural settlements.
Aule et al., (2022) on the other hand argue that physical, social, and economic elements, such as
agricultural occupation, impact the forms of house and settlement patterns such as shape, space
enclosure, appearance, and organization. Their research aimed to investigate the impact of
agricultural activities on the housing and settlement patterns of the Benue people of central
Nigeria. Their study revealed a significant correlations between agricultural activities and the
people's settlement patterns, statistical validations of the ordinal survey yield minute evidence of
the associations. The conclusions of this study are consistent with prior studies, which connect
agricultural activities to people's house form and settlement patterns. It is recommended that
authorities make transformative efforts to nucleate the fragmented communities to free up more
area for mechanized farming, combat insecurity, and reduce competition for territorial resources.
Livelihood is sustainable if it can access assets, cope with and recover from stress and shocks,
maintain and enhance it capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood to future
generations (Chambers and Conway, 1992). Settlement can be influenced by assets through
natural, social, physical, human and financial capital. These assets are collectively referred to as
called factors of production. Natural capital includes lands, minerals, forests, wildlife and fish.
Social capital involves social networks, memberships or association groups to which people
belong. Physical capital includes buildings, animal keeping, different machinery and other
furniture. Human capital involves the good health of households, skills and knowledge of doing
different strategies. Finally, financial capital includes savings, bank credit, remittances or
pensions.
Furthermore, vulnerability is one factor that can also influence the settlement pattern in a
particular area. Vulnerability, is this context is pursuing different strategies that are composed of
a range of activities that vary from individual to individual or from household to household and
is influenced by different factors, such as access to assets, trends (i.e., economic trends) and
shocks (diseases, floods and drought) as well as social factors such as policies, institutions and
process (Ellis, 2005). For example, drought has an impacts on natural capital and in turn reduces
crop yields but it may have and may have an adverse impact on settlement.
For rural areas, settlement can be influenced by certain social and natural constructs. People in
such areas may venture in diversification of economy or activities in order for them to survival.
Ellis (2005) defines livelihood diversification is then defined as a process by which households
or individuals construct diverse groups of activities and social capabilities for survival and to
improve their standard of living. Diversification is a positive strategy for reducing vulnerability,
shocks and poverty and can influence human settlement. Rural people depended mainly on
agriculture and natural resources because they believe that farm output and available resources
would provide enough income for their living and survival.
To add on, the formation and expansion of PAs have positive and negative social, economic,
environmental and physical benefits to the adjacent communities (Bennett and Dearden, 2014).
This structures in the society are very important in the development of citizens. National parks
can help in poverty eradication through empowerment, eco-tourism activities and benefit sharing
from tourism. When the local people trade and become employed in the national parks, there is a
form of empowerment. The current study doesn’t explore the benefits of settling in national
parks but the effects and dangers of such practices.
1.3 Nature of livelihood Associated with Settlements near National Parks

Protected areas (PAs) play important roles in the conservation of the world's habitats for
different plant and animal species (Maxted et al., 2013). Fisher (2005) reviews PAs are believed
to play an important role in poverty alleviation by supplying ecosystem services, facilitating the
development of ecotourism and providing conservation benefits for social and economic
development .Conservation and management of these area are facing different challenges but the
major one is human population growth which lead to over exploitation, degradation of resources
and loss of habitat (Toonen et al., 2013). The livelihoods and well-being of rural poor people are
more vulnerable to the establishment of PAs particularly in developing countries, because their
livelihoods are dependent mainly on agriculture and on the available natural resources.
Benefits and costs experienced by local people because of PAs can influence positive or negative
attitudes towards conservation activities (Clements et al., 2014). Balancing conservation goals
and the needs of the local people has been challenging particularly in recent years (Bennett and
Dearden, 2014). Most of these challenges are associated with human animal conflict.
Understanding the factors which influence the relation between local people and PAs is
important in achieving conservation and livelihood goals (Kideghesho et al., 2007). In recent
years, people living adjacent to PAs have competed with and come into conflict with wild
animals such as, the African elephant Loxodanta Africana over resources and from loss of crops
due to crop raiding and other conflicts. It is not only elephants that come into conflict with
humanity but other wild animals like buffalos, bush pigs.
Further, Lele et al (2010) note that historically, the establishment of PAs with the exclusion of
local people from land and resource use, displacement of people from their lands has been a
feature of conservation activities. When people are displaced from their land, they face
challenges related to land of farming land, pasture and other amenities. Different studies have
suggested that, the successful sustainable management of PAs and the acceptance of the
establishment and expansion of PAs involve participation and involvement of the local
communities (Bode et al., 2015). For most government to protect animals and the lives of human
beings, it is vital to work hand in hand with the community. In addition, participatory
approaches, such as Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDP), Community-
Based and Conservation approaches (CBCs) are new strategies that include local communities in
conservation and have been developed in Zambia as well as worldwide (Lele et al., 2010). These
strategies are put in place in order not to disadvantage the local people near these protected areas.
Thus, surveys of the impacts (both benefits and costs) of PAs on local people living in and
around such areas are fundamental in balancing the conservation goals with the needs of the
local people (Sekhar, 2003). The residents that settle in national park areas benefit significantly
from the environment or surrounding. Bennett & Dearden (2014) affirms that benefits can be
social support-related projects, benefits from ecotourism and employment, as well as cultural and
environmental benefits. Such types of benefits contributes immensely to development in the
country.
1.4 Challenges of Settlements in Protected Areas.

This part of the literature review will aim at reviewing literature related to challenges associated
with settlements in protected areas. National parks or protected areas are aimed to conserve
biodiversity and large scale natural ecosystems.
Suich (2008) opines that protected areas are increasingly facing a number of challenges. These
challenges are escalated by human activities. The tendency of establishing human settlements in
previously wildlife areas is becoming common and endangering the future life of wildlife
species. Human beings settle in these areas for several reasons. Therefore, the growing
population pressure should be handled with care as the land is constant, while the human
population is growing rapidly especially around protected areas. If such a concern is not handled
with the attention it deserves, a lot of human animal chaos can occur. Human population growth
bordering protected areas is high and has become a serious threat to the management of wildlife
species all over Africa (Newmark et al., 1994). This is a similar case in point for Nalusanga
national park in central province of Zambia.
Further, many protected areas in Zambia and world over are becoming isolated and the reasons
for the isolation include growing human population in areas adjacent to protected areas and land
use change towards agriculture, infrastructure, and settlement in areas that were previously
unpopulated. Increased population growth in Zambia goes hand in hand with the high demand on
food requirement. In this regard, to meet the requirement of the increased population, more
cropland is needed at the expense of wildlife habitats. Newmark et al., (1994) reviews that the
expansion of cropland reduces natural ranges of many wild animals due to the loss of habitats
and fragmentation which ultimately result into local extinctions of wildlife
In addition, these challenges are also associated with the wiping out of animals and other local
inhabitant. Several factors are responsible for local extinctions of these wildlife species, but the
most pronounced are loss of habitat as a result of human settlement and expansion of cropland
which are primarily pressured by increased human populations ((Newmark et al.,
1994).Therefore, this implies that a high human settlement around or in national parks may pose
challenges on the survival of wildlife. Animals are killed for different products like meat, skins,
hooves and horns or ivory.
To add on, the natural habitats of the world have been altered by human settlement and pressures
that includes overgrazing and bushfire. Most studies have been conducted on settlement patterns
in Zambia and world over. However, this current study will specifically target Nalusanga
National Park. These human settlements is increasingly becoming a challenge due to human
activities within the park. Newmark (1996) aptly states that increased human population pressure
and its negative impact on habitat loss in African countries is a common phenomenon. Most
national parks have been affected in that vein.
Additionally, while living adjacent to national parks local people experience costs and losses
such as crop damage, livestock depredation, human injuries and restricted access to the Parks'
resources. These occurrences have a negative perception towards human lives causing humanity
to loss integrity, dignity and a sense of belonging. The creation of PAs can lead to restricted
access to resources, eviction and displacement from a community's indigenous lands, conflicts
with wildlife and other social impacts. Because of the costs and impacts experienced from
national parks local people develop negative perceptions towards conservation (Barbier, 2013).
In addition, the access of local people to resources were restricted without the provision of
alternatives (Andrade and Rhodes, 2012). This led to problems between the national parks and
the local communities and hence, to difficulty in enforcing conservation policies. In most rural
areas, people living near national parks in most countries are poor and mostly depend on
agriculture and available resources, such as, firewood, fisheries and water. Such resources are
found inside the park and, hence, increase pressure on natural resources.
To add on, Barbier (2013) aptly opines that dependence on natural resources is influenced by
different factors, but the main are poverty, the lack of an alternative energy source and the
unequal distribution and expansion of agricultural land. Most of the natural resources like trees
are becoming depleted because of the high demand on fuel requirements. In rural areas, the
presence of small and scattered populations do not support a sufficient scale of local economies
to allow diversification into other economic activities which would reduce the pressure on
natural resources (Ellis, 2000). The process of diversification is hardly achieved because people
in rural areas have a limited access to capital and other services required to set up another
business. The restriction on access to different resources, which they accessed freely in the past
without providing alternatives, influences the increase in encroachment and poaching activities.
In addition, when local communities are excluded from national parks management and their
needs are ignored, conservation policies become difficult to enforce (Kideghesho et al., 2007).
According to Kideghesho et al. (2007), the need to include local people in the planning, decision
making and management of conservation activities will help to change the perceptions and
attitudes of people, and hence, it will increase the acceptance of national parks establishment. An
Inclusive decision making and planning, is a key point to consider in order to develop a mutual
understanding between the national parks authorities and the local residents. Therefore, this may
increase a positive attitudes of local people towards conservation. Further, sustainable and
effective conservation activities are strongly influenced by the attitudes, perceptions and impacts
that local people have experienced from conservation activities. Kideghesho et al. (2007) out
rightly spots out that an understanding of the factors which influence people’s attitudes and
perception is the key features in planning, decision making and management of the biodiversity
conservation goal. This therefore, implies that there should be an understanding perception and
attitude of local people.
According to Mfunda et al. (2012), access to conservation-related benefits can positively

influence local attitudes. In addition, other factors such as government policy, lack of
participation in decision making, national parks staff or management intervention, and poor
involvement of local people in planning conservation activities, influence negative perceptions.
Local people especially those living in and adjacent to national parks have had a long relation
with these areas, and their attitudes generally depend on the costs and benefits of national parks
and the local dependency on natural resources (Kideghesho et al., 2007). The effective
sustainable survival of national parks, especially in developing countries, would be threatened if
the needs and aspiration of the local people are not considered.
This literature review brings to the fore the issues that influence the settlement of people in
different places. The literature reviews the relevant documents like reports, articles, journals and
books. It can be safe to conclude that there are several factors that may lead to a particular
settlement of the people. Some of the influencing factors are the availability of water supply,
resources and some social economic structures of a desirable place. The governments in the
developing countries are constantly grappling with the illegal settlement of people in the
protected areas.
CHAPTER THREE
DESCRIPTIVE OF THE STUDY AREA
3.0 Introduction
This chapter of the study will present the location, physical features, climate, relief and drainage,
geology and soil, population characteristics and economic and social features.
3.1 Location
According to Rashid, (2021) location is synomous with a place. This means that location of a
settlement means the place where a settlement is situated i.e. with relation to geographical
location and ecological conditions. Nalusanga community is in chieftainess Kabulwebulwe’s
area in Mumbwa district, in the Central Province of Zambia. It borders the Kafue River on the
southern and western sides and lies within the Mumbwa East Game Management Area (see
Figure 1.1). The area has over one thousand households with a total population estimated at over
ten thousand people (CSO, 2000). The map below shows the position Nalusanga ward in
Zambia. Figure 1.2. is a close up view of the ward.
Figure 1.1. Nalusanga Ward on the Zambian Map
Figure 1.2. Close Up of Nalusanga Ward
Source Google 2023
3.2 Physical Features.

Physical features are natural features. They occur in a natural pattern rather than in artificial way.
In short they are god made. Mumbwe District is rich is physical features. These includes rivers,
mountains, swamps, streams and lowlands. The biggest physical feature in this area is the Kafue
River and Kafue National Park.
The predominant vegetation types are miombo woodlands with abundant Brachystegia spp. and
Julbernardia spp. Although the area has generally been cleared of big trees, fuel-wood has
remained the main source of energy. The nearest place with electricity is Mumbwa town, about
45 km away. Fuel-wood is collected in the nearby Kafue National Park under the watchful eye of
the Zambia Wildlife Authority police officers. These officers ensure that the local people pick
only dead wood as opposed to cutting down trees. This, perhaps, explains why charcoal burning
is no longer a common practice in the area. The land outside the national park has been cleared
of the trees as a result of agriculture and earlier charcoal production practices. (Lupele, 2003)
Chifunda et al. (2000) acknowledge the fact that certain tree species such as the Mukwa,
Mubanga and Mulombwa have been plundered to extinction. The local people attribute this
plundering to the 'outsiders' who infiltrated the area in the 1970s. The excessive exploitation of
the forests forced the animals to move further into the national park (Chifunda et al., 2000). In
1998, the traditional rulers of Mumbwa GMA (chiefs Mulendema and Kabulwebulwe) imposed
a ban on the cutting of trees, without the permission of the chief in charge of the area. This was
to allow the forest to regenerate. In a way this has paid off, as there is evidence of vegetation
regeneration in some parts of the area.
3.2.1 Climate
Climate is a weather pattern for an area that does not easily change for a longer period of time. It
comprises of the sunshine, humidity, rainfall, coldness or warmness of a place. Nalusanga ward
is cold in winter and warm in summer. It experiences three seasons that is the cold, hot and rain
seasons. Nalusanga ward has a climate that is generally categorised as subtropical, being mostly
humid subtropical or tropical wet/dry all year (Government of the Republic of Zambia, 2020).
3.2.2 Relief and Drainage.

The flow of water through well-defined channels is known as ‘drainage’ and the network of such
channels is called a ‘drainage system’. The drainage pattern of an area is the outcome of the
geological time period, nature and structure of rocks, topography, slope, amount of water
flowing and the periodicity of the flow. Nalusanga ward has water bodies like the Kafue River
that makes a boundary with Kasempa District (maplandia, 2006-2016). There is also the Chulwe
fishing camp that lies in the Blue Lagoon National Park. The relief of Nalusanga ward is the
high plateau of ranging from 900 to 1000 metres above the sea level (Britannica.
https//www.britannica.com)
3.2.3 Geology and Soil
The term geology is directly related to mineral resources. Nalusanga ward is endowed with a lot
of mineral resources for small scale mining. The common minerals like gold, blue sky, red
gannet and copper. Illegal mining of these minerals is one factor that has led to encroachment of
the national park. The soil of Nalusanga ward is fertile. It is characterised with loamy soil that
supports farming. Other area near the nation park has fertile soil that is as a result of animal
dropping or manure. The other fertile soil is found along the river banks of the Kafue River that
has alluvial deposits from the debris that the river carry. It is on this side of the river where
gardening is done.
3.3 Population Characteristics

Population can be said to be the total number of people in an area. There are factors that
influence the population growth and settlements. These may include availability of water, good
or fertile soil, conducive temperatures, and socioeconomic factors. The total number of people in
Nalusanga ward is 10, 418 according to 2010 census. The population distribution of this area is
there are more children women than men. Due to evictions and operations of driving away
people from this place, the population is not well defined and known presently. Places like the
markets and villages are overpopulated than the other areas. ( Nalusanga (Ward, Zambia) -
Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location (citypopulation.de))
Figure 1.3. Population breakdown by Gender in Nalusanga Ward
Figure 1.4. Breakdown of Population by Age in Nalusanga Ward

Figure 1.5. Breakdown of Population by Age Distribution in Nalusanga Ward
Figure 1.6. Urbanization of Population in Nalusanga Ward
3.4 Economic and Social Features.

According to (Lupele, 2003) to Agriculture is the major economic activity of the area, with about
90% of the respondents involved in various agricultural activities. Most people are largely
subsistence farmers. The major crops grown include maize, groundnuts and tomatoes. Cotton
and paprika are the major cash crops. These are mostly rain fed and seasonal crops. Formal
employment and fishing each constituted 3.3% of the community’s economic activities.
Although agriculture is the main economic activity of Nalusanga, scarcity of inputs and
marketing facilities have hampered economic growth, resulting in abject poverty amongst some
of the community members. The people closer to the National Park do very little cultivation and
view wildlife utilisation as a viable economic land use option (Chundama et al., 1998).
Other economic activities of Nalusanga ward is the presence of a market that sell different
merchandise which may include, food stuffs, alcohol, artifacts and general business. There is
subsistence farming conducted in the area. Farmers sell groups like maize, groundnuts and rice
that is grown from the Kafue river banks. The other economic activities in the area are illegal
mining and poaching of poaching of wild animal for their skins, hooves, horns and ivory. The
other economic activity especially for men is working with the safari hunting groups as hunters
and skinners. The area has also some restaurants, hotels, motels and lodges for tourist. The social
pattern of this area is interacting through different gathering like beer spree, interaction through
entertainment and on the other hand, due to high poverty levels, there is an acute engrossment in
promiscuously activities.
This chapter covered the descriptive of the study area that included the location, physical
features, climate, relief and drainage, geology and soil, population characteristics and economic
and social features. The research site is appropriate for the study because it experience the
problem under investigation. The next chapter will cover the methodology of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
4.0 Introduction
This chapter will cover the research methodology, research design, research site, population
target, sample size, sampling procedure, instruments for data collection, procedure for data
collection and data analysis process.
4.1 Research Methodology

The methodology is the process on how the study will be conducted. Research methodology is
framework outlining some specific research methods that involve the forms of data collection,
analysis, and interpretation that researchers propose for their studies (Creswell, 2012). It gives a
clear roadmap of the type and methods on haw a particular research will be carried out.
4.2. Research Design

The study employed a mixed method research design. According to Creswell (2012), a mixed
method research design is a procedure for collecting, analysing, and “mixing” both quantitative
and qualitative methods in a single study or a series of studies (triangulation) to understand a
research problem. A mixed method research design uses both statistic and thematic approaches
to data collection and analysis. Numerical codes and centre (similar findings) are simultaneously
used in data presentation.
4.3. Target Population

A target population is the set of well-defined elements that the research focuses upon and to
which the results obtained by testing the sample should be generalized (Mason, 1996). Target
population usually share the constructs socially and culturally. The current study drew the
population from Nalusanga area of Mumbwe District Central Province of Zambia.
4.4. Sample Size

Sampling is the process of selecting a sample (Robson, 1993). This study will use a sample size
of 50 participants. The composition of the sample size was 40 residents and 10 ZAWA officers.
4.5. Sampling Procedures
For the purpose of this study purposive stratified sampling was used as the target population was
a small number of participants and sites that were manageable and accessible. The reason for
using purposive sampling is that it makes the research far more feasible than random sampling as
the researcher can decide where to go. (Creswell, 2012).The study will purposively comprised of
30 residents (20 men and 20 women). This sampling procedure will be appropriate because
residents are victims of human and wildlife conflict. Hence they have enough experience on the
topic under discussion. The number of men will be more than the number for women because it
is usually men who determine and decided where to settle. Conveniently, 20 ZAWA officers will
be sampled. This is because the ZAWA officers have reliable knowledge over wildlife and their
characteristics. Therefore, the current study will employ 50 respondents.
4.6. Instruments for Data Collection

The research instruments refer to the device or tools the researcher uses in collecting or gathering
data for the study. A research instrument is defined as a tool chosen by the researcher to collect
required information (Kothari, 2004). The study will use two research instruments namely: An
Interview Guide and a questionnaire. An Interview Guide be used to collect qualitative data and
a semi structured questionnaire will be used to gather quantitative data. Both research
instruments are appropriate for the mixed method approach in data gathering and analysis.
4.6.1 An Interview Guide

According to Canals, (2017) interview guide is a written list of questions or topics that are
required to be covered by a particular interview. This research tool will be administered to the
respondents in focus groups discussion. An interview guide will be used so as to help the
researcher to be focused and to obtain the same information from a number of respondents by
covering the same material or questions. The content of the interview guide for this study will
based on the research questions in line with research objectives presented earlier in chapter one.
These semi-structured interviews will be used for the fact that they are flexible in the sense that
they include both open and closed-ended questions which enables the researcher to get a
complete and detailed understanding of the issues under study. Above all, the interview guide
will give interviewers choice in the use of their own wording to each question and the use of
probes. (Kombo and Tromp, 2006)
4.6.2. Semi Structured Questionnaire
According to Kothari (2004), a questionnaire increases the external validity of the study done in
the natural setting. 20 semi structured questionnaires will be administered. A semi structured
questionnaire will allow the researcher to use the same question items to all the conveniently
selected ZAWA officers. This will help to gather data within a shortest possible time and
respondents will be given chance to answer without due influence from the researcher.
4.7. Procedure for Data Collection

May (1997) posits that Data collection involves explaining how one actually carried out the
research process and which instruments one used and why. The researcher will first of all explain
the purpose of collecting data from the respondents. This will be done to give the respondents a
friendly atmosphere to provide accurate data. The study will apply a face to face interviews and
written form of data procedures. From the residents, the data will be gathered in form of
discussion sessions. Focus Group Discussion provides a huge amount of information in a shortest
period of time and help triangulate with more traditional form of questionnaires, interviewing,
and observation (Kombo and Tromp, 2006). In order to collect a lot of data within the shortest
period of time, a total of four Focus Group Discussions (two for men and two for women) will be
held with Nalusanga residents. Each Focus Group will comprise 10 men and 5 women. Seated
on a round table, the researcher will use a Focus Group Guide with a number of questions asked
to participants. The researcher will ensure that each participant participate in the discussion and
record all the responses. One the other hand, data from ZAWA officers will be gathered from
individual respondents.
4.8. Data Presentation and Analysis

Data analysis is the process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine
each component of the data provided (Berg, 1966).Since this study will employ a mixed method
approach, data analysis will be approached by the use of both themes and statistical tabulations
in form of simple tables. For qualitative data analysis technique, major themes will be identified
and coded as for quantitative data analysis percentages will be tabulated in tables. This type of
data presentation and analysis will be appropriate in study as it will clearly and logically presents
factors under investigation.
4.9 Ethical Considerations
According to Johnson and Christensen, (2012) research ethics are moral values that direct
researchers to conduct and report research without deceiving or harming the participants of the
research or members of the general public, whether intentionally or unintentionally. The areas of
ethics considered in this study were voluntary participation/informed consent; anonymity;
confidentiality and treating participants with respect. Firstly, participation in the study was only
on a voluntary basis. None of the respondents was forced to participate and walking away was an
option for those who felt like withdrawing. In addition, participants were asked for their consent
to participate in the study. Furthermore, the names of the participants will be withheld in order to
maintain anonymity. Furthermore, information obtained through the study will not be use in an
inappropriately manner and all information obtained will be secured, only to be carefully used
for academic reasons. In addition, participants in this study were treated with the utmost respect.
For example, addressed this with the due respect, the researcher thanked them for their
participation and time also. (Creswell, 2012; Johnson and Christensen, 2012)
CHAPTER FIVE
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS
5.0. Introduction
This chapter will resent the finding of the research. The chapter is starts with a presentation of
the demographic characteristics of the respondents. This will be followed by findings based on
the role of geographical features in settlement patterns in Nalusanga ward. This will be followed
by a section on the roles of historical events and processes on settlement patterns in Nalusanga
ward. This will be followed by a section on the role of socio-economic factors on rural
settlement patterns. Lastly, the finding on the role of environmental factors on settlement patters
in Nalusanga will be presented.
5.1. General Characteristics of Respondents

5.1.1. Response Rate of Respondents
Table 1: Rate of Response of Various Respondents
Type of Respondent Respondents Respondents Rate of

Target Sample Who Response
Size Actually
Responded
ZAWA Officers 10 10 100%
Village Residence 40 40 100%
Total 50 50 100%
5.2. Role of Geographical Features on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Geographical features play a significant role in shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga
area, influencing the spatial distribution, density, and arrangement of settlements. This section
presents the findings related to the influence of topography, land use, and natural resource
distribution on settlement patterns, drawing from analysis of interview responses and
questionnaire data.
5.2.1. Influence of Topography on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

The topography of the Nalusanga ward encompasses diverse terrain, including mountainous
areas, hillsides, and flat plains. Interview responses revealed that the topography strongly
influences settlement patterns, with communities often located in areas of lower elevation and
gentle slopes, where accessibility and agricultural productivity are relatively higher. Residents
cited accessibility to water sources and fertile land as key factors driving settlement decisions,
with settlements typically clustered near rivers, streams, and valleys.
On respondent said: "I've lived in Nalusanga for over 30 years, and I can tell you that
topography plays a big role in where people decide to settle. We mostly see settlements in the
valleys and plains because those areas are easier to access and cultivate. The hillsides are too
steep, and the mountains are too rugged for farming."
Questionnaire data corroborated these findings, indicating that the majority of settlements are
situated in low-lying areas with favorable topographic conditions for agriculture and
infrastructure development. Respondents reported that areas with steep slopes or rugged terrain
are less suitable for settlement due to limited agricultural opportunities and challenges in
constructing infrastructure such as roads and buildings.
5.2.2 Influence of Land Use on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Land use practices, including agricultural activities, grazing, and forestry, also influence
settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward. Interviews with local farmers highlighted the
importance of land suitability for agriculture in determining settlement locations, with fertile
soils and adequate water availability driving the establishment of farming communities.
Additionally, traditional land use practices such as shifting cultivation and rotational grazing
influence settlement dynamics, with communities often relocating in response to changes in land
productivity and resource availability.
On respondent said: "Our settlement is surrounded by farmland, and it's no coincidence. People
want to live close to where they work, and for us, that's agriculture. We need good soil and
water for our crops, so we've settled in areas where we can find those resources."
Analysis of questionnaire data revealed a strong correlation between settlement location and
predominant land use activities, with agricultural communities clustered in areas with fertile soils
and access to water resources. Respondents also emphasized the role of land tenure systems and
customary land management practices in shaping settlement patterns, with communal land tenure
arrangements facilitating the establishment of agricultural settlements and communal grazing
areas.
5.2.3 Influence of Natural Resource Distribution on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
The distribution of natural resources, including timber, minerals, and wildlife, has a significant
impact on settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward. Interviews with local residents highlighted
the importance of natural resource availability for livelihoods and economic activities, with
settlements often established near areas rich in resources such as forests, mines, and game
reserves. However, respondents also noted that resource extraction activities can lead to
environmental degradation and conflicts over land and resource use.
One respondent said: "We chose to settle near the forest because it provides us with fuelwood,
medicinal plants, and materials for building our homes. The forest is like our supermarket, and
living nearby makes it easier for us to access these resources."
Questionnaire data indicated that settlements in the Nalusanga ward are often located in close
proximity to natural resource extraction sites, particularly areas with abundant forests and
mineral deposits. Respondents cited access to fuelwood, building materials, and income-
generating opportunities as key factors driving settlement near natural resource-rich areas.
However, concerns were raised about the sustainability of resource exploitation practices and the
need for effective natural resource management strategies to mitigate environmental impacts and
ensure equitable distribution of benefits.
5.2.4. Illustration of Geographic Features Contribution on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

The findings illustrate how geographical features, including topography, land use, and natural
resource distribution, contribute to the spatial distribution and arrangement of settlements in the
Nalusanga ward. Settlements tend to be clustered in areas with favorable topographic conditions
for agriculture, such as low-lying valleys and plains with access to water sources. The
predominant land use activities, primarily agriculture, influence settlement location, with
communities established in areas with fertile soils and adequate water availability. Additionally,
the distribution of natural resources plays a significant role in settlement patterns, with
communities often located near resource-rich areas to access livelihood opportunities and
economic resources.
Overall, the findings highlight the complex interplay between geographical features and
settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area, underscoring the importance of considering these
factors in rural development planning, land use management, and environmental conservation
initiatives. In summary, the findings underscore the critical role of geographical features in
shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area, highlighting the importance of considering
these factors in rural development planning and land use management initiatives.
5.3. Role of Historical Events and Processes on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
The historical context of the Nalusanga area is intertwined with a series of events and processes
that have significantly influenced settlement patterns. This section delves into how historical
events such as colonialism, migration patterns, and land tenure systems have shaped the spatial
distribution and demographic composition of settlements in the Nalusanga ward. Through
analysis of data gathered from interviews and questionnaires, along with historical records, the
chapter explores the legacy of these events in contemporary settlement patterns.
5.3.1 Influence of Colonialism on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Colonialism has left a lasting imprint on the landscape and settlement patterns of the Nalusanga
area. Interviews with local elders and community members revealed narratives of displacement,
land dispossession, and forced resettlement during the colonial era. One interviewee remarked:
A respondent said: "The colonial authorities imposed new land tenure systems that disrupted our
traditional ways of living. They confiscated our ancestral lands and forced us into reserves,
where we were confined to small plots of infertile land. This forced many of our people to
migrate to other areas in search of better opportunities."
Analysis of spatial distribution data showed a concentration of settlements in areas designated as

colonial-era reserves, reflecting the historical legacy of forced resettlement. These settlements
tend to be characterized by smaller plot sizes, limited access to resources, and lower socio-
economic indicators compared to areas outside the reserves. The legacy of colonialism continues
to shape contemporary settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward, with disparities in land
ownership, access to resources, and socio-economic opportunities persisting among different
communities. The historical injustices of colonial land policies have contributed to existing
patterns of inequality and marginalization within the area.
5.3.2. Influence of Migration Patterns on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Migration has been a recurring phenomenon in the history of the Nalusanga area, shaping
settlement patterns through the influx of new populations and the displacement of existing
communities. Interviews with long-time residents provided insights into the historical migration
patterns that have shaped the demographic composition of settlements:
"Our village was established by migrants from neighboring regions who were seeking refuge
from conflicts and droughts in their own lands. Over the years, our population has grown as
more people have migrated here in search of land and livelihood opportunities."
Demographic data revealed a diverse population within the Nalusanga ward, consisting of
indigenous communities and migrant groups from surrounding regions. Settlements often reflect
the ethnic diversity of their inhabitants, with distinct cultural practices and traditions shaping
community dynamics. Migration has played a pivotal role in shaping the spatial distribution and
demographic composition of settlements in the Nalusanga ward, contributing to the formation of
multi-ethnic communities and cultural diversity. However, migration also presents challenges
related to resource competition, social integration, and infrastructure development within the
area.
5.3.3. Influence of Land Tenure Systems on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Examination of Land Tenure Histories:
Land tenure systems have historically influenced settlement patterns by governing access to and
control over land resources. Interviews with community leaders and elders provided insights into
the evolution of land tenure systems in the Nalusanga area:
"Before colonialism, land was communally owned and managed by our traditional leaders.
However, the imposition of colonial land laws introduced individual land ownership, leading to
conflicts over land rights and boundaries."
Data analysis revealed a complex mosaic of land tenure arrangements within the Nalusanga
ward, including communal land tenure in some areas and individual land ownership in others.
These differing tenure systems have implications for settlement patterns, with communal lands
often characterized by dispersed settlements and extensive agricultural use, while individually
owned lands may exhibit more concentrated settlements and diverse land uses. Land tenure
systems have shaped contemporary settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area, influencing the
spatial distribution of communities and the utilization of land resources. The legacy of colonial
land policies, combined with ongoing debates over land rights and access, continues to shape
land tenure dynamics and settlement trajectories within the ward.
5.3.4. Illustration of Historical Legacy and Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

The legacy of historical events and processes, including colonialism, migration patterns, and land
tenure systems, has left a profound imprint on contemporary settlement patterns in the Nalusanga
ward. These historical legacies continue to shape land ownership, resource access, and socio-
economic opportunities within the area, contributing to spatial disparities and inequalities among
different communities. Understanding the historical context of settlement patterns is crucial for
addressing present-day challenges and promoting inclusive development strategies that address
the needs and aspirations of all residents in the Nalusanga ward.
5.4. Role of Socio-economic Factors on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Socio-economic factors play a pivotal role in shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area,
reflecting the interplay between livelihood strategies, economic activities, and social networks.
This section offers a comprehensive analysis of how these factors contribute to settlement
dynamics, drawing insights from interviews, questionnaire data, and community observations.
5.4.1. Analysis of Socio-economic Contributions to Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Socio-economic factors such as livelihood strategies, economic activities, and social networks
exert a significant influence on settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward. Interviews with
community members revealed a diversity of livelihood strategies employed by residents,
including agriculture, small-scale entrepreneurship, and wage labor. Respondents emphasized the
importance of economic opportunities in shaping settlement decisions, with access to markets,
employment, and social networks influencing settlement location.
Questionnaire data corroborated these findings, with respondents highlighting the role of
livelihood opportunities in attracting residents to specific areas. The majority of respondents
reported engaging in agriculture as their primary livelihood, with settlements often clustered
around fertile agricultural lands and market centers. Additionally, social networks emerged as
crucial determinants of settlement location, with respondents citing the presence of family
members, friends, and community ties as factors influencing their choice of settlement.
5.4.2. Presentation of Livelihood Strategies and Settlement Impact on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga
Ward
The predominant livelihood strategy in the Nalusanga ward is agriculture, with the majority of
residents relying on subsistence farming for their sustenance. Interviews with local farmers
provided insights into the agricultural practices and land use patterns that shape settlement
location. Respondents highlighted the importance of fertile soils, access to water, and favorable
climatic conditions in determining settlement sites for agricultural communities.
Questionnaire data revealed a correlation between livelihood strategies and settlement location,
with agricultural communities concentrated in areas with suitable soil conditions and proximity
to water sources. Additionally, settlements near market centers or trading hubs were associated
with increased economic opportunities and access to essential goods and services, further
influencing settlement patterns.
5.4.3 Economic Activities and Social Networks influence on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
Economic activities and social networks play a synergistic role in influencing settlement
decisions in the Nalusanga ward. Interviews highlighted the interconnectedness between
economic opportunities, social ties, and settlement location. Respondents emphasized the
importance of social networks in providing support, assistance, and information to newcomers
seeking to establish settlements in the area.
Questionnaire data underscored the significance of economic activities and social networks in
shaping settlement dynamics. Settlements with strong social networks often exhibited higher
levels of community cohesion and resilience, with residents collaborating on shared livelihood
activities and community development initiatives. Additionally, economic activities such as
small-scale trade and entrepreneurship contributed to the vibrancy of local economies and the
diversification of settlement patterns.
5.4.4. Synthesis of Socio-economic Factors and Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Socio-economic factors, including livelihood strategies, economic activities, and social
networks, play integral roles in shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward. These factors
interact in complex ways to influence settlement decisions, with residents seeking to maximize
opportunities for livelihoods, economic prosperity, and social integration. By understanding the
interrelationships between socio-economic dynamics and settlement patterns, policymakers and
development practitioners can design interventions that support inclusive growth, sustainable
development, and community well-being in the Nalusanga area and beyond
5.5. Role of Environmental Factors in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Environmental factors such as climate variability, soil degradation, and water availability play a
critical role in shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area. This section delves into the
exploration of these factors, their impact on settlement dynamics, and the adaptive strategies
employed by communities to address environmental challenges and sustain settlements.
5.5.1. Exploration of Environmental Factors and Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Climate Variability: Climate variability, including changes in rainfall patterns and temperature
fluctuations, significantly influences settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward. Interviews with
local residents highlighted the vulnerability of settlements to extreme weather events such as
droughts and floods, which can disrupt agricultural activities and livelihoods. Respondents
expressed concerns about the unpredictability of weather patterns and their implications for food
security and community well-being.
Soil Degradation: Soil degradation poses a significant challenge to settlement sustainability in

the Nalusanga area, impacting agricultural productivity and land suitability. Interviews revealed
that soil erosion, deforestation, and improper land management practices contribute to soil
degradation, compromising the long-term viability of settlements. Questionnaire data indicated
widespread awareness of soil degradation issues among residents, with many expressing
concerns about declining soil fertility and erosion.
Water Availability: Access to clean and reliable water sources is essential for sustaining
settlements in the Nalusanga ward. Interviews highlighted the importance of water availability
for domestic use, agriculture, and livestock rearing. However, respondents also identified
challenges related to water scarcity, pollution, and inadequate infrastructure for water storage
and distribution. Questionnaire data corroborated these findings, with respondents reporting
difficulties in accessing sufficient water for household and agricultural needs, particularly during
the dry season.
5.5.2. Challenges and Opportunities in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
Challenges for Settlement: Environmental factors pose significant challenges for settlement
sustainability in the Nalusanga ward, affecting residents' livelihoods, health, and well-being.
Interviews and questionnaire data identified key challenges, including:
 Reduced agricultural productivity due to climate variability and soil degradation.
 Water scarcity and contamination, leading to health risks and sanitation issues.
 Vulnerability to natural hazards such as floods and landslides, exacerbating settlement

insecurity and displacement.
Opportunities for Adaptation: Despite these challenges, communities in the Nalusanga ward have
demonstrated resilience and adaptive capacity in responding to environmental pressures.
Interviews highlighted several adaptive strategies employed by residents, including:
 Diversification of livelihoods to reduce dependence on rain-fed agriculture.
 Implementation of soil conservation measures such as terracing and agroforestry to

mitigate soil erosion.
 Construction of water harvesting structures and community-managed water systems to

enhance water availability and resilience to drought.
5.5.3. Summary of Environmental Factors and Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Environmental factors exert a profound influence on settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward,
shaping the spatial distribution, resilience, and sustainability of communities. By exploring the
complex interactions between climate variability, soil degradation, water availability, and
settlement dynamics, policymakers and development practitioners can design targeted
interventions that enhance adaptive capacity, promote environmental sustainability, and improve
the well-being of residents in the Nalusanga area.
CHAPTER SIX
DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
6.0. Introduction
This chapter will present a discussion of the finding of the above research. The discussion of the
finding is based on the objective of the study.
6.1. Discussion of the Role of Geographical Features in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
Geographical features are fundamental determinants of settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area,
influencing the location, layout, and socio-economic activities of communities. This section
delves into the findings related to the influence of topography, land use, and natural resource
distribution on settlement patterns, drawing insights from both qualitative interview responses
and quantitative questionnaire data. Additionally, this section illustrates how these geographic
features contribute to the spatial distribution and arrangement of settlements within the
Nalusanga ward.
6.1.1. Discussion of the Influence of Topography on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Interview responses and questionnaire data consistently highlight the significant influence of
topography on settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area. Topographical features such as hills,
valleys, and plains shape the distribution of settlements, with communities predominantly
located in areas of lower elevation and gentler slopes. Respondents emphasized the importance
of accessibility and agricultural suitability in settlement decisions, with flat plains and valley
bottoms favored for cultivation and habitation.
Analysis of questionnaire responses revealed a clear correlation between settlement location and
topographic features. The majority of respondents reported residing in areas with relatively flat
terrain and easy access to water sources, facilitating agricultural activities and infrastructure
development. Conversely, areas with steep slopes or rugged terrain were sparsely populated due
to limited agricultural opportunities and logistical challenges.
Geographic features such as topography contribute to the spatial distribution of settlements by

influencing accessibility, agricultural productivity, and resource availability. Settlements tend to
cluster in valley bottoms and low-lying plains, where fertile soils and water sources are
abundant. This concentration of settlements along topographic gradients reflects the strategic
positioning of communities to optimize livelihood opportunities and minimize environmental
risks.
6.1.2. Discussion of the Influence of Land Use on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
Land use practices play a crucial role in shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area, with
agriculture serving as the primary economic activity for residents. Interview responses
highlighted the intimate connection between settlement location and land productivity, with
communities situated near arable land and water sources to support agricultural livelihoods.
Additionally, land tenure systems and customary land management practices influence
settlement dynamics, with communal lands often hosting dispersed settlements and extensive
agricultural use.
Questionnaire data corroborated the qualitative findings, indicating a strong association between
settlement location and predominant land use activities. The majority of respondents reported
engaging in agriculture as their primary livelihood, with settlements clustered around fertile
agricultural lands and waterways. Additionally, respondents cited access to grazing areas and
forest resources as important factors shaping settlement decisions, reflecting the diverse land use
patterns within the Nalusanga ward.
Land use patterns contribute to the spatial distribution of settlements by determining the
availability of resources and livelihood opportunities. Settlements are strategically located near
arable land, water sources, and grazing areas to support agricultural production and livestock
rearing. The spatial arrangement of settlements reflects the optimization of land use practices to
meet the subsistence needs and economic aspirations of residents while maintaining ecological
sustainability.
6.1.3. Discussion of the Influence of Natural Resource Distribution on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga
Ward
Presentation of Findings: Natural resource distribution, including forests, rivers, and mineral
deposits, shapes settlement patterns by providing essential resources for livelihoods and
economic activities. Interviews with local residents highlighted the importance of proximity to
natural resources in settlement decisions, with communities often located near areas rich in
timber, water, and minerals. Additionally, access to wildlife and fisheries resources contributes
to the economic diversity of settlements in the Nalusanga area.
Quantitative analysis of questionnaire responses revealed a correlation between settlement

location and natural resource distribution. Settlements are clustered near forests, rivers, and
mineral deposits, with residents citing the importance of resource availability for subsistence,
income generation, and cultural practices. However, concerns were raised about the sustainable
management of natural resources and the potential for environmental degradation associated with
resource extraction activities.
Natural resource distribution influences the spatial distribution of settlements by providing

essential inputs for livelihoods and economic activities. Settlements are often situated near
resource-rich areas to optimize access to timber, water, minerals, and wildlife. This clustering of
settlements around natural resources reflects the reliance of communities on local ecosystems for
their sustenance and economic well-being, highlighting the intricate interplay between human
settlement and environmental dynamics.
6.1.4. Summary of the Discussion of Role of Geographical Features in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga
Ward
In summary, geographical features such as topography, land use, and natural resource
distribution play a pivotal role in shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward. These
features not only determine the location and spatial arrangement of settlements but also influence
livelihood strategies, economic activities, and environmental sustainability within the region.
Understanding the role of geographical features is essential for informing land use planning,
resource management, and community development initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable
settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area.
6.2. Discussion of the Role of Historical Events and Processes in Settlement Patterns in
Nalusanga Ward
Historical events and processes have left an indelible mark on the settlement patterns of the
Nalusanga area, shaping its spatial distribution, demographic composition, and socio-economic
dynamics. This section delves into the examination of how historical events such as colonialism,
migration patterns, and land tenure systems have influenced settlement patterns, presenting data
on the spatial distribution and demographic composition of settlements in relation to historical
processes. Furthermore, it discusses the enduring legacy of colonialism and other historical
factors in shaping contemporary settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area.
6.2.1 Discussion of the Influence of Colonialism on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Colonialism profoundly impacted settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area, reshaping land
ownership, governance structures, and economic systems. The imposition of colonial rule
disrupted traditional land tenure systems, leading to the alienation of indigenous communities
from their ancestral lands. Colonial authorities introduced new administrative boundaries and
land policies that favored European settlers and commercial interests, marginalizing local
populations and displacing communities from their traditional territories.
Data on the spatial distribution of settlements reveals the enduring legacy of colonialism in the
Nalusanga area. Settlements are clustered in areas designated as colonial-era reserves or
concessions, reflecting the historical processes of land dispossession and forced resettlement.
The concentration of settlements in these designated areas underscores the lasting impact of
colonial land policies on the spatial organization of communities and the distribution of
resources.
The legacy of colonialism continues to shape contemporary settlement patterns in the Nalusanga
area, perpetuating inequalities in land ownership, resource access, and socio-economic
opportunities. The historical injustices of colonial land policies have entrenched patterns of
marginalization and socio-economic exclusion, exacerbating disparities between indigenous
populations and settler communities. Addressing the legacy of colonialism requires a holistic
approach that acknowledges historical injustices, promotes land restitution, and empowers local
communities to reclaim their rights and resources.
6.2.2. Discussion of the Influence of Migration Patterns in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
Migration has been a defining feature of settlement dynamics in the Nalusanga area, shaping its
demographic composition and cultural diversity. Historical migration patterns, including internal
migration from rural to urban areas and transnational migration from neighboring countries, have
contributed to the growth and evolution of settlements in the region. Economic factors, such as
employment opportunities and land availability, as well as social and political upheavals, have
driven migration flows and influenced settlement trajectories over time.
Data on the demographic composition of settlements provides insights into the influence of
migration patterns on settlement dynamics. Settlements in the Nalusanga area exhibit a diverse
population, comprising indigenous communities, migrant groups, and refugees from neighboring
countries. The spatial distribution of settlements reflects the migratory histories of different
ethnic groups, with distinct cultural identities and socio-economic backgrounds shaping
community dynamics and social interactions.
Migration has played a significant role in shaping contemporary settlement patterns in the
Nalusanga area, contributing to cultural diversity, labor market dynamics, and social cohesion.
However, migration also presents challenges related to resource competition, social integration,
and infrastructure development. Addressing the impact of migration requires comprehensive
policies and programs that promote inclusive development, protect migrant rights, and foster
social cohesion within the Nalusanga community.
6.2.3. Discussion of the Influence of Land Tenure Systems in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
Land tenure systems have historically influenced settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area,
governing access to and control over land resources. Traditional land tenure systems, based on
communal ownership and customary land rights, coexisted with colonial-era land policies that
introduced individual land ownership and restricted access to communal lands. These contrasting
tenure systems have shaped settlement dynamics, land use practices, and resource management
strategies.
Data on land tenure arrangements provides insights into the influence of land tenure systems on
settlement patterns. Settlements in the Nalusanga area exhibit a diversity of land tenure
arrangements, including communal lands, leasehold titles, and customary land rights. The spatial
distribution of settlements reflects the underlying tenure regimes, with communal lands often
hosting dispersed settlements and extensive agricultural use, while individually owned lands may
exhibit more concentrated settlements and diverse land uses.
Land tenure systems have significant implications for settlement patterns and resource
governance in the Nalusanga area. The coexistence of multiple tenure regimes has led to
conflicts over land rights, boundary disputes, and inequitable access to resources. Addressing the
impact of land tenure requires policy interventions that recognize customary land rights, promote
secure land tenure arrangements, and empower local communities to participate in land
management and decision-making processes.
6.2.4. Summary of the Discussion of the Role of Historical Events and Processes in Settlement Patterns in
Nalusanga Ward
In summary, historical events and processes, including colonialism, migration patterns, and land
tenure systems, have profoundly influenced settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area. The
enduring legacy of colonialism, combined with ongoing migration flows and land tenure
dynamics, continues to shape the spatial distribution, demographic composition, and socio-
economic dynamics of settlements within the region. Understanding the historical context of
settlement patterns is crucial for addressing present-day challenges and promoting inclusive
development strategies that empower local communities and foster sustainable livelihoods in the
Nalusanga area.
6.3. Discussion of the Socio-economic Factors in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Socio-economic factors play a pivotal role in shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area,
reflecting the interplay between livelihood strategies, economic activities, and social networks.
This section offers a comprehensive analysis of how these factors contribute to settlement
dynamics, drawing insights from both qualitative and quantitative data. Specifically, this section
analyzes the extent to which socio-economic factors influence settlement patterns, presents
findings on the predominant livelihood strategies employed by residents, and discusses how
economic activities and social networks influence settlement decisions in the Nalusanga ward.
6.3.1. Analysis of Socio-economic Contributions to Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Socio-economic factors such as livelihood strategies, economic activities, and social networks
exert a significant influence on settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward. Interviews with
community members revealed a diversity of livelihood strategies employed by residents,
including agriculture, small-scale entrepreneurship, and wage labor. Respondents emphasized the
importance of economic opportunities in shaping settlement decisions, with access to markets,
employment, and social networks influencing settlement location.
Questionnaire data corroborated these findings, with respondents highlighting the role of
livelihood opportunities in attracting residents to specific areas. The majority of respondents
reported engaging in agriculture as their primary livelihood, with settlements often clustered
around fertile agricultural lands and market centers. Additionally, social networks emerged as
crucial determinants of settlement location, with respondents citing the presence of family
members, friends, and community ties as factors influencing their choice of settlement.
6.3.2. Presentation of Livelihood Strategies and Settlement Impact in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga
Ward
The predominant livelihood strategy in the Nalusanga ward is agriculture, with the majority of
residents relying on subsistence farming for their sustenance. Interviews with local farmers
provided insights into the agricultural practices and land use patterns that shape settlement
location. Respondents highlighted the importance of fertile soils, access to water, and favorable
climatic conditions in determining settlement sites for agricultural communities.
Questionnaire data revealed a correlation between livelihood strategies and settlement location,
with agricultural communities concentrated in areas with suitable soil conditions and proximity
to water sources. Additionally, settlements near market centers or trading hubs were associated
with increased economic opportunities and access to essential goods and services, further
influencing settlement patterns.
6.3.3. Discussion of Economic Activities and Social Networks in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
Economic activities and social networks play a synergistic role in influencing settlement
decisions in the Nalusanga ward. Interviews highlighted the interconnectedness between
economic opportunities, social ties, and settlement location. Respondents emphasized the
importance of social networks in providing support, assistance, and information to newcomers
seeking to establish settlements in the area.
Questionnaire data underscored the significance of economic activities and social networks in
shaping settlement dynamics. Settlements with strong social networks often exhibited higher
levels of community cohesion and resilience, with residents collaborating on shared livelihood
activities and community development initiatives. Additionally, economic activities such as
small-scale trade and entrepreneurship contributed to the vibrancy of local economies and the
diversification of settlement patterns.
4.4. Summary of the Discussion of Socio-economic Factors and Settlement Patterns in Settlement
Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
Socio-economic factors, including livelihood strategies, economic activities, and social
networks, play integral roles in shaping settlement patterns in the Nalusanga ward. These factors
interact in complex ways to influence settlement decisions, with residents seeking to maximize
opportunities for livelihoods, economic prosperity, and social integration. By understanding the
interrelationships between socio-economic dynamics and settlement patterns, policymakers and
development practitioners can design interventions that support inclusive growth, sustainable
development, and community well-being in the Nalusanga area and beyond.
6.4. Discussion of the Role of Environmental Factors in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga

Ward
Environmental factors, encompassing climate variability, soil degradation, and water availability,
exert profound influences on settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area. This section delves into
the exploration of these environmental factors, their impact on settlement dynamics, and the
adaptive strategies employed by communities to address environmental challenges and sustain
settlements.
6.4.1 Exploration of Environmental Factors in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Climate Variability: Climate variability, characterized by changes in temperature, precipitation
patterns, and extreme weather events, significantly influences settlement patterns in the
Nalusanga area. Interviews with local residents highlighted the vulnerability of settlements to
climate-related hazards such as droughts, floods, and erratic rainfall. Additionally, questionnaire
data revealed perceptions of increasing climate variability and its implications for agricultural
productivity, food security, and livelihood resilience.
Soil Degradation: Soil degradation poses a critical challenge to settlement sustainability in the
Nalusanga area, impacting agricultural productivity, land suitability, and ecosystem health.
Interviews and questionnaire responses indicated concerns about soil erosion, nutrient depletion,
and land degradation, exacerbated by unsustainable land use practices and deforestation. The
degradation of soils reduces their fertility and resilience, undermining the viability of agricultural
livelihoods and exacerbating food insecurity in affected communities.
Water Availability: Access to clean and reliable water sources is essential for sustaining
settlements in the Nalusanga area, supporting domestic needs, agriculture, and livestock rearing.
However, challenges related to water availability, quality, and distribution were highlighted in
interviews and questionnaire responses. Communities reported issues such as water scarcity,
pollution, and inadequate infrastructure for water storage and distribution, exacerbating health
risks, sanitation challenges, and livelihood vulnerabilities.
6.4.2 Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Challenges for Settlement: Environmental factors pose significant challenges for settlement
sustainability in the Nalusanga area, affecting residents' health, livelihoods, and overall well-
being. Analysis of interview and questionnaire data identified key challenges, including:
 Reduced agricultural productivity and food insecurity due to climate variability and soil
degradation.
 Increased vulnerability to climate-related hazards such as floods, droughts, and

landslides.
 Water scarcity and contamination, leading to health risks, sanitation issues, and
waterborne diseases.
Opportunities for Adaptation: Despite these challenges, communities in the Nalusanga area have
demonstrated resilience and adaptive capacity in responding to environmental pressures.
Adaptive strategies identified through interviews and questionnaire responses include:
 Implementation of soil conservation measures such as terracing, agroforestry, and cover

cropping to mitigate soil erosion and improve soil fertility.
 Adoption of drought-tolerant crop varieties and water-saving irrigation techniques to

cope with water scarcity and climate variability.
 Construction of water harvesting structures, community-managed water systems, and

water storage facilities to enhance water availability and resilience to drought.
6.4.3. Discussion of Adaptive Strategies in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward
Adaptive strategies play a crucial role in enhancing the resilience and sustainability of
settlements in the face of environmental challenges. By addressing the root causes of
environmental degradation and promoting sustainable resource management practices,
communities can reduce vulnerabilities and build capacity to withstand future shocks and
stresses. However, effective adaptation requires multi-level governance, community
participation, and access to resources, knowledge, and technology. By investing in adaptive
capacity and promoting ecosystem resilience, policymakers and development practitioners can
support the long-term viability and well-being of settlements in the Nalusanga area.
6.4.4. Summary of Discussion of Role of Environmental Factors in Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga

Ward
In summary, environmental factors such as climate variability, soil degradation, and water
availability pose significant challenges to settlement sustainability in the Nalusanga area.
However, communities have demonstrated resilience and adaptive capacity in responding to
these challenges through the implementation of adaptive strategies aimed at enhancing resource
management, livelihood resilience, and community well-being. Understanding the complex
interactions between environmental factors, human activities, and adaptation processes is
essential for informing policies and interventions that promote sustainable development and
resilience in the Nalusanga area and beyond.
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.0. Introduction
This chapter will present the conclusion and recommendations of the study. The chapter will
begin the conclusion of he study. This will be followed by recommendation based on the sudy.
7.1. Conclusion of the Study

The conclusion section serves as a culmination of the research findings, providing a summary of
the key insights gained and reflecting on their implications for understanding settlement
dynamics in the Nalusanga area. It also delves into the significance of the research in informing
policy, planning, and development initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable and resilient
communities.
7.1.1. Summary of Key Findings:

The research has unveiled a nuanced understanding of settlement patterns in the Nalusanga area,
highlighting the multifaceted factors that influence their dynamics. Key findings include:
 Geographical Features: The topography, land use, and distribution of natural resources
play pivotal roles in shaping settlement location and spatial distribution. Fertile lands,
water sources, and transportation routes often dictate settlement patterns.
 Historical Events: Historical factors, including colonialism, migration patterns, and land
tenure systems, have left enduring impacts on settlement dynamics and socio-economic
disparities. Inequities in land ownership and access persist, perpetuating marginalization
of certain communities.
 Socio-economic Factors: Livelihood strategies, economic activities, and social networks

significantly influence settlement decisions and resilience. Access to economic
opportunities, social ties, and community networks play crucial roles in determining
settlement location and well-being.
 Environmental Factors: Climate variability, soil degradation, and water availability

pose significant challenges to settlement sustainability. Environmental hazards and
resource constraints impact settlement resilience, livelihoods, and overall community
well-being.
7.1.2. Reflection on Significance for Policy, Planning, and Development:

The research findings hold profound implications for informing policy, planning, and
development initiatives in the Nalusanga area and beyond:
 Equitable Land Reform and Governance: Addressing historical injustices and

implementing equitable land reform policies are imperative for promoting social equity
and community well-being. Recognition of customary land tenure rights and inclusive
governance mechanisms can foster participatory decision-making and empower
marginalized communities.
 Integrated Land Use Planning: Adopting integrated land use planning strategies that
balance economic development with environmental conservation is essential for
promoting sustainable settlement development. Spatial analysis and participatory
mapping techniques can help identify suitable settlement sites and mitigate environmental
risks.
 Diversified Livelihood Strategies: Promoting diversified livelihood strategies and

economic activities is crucial for enhancing resilience to socio-economic shocks and
environmental hazards. Investing in skills development, vocational training, and small-
scale entrepreneurship can create employment opportunities and reduce dependency on
agriculture.
 Climate Resilience and Adaptation: Integrating climate adaptation measures into

development plans is critical for enhancing resilience to climate variability and extreme
weather events. Supporting community-based adaptation initiatives, such as water
harvesting and agroforestry, can mitigate the impacts of environmental degradation and
promote sustainable livelihoods.
7.2. Recommendation of the Study

The recommendations section outlines actionable steps and strategies aimed at addressing the
challenges identified in the research and promoting sustainable development and resilience in the
Nalusanga area. Recommendations are categorized into policy, planning, and research domains,
each offering specific interventions and approaches to address key issues.
7.2.1. Policy Recommendations:

1. Address Historical Injustices and Land Tenure Issues:
 Implement equitable land reform policies to address historical injustices and

ensure fair distribution of land rights.
 Recognize and formalize customary land tenure systems to protect the rights of
indigenous communities and marginalized groups.
2. Implement Integrated Land Use Planning Strategies:
 Develop and implement integrated land use planning strategies that balance
economic development with environmental conservation and social equity.
 Incorporate participatory approaches and stakeholder engagement in the planning

process to ensure inclusivity and transparency.
3. Strengthen Local Governance Structures:
 Strengthen local governance structures and institutions to enhance accountability,

transparency, and efficiency in decision-making processes.
 Empower communities to actively participate in local governance and decision-
making through capacity-building initiatives and community-led development
projects.
7.2.2. Planning Recommendations:

1. Invest in Infrastructure Development:
 Allocate resources for infrastructure development to improve access to essential

services such as water, healthcare, and education.
 Prioritize the construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, and transportation

networks to enhance connectivity and facilitate economic development.
2. Promote Sustainable Agricultural Practices:
 Promote sustainable agricultural practices such as conservation agriculture,

agroforestry, and organic farming to enhance soil fertility, water conservation,
and biodiversity conservation.
 Provide training, extension services, and financial incentives to farmers to adopt

climate-smart agricultural techniques and improve productivity.
3. Integrate Climate Adaptation Measures:
 Integrate climate adaptation measures into development plans and policies to

build resilience to climate variability and extreme weather events.
 Invest in climate-resilient infrastructure, early warning systems, and disaster

preparedness initiatives to reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity.
7.2.3. Research Recommendations:

1. Conduct Longitudinal Studies:
 Conduct longitudinal studies to monitor changes in settlement patterns, socio-

economic dynamics, and environmental conditions over time.
 Track the effectiveness of interventions and policies in promoting sustainable

development and resilience in the Nalusanga area.
2. Explore Socio-cultural Dimensions:
 Explore the socio-cultural dimensions of settlement dynamics, community

resilience, and adaptive capacity through qualitative research methods and
ethnographic studies.
 Document traditional knowledge, cultural practices, and indigenous perspectives

on land use, resource management, and community governance.
3. Utilize Advanced Technologies:
 Utilize advanced technologies such as remote sensing, Geographic Information

Systems (GIS), and spatial analysis tools for more accurate and comprehensive
assessment of settlement patterns and environmental dynamics.
 Collaborate with academic institutions, research organizations, and technology

partners to leverage innovative solutions and methodologies for data collection,
analysis, and visualization.
By implementing these recommendations, policymakers, planners, and researchers can work

collaboratively to address the challenges facing the Nalusanga area and foster sustainable
development, resilience, and prosperity for present and future generations.
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Settlement Patterns in Mubwa District.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN NALUSANGA WARD OF

MUMBWA DISTRICT CENTRAL PROVINCE.

A report submitted to the Kwame Nkrumah University in partial fulfillment of the

Kwame Nkrumah University

Authors signature..................................... Date............................................

Supervisors signature.................................. Date............................................

Figure 1.2. Close Up of Nalusanga Ward page 16

Figure 1.3. Population breakdown by Gender in Nalusanga Ward page 18

Figure 1.4. Breakdown of Population by Age in Nalusanga Ward page 18

Figure 1.5. Breakdown of Population by Age Distribution in Nalusanga Ward page 19

Figure 1.6. Urbanization of Population in Nalusanga Ward page 19

To achieve the research objectives, a mixed-methods approach was employed, combining

1.1. Background of the Study

1.2. Statement of the Problem

1.3. Purpose of the Study

1.4. Objectives of the Study

1.5 Research Questions

1.6. Significance of the Study

1.7. Limitation of the Study

1.8. Operational Definitions

Poaching: The illegal killing of wild animals.

Poachers: People who illegally kill wild animals.

Eviction: A legal driving away of occupants in a particular place.

1.2 Factors That Influence Human Settlement.

1.3 Nature of livelihood Associated with Settlements near National Parks

1.4 Challenges of Settlements in Protected Areas.

According to Mfunda et al. (2012), access to conservation-related benefits can positively

Figure 1.2. Close Up of Nalusanga Ward

Source Google 2023

3.2 Physical Features.

3.2.2 Relief and Drainage.

3.2.3 Geology and Soil

3.3 Population Characteristics

Figure 1.3. Population breakdown by Gender in Nalusanga Ward

Figure 1.4. Breakdown of Population by Age in Nalusanga Ward

Figure 1.6. Urbanization of Population in Nalusanga Ward

3.4 Economic and Social Features.

4.1 Research Methodology

4.2. Research Design

4.3. Target Population

4.4. Sample Size

4.6. Instruments for Data Collection

4.6.1 An Interview Guide

4.7. Procedure for Data Collection

4.8. Data Presentation and Analysis

5.1. General Characteristics of Respondents

Type of Respondent Respondents Respondents Rate of

ZAWA Officers 10 10 100%

Village Residence 40 40 100%

5.2. Role of Geographical Features on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

5.2.1. Influence of Topography on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

5.2.2 Influence of Land Use on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

5.2.4. Illustration of Geographic Features Contribution on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

5.3.1 Influence of Colonialism on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

Analysis of spatial distribution data showed a concentration of settlements in areas designated as

5.3.2. Influence of Migration Patterns on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

5.3.3. Influence of Land Tenure Systems on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

5.3.4. Illustration of Historical Legacy and Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward

5.4. Role of Socio-economic Factors on Settlement Patterns in Nalusanga Ward