Concrete Structures

Part 4
Analysis for Bending (flexure):
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

Basic Requirement
• The basic requirement for the analysis and design
of a beam cross section for bending (flexure) is:
M n  M u,max
Design Required flexural
flexural strength strength

Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 1 of 26

 Analysis and Design for Bending
• Mu,max is found by

• Multiplying the service loads by respective load factors,

• Developing the bending moment diagram under

factored loads by the theory of elastic structural
analysis, and

• Picking maximum factored moment, Mu,max (=required

flexural strength) from diagram.

Analysis and Design for Bending

•  Mn (=design flexural strength) of a member requires
two basic conditions to be satisfied:
• Static equilibrium (i.e. equilibrium between the compressive
and tensile forces acting on the cross section @ nominal
strength should be satisfied),
• Compatibility of strains (i.e. compatibility between the stress
and strain for concrete and reinforcement @ nominal
strength should also be satisfied).
• At the sections of Mu,max  the nominal flexural
strength Mn is assumed to be reached when the strain
in the extreme compression side is equal to the
crushing strain of concrete (c = 0.003).
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Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 2 of 26

 Extreme compression side

Notations
At the section of Mu, max and Anchor
(hanger)
assuming (+) M, the cross bars
section is as shown: (steel in
tension side only  singly dst
reinforced section). dt d Diameter of
closed hoop
h stirrups

Clear distance
between layers
db A2

A1
CS
(clear spacing between bars)
Concrete
cover b
Extreme tension side 5

Notations
b = width of beam cross section
h = height (overall) of beam
d = distance from extreme compression side to centroid of all longitudinal
tension reinforcement.
dt = distance from extreme compression side to the centroid of steel layer closest
to extreme tension side (furthest layer).
A1 = area of layer 1 steel
A2 = area of layer 2 steel
As = total area of longitudinal tension reinforcement = A1 + A2 +……
db = nominal diameter of steel bars
dst = nominal diameter of stirrups (reinforcement needed to provide shear
strength for the beam. Smaller diameter bars should be used for stirrups
since they are easier to bend, most typical is N10 bar  dst = 10 mm) 6

Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 3 of 26

 Concrete Cover
 It is a protection of reinforcement against fire and corrosion
(weather).
 It is measured from concrete surface to the outer edge of stirrups
enclosing main steel bars.
• Concrete cast against and permanently Concrete dst
cover
exposed to earth  75 mm.
• For concrete exposed to earth or weather:
• No. 19 – No. 57 bars  50 mm
• No. 16 and smaller bars  40 mm

 For concrete not exposed to earth or weather:

Slabs, walls, joists Beams & columns
 No. 43 & No. 57  40 mm  40 mm
 No. 36 and smaller  20 mm
7

Concrete Cover
ACI318M‐14

Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 4 of 26

 Clear Spacing Between bars (CS)
• Minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in most
congested layer = CSmin
d b

CS min  Larger 25mm
(4 / 3)d
 agg .

• Actual clear spacing  CS  CS min

• Minimum limits are established to permit concrete to

flow readily into spaces between bars and, hence,
ensure proper concrete placement around the bars. 9

Clear Spacing Between bars (CS)

ACI 318M‐14

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Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 5 of 26

 Comments
• For singly reinforced rectangular beams, the two anchor
(hanger) bars are placed in the compression side to
hold the stirrups in place during concrete pouring.

• db
d t  h  concrete cover  d st 
2
• d  d  distance between centroid of steel layer closest to extreme
t

tension side to centroid of all longitudinal tension reinforcement

b  2concrete cover  d st   nd b
• CS   CS min
n  1
11

Steel Bars

Most
common
bars used in
beams

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Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 6 of 26

 Analysis: Behavior of RC Beams
• When a member is subjected to
bending (Figure a), internal forces
(V and M) at any section X‐X need
to be resisted by the beam cross
section. The internal moment is
represented by the couple force: C Mu
& T.
• C is the compression force in
concrete
• T is the tension force in steel

13

Analysis: Behavior of RC Beams

(a) At moderate
stress levels:

(b) At higher
stress levels :

• Concrete acts linearly in • Concrete acts nonlinearly in

compression. compression.
• Steel resists tension alone (concrete • Steel resists tension alone (concrete
tensile strength is ignored) tensile strength is ignored)
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Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 7 of 26

 Analysis: Behavior of RC Beams
εc
(c) At strength
limit state:

0.85fc′

As

a = β1c

b εs

T = Asfs
15

Analysis: Behavior of RC Beams

• Concrete reaches compressive stress limit of 0.85 fc’
• Parabolic behavior idealized by an equivalent rectangular stress block (Whitney
block).

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Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 8 of 26

 Strength Limit State
• C  Compressive force in concrete
 resultant of concrete uniformly distributed stress of 0.85 f c'
 0.85 f c' Ac  0.85 f c'ba
 a  depth of equivalent rectangular stress block
defining the concrete compression area
 1c
 c  distance from extreme compresion side to neutral axis

17

Strength Limit State

0.85 for 17  f c'  28 MPa

  f c' 
 
 1  1. 05  0. 05  for 28  f c'  55 MPa
 7
0.65 for f c'  55 MPa


 T  Tensile force carried by tension steel

 As f s
 Es s when  s   y fy
fs   ;  y  yield strain 
 f y when  s   y Es
18

Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 9 of 26

 Strength Limit State: Brittle vs Ductile Failure
• The RC beam can fail either by
• steel yielding before the concrete crushing occurs
(ductile failure), or
• concrete crushing before the steel yields (brittle failure), or
• both steel and concrete fail at the same time (balanced
failure).

1. Ductile failure if c = 0.003 and s > y

2. Brittle failure if c = 0.003 and s < y
3. Balanced failure if c = 0.003 and s = y

19

Strength Limit State: Brittle vs Ductile Failure

1. Ductile failure if ec = 0.003 and es > ey
2. Brittle failure if ec = 0.003 and es < ey
3. Balanced failure if ec = 0.003 and es = ey

20

Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 10 of 26

 Ductile Failure

• Excessive deflection
• Plenty of cracks and signs of failure
• High absorption of energy

21

Brittle Failure

• Small deflection
• Few cracks and signs of failure
• Low absorption of energy
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Part 4: Analysis for Bending (flexural) Page 11 of 26