ME3491 Theory of Machines Reg 2021 Lecture Notes

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PORIYAAN
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIT NOTES
SUBJECT: ME8492- KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
Unit 1-BASICS OF MECHANISMS

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PORIYAAN
Link or Element
Types of Link
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PORIYAAN
Machine Vs Structure
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PORIYAAN
Classification Depends on Relative motion
Sliding Pair
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PORIYAAN
(iv) Screw Pair
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Depend of Constraining Motion
PORIYAAN
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PORIYAAN
Successfully Constrained Motion
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PORIYAAN
Joints - 6 1/
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PORIYAAN
Degree of freedom (DOF)
It is defined as the no of input motions, which must be independently controlled in order to bring
mechanism into useful engineering purpose.
Example
Sliding Pair
DOF =1
Turning Pair
DOF = 1
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10
PORIYAAN
Inversion Mechanism
Inversion of a kinematic linkage or mechanism is observing the motion of the
members of the mechanism with fixing different links as reference frame. Each time when a
different link is chose as the frame link the mechanism shows different characteristics of the
motion.
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PORIYAAN
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PORIYAAN
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PORIYAAN
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14
PORIYAAN
Second Inversions
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15
PORIYAAN
Fourth Inversion
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PORIYAAN
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17
PORIYAAN
MECHANISMS
Toggle Mechanism
The toggle mechanisms can be used in the situation when one needs to output large force subject to
a short stroke, for example, the stone crushers and mechanical presses, etc. The shown mechanism
has a toggle position when the two lower links arrange to be aligned. At this position, the slider can
produce an extremely large power to press workpiece.
Ratchet and Pawl Mechanism
- 6 1/
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18
PORIYAAN
Geneva Wheel Mechanism
Geneva mechanism, also called Geneva Stop, one of

the most commonly used devices for
producing intermittent rotary motion, characterized by
alternate periods of motion and rest with no reversal in
direction. It is also used for indexing (i.e., rotating a shaft
through a prescribed angle).
In the Figure the driver A carries a pin or roller R that fits in
the four radial slots in the follower B. Between the slots there
are four concave surfaces that fit the surface S on the driver
and serve to keep the follower from rotating when they are /
fully engaged. In the position shown, the pin is entering one of the slots,sand,-61on/further rotation of the
driver, it will move into the slot and rotate the follower through 90°. i n s 61pin/ leaves the slot, the
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Here, AE is the input link and point E moves along a circular path of radius AE = AB. Also, EC =
ED = PC = PD and BC = BD. Point P of the mechanism moves along exact straight line,
perpendicular to BA extended.
19
PORIYAAN
To prove B, E and P lie on same straight line:
Triangles BCD, ECD and PCD are all isosceles triangles having common base CD and apex points
being B, E and P. Therefore points B, E and P always lie on the perpendicular bisector of CD.
Hence these three points always lie on the same straight line.
To prove product of BE and BP is constant.
In triangles BFC and PFC,
and
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But since BC and PC are constants, product of BP and BE is constant, which
s
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Effect of transmission Angle
20
PORIYAAN
Unit 2 – GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS
Gear
• Gears are toothed wheels used for transmitting motion and power from one shaft to another
when they are not too far apart and when a constant velocity ratio is desired
Advantages of Gear Drive

• Since there is no slip, so exact velocity ratio is obtained.
• Larger power can be transmitted.(Compare to Belt & Chain)
• Its more efficient (upto 99%)
• Its require less space
- 6 1/
Types of Gears
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
39
PORIYAAN
(1) Parallel Axes Gears
1 Spur Gear
This is a cylindrical shaped gear, in which the teeth are parallel to the axis. It/ is the most commonly
-61
used gear with a wide range of applications and is the easiest to manufacture.
i n es -61/
2 Gear Rack
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
r/meshhe o a spur
-o gear a any n s-of
inumber 6 teeth.
This is a linear shaped gear which can e with y - m with h e 1/ The gear
p / t o r o f a c i n - 6
/pa per /the ry- f-m ach nes -61/
rack is a portion of a spur gear with an infinite radius.
3 Internal Gear
.
r
a n in
. /pa er
i n p / t h e o
o r
A N
-
tp
s
w w po ya
. r i n
A
/w w or a in
Y p
h
/t
r
or f
c
n -6
I
a
t o i o
t
hThis
p
t
s:/Gear
ht Internal
p
ht Internal
gear.
w
O
w
w Spur.pGear
and
// wwshaped
tt is sa:cylindrical
/ ware
s:/ gears
.
woften
.
r
pogear,
R
o ya n.i pa er
i
r i
pousedriy
a
a with
ybut a n
n
inaplanetary
a n
/
.ithe teeth
n /
p
painside
p
a er/
e
.i gear/psystems.
/
rthet h
t
eo ry-o f-m
h eo ring.
circular
h eo
r y -oIt can mesh with a spur
P
p w
tt s:// ww .po iya n.in /pa er/t p
h
4 Helical
t tpGear://w ww por yaa n.in pap
h ps /w w. ri aa .in/
t t : / w p o
h ps /w w.
t / o riy aan
ht ps: /ww w.p riy
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
h tt s:/
This is a cylindrical
h ttpshaped gear with helicoid teeth. Helical gears can bear more load than spur
gears, and work more quietly. They are widely used in industry. A disadvantage is the
axial thrust force caused by the helix form.
5 Helical Rack
40
PORIYAAN
This is a linear shaped gear that meshes with a helical gear. A Helical Rack can be regarded as a
portion of a helical gear with infinite radius.
6 Double Helical Gear
- 6 1/ form balances the

A gear with both left-hand and right-hand helical teeth. The double helical
inherent thrust forces. s / e -61
i n
(2) Intersecting Axes a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
1 Straight Bevel Gear r y-o f-m ach nes 61/
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/
sThis
/ w
/ w
w
w .p riy an
w
w
o
o
: is awgear in.pwhich ithe
r
a
y teeth a n i
have
n
. tapered
n /
Yp
A
a conical
p e r elements
t h eo rthat
y -ohave-m
f
the same
c hidirection
n e 6 1/
s as the
I
t o i / o a -
ht pmost s:/ widely
pitch conew
/ w
base line
w r
a nThe
.p in(generatrix).
iybevel a
. straight
n / pa bevel
p er gear t h
is -osimplest
e bothrythe f - hi eand
m tocproduce n
s the
t o i / o a
applied the gear family.
t
ht 2 Spiral
t p
t
s:/Bevel
/
O
w wGear w o.
R
po riya an.i /pa per heo ry-o f-m
o
in
i
/t o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t :/ a helical
This is a bevel ht gearpswith /w
w angle of spiral teeth. It is much more complex to manufacture,
t t : /
but offers higher h strength
p s and less noise.
t
ht
3 Zerol Bevel Gear
41
PORIYAAN
This is a special type of spiral bevel gear, where the spiral angle is zero degree. It has the
characteristics of both the straight and spiral bevel gears. The forces acting upon the tooth are the
same as for a straight bevel gear.
(3) Nonparallel and Nonintersecting Axes Gears
1 Worm Gear Pair
- 6 1/
n - 6 1/
esoutstanding
Worm gear pair is the name for a meshed worm and worm wheel. i
h es 1/ feature is that it
An
offers a very large gear ratio in a single mesh. It also provides c
a quiet -6 /action. However,
in andssmooth
m h
transmission efficiency is poor.
- o f -
m a hin s-61 /
c e
y 1
e or -of- mac hine s-6 /
/th eory -of- mac hine s-61 /
2 Screw Gear (Crossed Helical Gear)
r
pe r/th ory -of- ac ine -61 /
.
r
a n i n
i
. /pa er
n p / t h
e o
o r
A N
-
s
tp one:/or
w
/wboth
w po ya
.
w porgears
/w ofwcylindrical
A:/pair
w .
i
i y
rof theapair
n
a to.idrive
aused n
n non-parallel
/ p
a are.inof screw
Y A
ap er/thandenonintersecting
or -of mshafts
h ogears
pform.r/tScrew y
r are - inac
fused
ac where
h
n
-6 of/
in thesteeth
e -61
I
t s /gear w members
. p o y n p a e e - o m the h i
combination
s of
h pscrew r i / h r y - c e
t
ht However,
s :/ w they
w w p
/ screw
. o oryscrew
gear,
i aa n .in/ spur
gear
/ p
p Screw
agear. e
t gears
r/horsepower.
e -of smooth,
o assure
y ma quieth inoperation.
R
tp /w w orare not suitable for a in
transmission of p
high /t h or f - a c
tt Other
s:/Special po riya an.i /pa per heo ry-o
O
h(4) p w wGears .
h tt s:// ww .po iya n.in /pa er/t heo
w or a in
P
tpGear /w p /t
1 Face
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
A pseudo bevel s:/ is limited to 90° intersecting axes. The face gear is a circular disc with a
htgearpthat
t
ring of teeth cut intits
h side face; hence the name Face Gear.
2 Enveloping Gear Pair
This worm set uses a special worm shape that partially envelops the worm gear as viewed in the
direction of the worm gear axis. Its big advantage over the standard worm is much higher load
capacity. However, the worm gear is very complicated to design and produce.
42
PORIYAAN
3 Hypoid Gear
- 6 1/ development for the

This gear is a slight deviation from a bevel gear that originated as a special
automobile industry. This permitted the drive to the rear axle toes /
be nonintersecting, and thus
allowed the auto body to be lowered. It looks very much like h the 61 gear.
inspirals-bevel / However, it is
c e 1
-6 /
a a bevelingear generator.
complicated to design and is the most difficult to produce on
f -m ach ines -61
- o /
Involute tooth profiles
o ry of-m ach ines -61
/ t h ory-a cord
Involute curve is a path generated by a tracingepoint on
o f-m
as the cord
a es -61from
ch isinunwrapped / a cylinder
called the base cylinder
er the ry- f-m ch nes 61/
p
N
/ p p h
n .in /pa er/t eo y-o -ma hin es-6 1/
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
SpurhGeartt Terminology
s:/ /ww w.po riya an. n/pa
i
t p o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
43
PORIYAAN
Pinion
 The smallest of two matting gear. The largest often called the gears or the wheel.
pitch circle
 It is an imaginary circle, which is pure rolling action. For actual gear to give the same motion.
Pitch circle diameter:

- 6 1/
It is diameter of the Pitch Circle. When the size of the gear is specified n 6 1/ circle diameter. It is
esby-pitch
i
also known as pitch diameter. a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
-o -m ch es 1/
r y f 6
Pitch point:
h eo ry-o f-ma chin es- 1/
t
r/the o - o ma hin s-6 1/
e e y
p r/th or -of- ac ine -6 /
It is a common point of contact between two pitch circle.

a
Pitch surface:
It is a surface.
r
pofoRolling
a n
ya disc
i n
n
i
. /pa er
n p / t h e
.i /meshing
which pa pegears r are
o
o r
o
ereplaced
A
-o
N
at pitch
-
mcircle.chi nes- 61/
A
r i a n t h r y f -
w ww .po riya an.i /pa per/ heo ry-o f-ma chi es- 1/
tp
s
Pitch:
/w w or a in
I
t Two mating gear of pitch
Y p /t or
o are same.Thati should be having ThreeoTypes of pitch.
f a n -6
t
hCircular
h
O
o
R
tt s:/pitch w .po iya n.i /pa er heo y-o
r
ttp s://w ww .po iyaa n.in /pap er/t heo
i
or yaaof anpitch
o
r
P
What tispdistance
t s ://wbetweenw w circumference
.p .in circlep a pfrom ra/tpoint of one tooth to the
h
tp :point
corresponding / /w ofwadjacent
w po r aa .in/ ape
i
tooth.
t
h ps /w w.
t / o riy aan .in/p
ht ps: /ww w.p riy an
t o
h ps:/ /ww w.p riya
Diametraltpitch
t o
htbetween
It is the ratio p s:/ the/w w circle
pitch
w . pdiameter to number of teeth. it is called diametral pitch.
t t : /
h ps /ww
module pitch h
tt s:/
tp
ht
It Is ratio between pitch circle diameter to the number of teeth.
Addendum Circle(tip circle):
The circle drawn through the top of the teeth and it is concentric with the Pitch Circle.
Addendum:
it is radial distance between the Pitch circle to bottom of the tooth.
44
PORIYAAN
Dedendum circle( root circle)
It is circle draw through bottom of the circle.
Dedendum:
The radial distance of teeth in between pitch circle to bottom of the teeth.
Clearance:
/
1 teeth in two meshing
The Clarence is a radial distance between the top of teeth to the bottom -of6the
s /
-61 circle.
ineas clearance
gear. A circle is drawn through the top of the meshing gear is called
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
y-o f-m ach nes 61/
Total depth:
r
It is radial distance between the addendum hcircle -o -mcirclechofigear.es- 1/
eo torydedendum
So we can calculate the total death:per
/ t
e o
y - of ma hin s-6 1/
th or -of- ac ine s-6 /
a r /
N
e h
Total depth = addendum + dedendum
. in/p ape r/th ory -of-m ac ine s-61 /
an .in/p ape r/the ory -of-m ach ine -61 /
A
a s
Working depth:riy
o a an .in/p ape r/the ory -of-m ach ine -61 /
.p riy an n/p pe the ry f-m ch nes 61
tp
s
w
:// ww
addendum
w
w distance
It is a Radial
/w w or
. po ribetween
of the.ptwo
ya anthe
o meshing
i y a gear.n
a in
n /
A
.i addendum
pa pcircle
.i /pa er/
Y
e
p
r/ tohclearance
t
e
/th or
o
-o -misaalsoch
eo rycirclet.It
y- f
equal
o ma hin s-6 1/
f- ac ne -6
e s- of1/
i to sum
ht Tooth
t p /
ht ThepMeasuring
t t :
w
s:/ /wwof width
/
w po ya
. I
t w .po riya an.i /pa per heo ry-o f-m chi
s:/ thickness:
R
w ptheortoothya i along
n .in /pa er/t eo y-o -ma
a the.in p r/th or -of
Pitch Circle.
a
O ri aan .in/p ape r/the ory

h ps /w w. w
t / o
ht ps: /ww w.p riy an n/p pe /the
P
tspace: o i
Tooth
It is h
tt s:/ by space w of.p o ya n.i pa
i
t t p
measurement
: / / w w widthrbetween
o a . i n/ teeth measuring along the pitch circle.
ato adjacent
h ps /w w. w p y
ri aan
t t : / w p o
Backlash: h ps /w w.
t / o riy
ht ps: /ww w.p
t
It is difference htbetweenp s:/space/ ww of the tooth and thickness of the tooth along the Pitch Circle.
t t : /
Backlash = tooth h space p s– tooth thickness
t
ht
Face Width:
It is measurement of gear width by parallel to its axis.
Top land:
It is your surface of top of the teeth. it is called top land.
45
PORIYAAN
Bottom Land:
It is surface of the bottom of the teeth between adjacent fillets.
Face:
It is tooth surface between top Land to Pitch Circle.
Flank:
The tooth surface between bottom land to pitch circle including fillet. - 6 1/
i n es -61/
Fillet: a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
It is curved shape of the toothed flank at root circle. r y-o f-m ach nes 61/
Pressure angle( angle of obliquity): h eo ry-o f-m chi es- 1/
/
rtot o - oteethmatapointhofincontacts -6 /
e e y - e 61
The angle between the common normal

a p r/th or -of
two gearing of
a c in and -
a common
1/
N
tangent at a point of pitch Point. /pIt is p e pressure
called h e angler y in the -mGearing.
c e s
hThe standard pressure
i n / t o f a n - 6
angle of the teeth is 14a n.degree
1/2
n / a 20edegree.
pand p
r he
t r y-o f-m achi nes 61/
A
i / o -
r iya an. n/pa per /the ry-o f-m achi nes 61/
. po riya an.i /pa per heo ry-o f-m chi es- 1/
A
Path of contact:
w w po ya
. i n .in /pa er/t eo y-o -ma hin es-6 1/
://w wcontact orof two a from
ateeth ap etor/end
.in beginning th of engagement.
or -of mac hin s-6 /
Y
The
s pointw of . p i y n p e
tp Length /wof w wof contact( r contact a length): n ap r/th ory -of- ac ine s-61
/
I
t : / path o a .i
h ps /w w.p riy an n/p pe /the ry f-m ach ne
t n.i normal
:/
ht Itpissmeasured wby length .po ofrthe iyacommon / pacutoff eo rcircle
erby addendum y-o of-m the pinionhiand wheel.
R
t / w w o a i n p / t h o f a c
tt of scontent:
:/ w .po riya an.i /pa per heo ry-o
O
hArc p w
h tt s:// ww .po iya n.in /pa er/t heo
oron the a from
P
ttp issmeasured
://w wby
The path wa point acircle .in beginning
a p tor/end t of engagement in pair of teeth.
h .p r i y n / p e
The arctof
h t pcontact
s ://wis divided
w w bypo
.
two types.
iy aaThenare .in /pap
r
ttp s://w ww .po iyaa n.in
(i) arc of approach
h
tp
(ii) Arc of recess /w w or a
t o
ht pItsis:/path
Arc of approach: w wcontact
of . pfrom the beginning of engagement to end of pitch point.
h t t
s : // ww
Arc of recess: it istp w from Pitch point to end of engagement of pair of teeth.
path of /contact
t
h ps : /
tt
Velocity ratio: h
It is ratio between speed of driving gear to speed of driven gears.
Contact ratio:
The ratio between length of Arc of contact to circular pitch.it is called as Contact ratio.
Law of Gearing:
46
PORIYAAN
To obtain a constant velocity ratio, the common normal of any instant of teeth at each point of
contact should always pass through a pitch point, Situated on line joining center of rotation of the of
mating gear.
Mean of Other Words:(The condition made by the tooth profile to maintain a constant angular
velocity ratio in between two pair of gear. The fundamental of condition which must be satisfied
designing the profile of the teeth of gear wheel.)
General form of gear tooth profile:

- 6 1/
The shape of two curve that fulfill the law of gearing, it can be used e
n insteeth
- 6 1/
profile. if the profile of
i s /
teeth of one matting gear is arbitrarily and profile of other gear
a chis determined,so
i n e -61to satisfy the law of
s 1/ teeth can be
gearing, it type of teeth is known as conjugate teeth. The f -m gear are
c hhavingeconjugate
-obut there
m a h n -6 /
i tosmanufacturing
successfully used for power transmission of motion. y
r of - are
a cdifficult
n e 6 1 by
o i -
using a special device which are costly. Sohthe
/ t r y- teeth
e conjugate f-mareanotchused n
in 1/
esmost-6common
method. o
er the ry- f-m ch nes 61/o i
p r/ actual a hi
a usedein o -opurpose; s- 1/
N
So the common form of the profile / p p h epractical
r y f - m c e
They are (i) involute profile n .in p a etooth
(ii) cycloidal
/ r/t profile
e o
y -o -ma chin es-6 1/
aa n.in /pap er/t eo y-of ma hin s-6 1/ h r
Standard
w
:// wgear
w . p o
System
w po ya
o
i y
r aa .in ap r/th or of- ac ine -6
riofygear n profile:
atooth in
w .p riy an. /pa per heo ry-o f-m chi es 1/
a
.in /pa eand
A r/t American
A
o Nationalo m in s-6 /
a hInstitute(ANSI)
Y
s . i n e y -
American
tp for:standardized
manufacture
/w ww following r aa .in ap r/th or of- ac ine -61
Association(AGMA) standard
I
t / o - the-m
h ps /w w.p riyfor form
t 1. 14:½ / o a nof gear
i n / pteethpprofile
e depending
/ t h e ryupon
o f a changle.
pressure
i n es
t
h ps ⁰/w w .p systemriy a . a
n n/p pe the ry- f-m chr o
R
composite
w a
t
ht 2. 14 p
/
s½: ⁰ full
w w involute
depth . o
p rsystem i y an.i /pa per/ heo ry-o f-ma
a
t / w
s:/ depth
h3.t 20⁰pfull
w po a n.in /pa er/t eo y-o
O
envelope . system i y
t ://w w psystem or yaa n.in pap er/th eor
ht20⁰ degree
4. s stubw involute . i
tp ://w ww por yaa n.in/ pap r/th
t
h ps /w w.
t t
P
h psof 14/w
Advantages t
It type ofhprofile
t
:
p
/
/ ½w
ht ps: /ww w.p riy an
tt steeth
⁰ involute
:/ could
/ w
w
o
w be having
w o .
ri aa .in/ ape
.p system
o riy aan .in/p
po smooth
r i ya and noiseless operation.
Very strong htteethps:/ /ww w.p
t degree
Advantages h oft14
p s:/ involute
/ ww system
t t : /
It will be reduced h theprisk s of undercutting
t
It will be stronger htteeth with a load carrying capacity
It will be having greater length of contact
Gear material
the modern industrial widely various gear materials are used. The gears material are classified in
two types. They are Metallic and non metallic material.
47
PORIYAAN
(1) metallic material:
Steel:it is more common material of manufacturing of gears. Almost all types of Steel have
been used in this manufacturing purpose.
To combine the property of toughness and teeth hardness, steel gears are heat treated.
The Steel With Brinell hardness number < 350 are used to light and medium duty purpose.
But >350 BHN are used to heavy duty and it require to compactness.
The plain carbon steel used for medium duty application such as 50 C 8,45 C 8, 50 C 4 and
55 C 8.For the heavy duty application alloy Steel are used like as 40 Cr 1 , 30 Ni 3 Cr 65
Mo 55.For planetary gear train the recommended Steel of 35 Ni 1 1 /Cr 60.
e s-6 1/
6
cast iron: c hin es- 1/
a hin s-6 /
- m ne s-61 and
The cast iron is a extensive gear material. Because ofolow
- m ac hmachinability,
f cost,good i / moderate
y - c e 1
Mechanical properties. For general purpose, the
e orlarge-sizeof gear m amadehfromin grey s 6 iron
-cast / (FG 200,
h y - c e 1
FG 260 or FG 350)
e r/t heor y-of -ma hin es-6 1/
Disadvantage: it is a low tensile strength

N
/ p h - c e
A
bronze: a
y n p
ri aa .in/ ape r/th ory of- ac ine -61 e m
o
p
It is .mainlyrused iy toaworm n gears /p drive ebecause e ability y-of highest
-m slidingch load. es -61/
A
w o a in a p / t hof o r o f a i n
w w
It is most .p suitable
riy for a n. n/pand wear
corrosion p erproblem.t h e ry- f-m ch es 1/
/ / w o a i a er / o o ma hin s-6 1/
Y
s : w .p i y n . costly/pmaterial. e y-
tp /w ww por yaa .in ap r/th eor -of- ac hine s-6
Disadvantage: there are
ht ps:/ /w
tt
h ps /w w.
t t
h ps /w w.
t
: /
:
The bronze. Alloys
w
phosphorus
/
t nonsmetallic : /
w
w p o
bronze
p o
o
I y
are used
n n/p bronze,
rilikeaasamanganese
n
in . i p a
R
manufacture
pe aluminium
riy aan .in/p ape r/the ory of-m

.p riy an n/p pe the ry-
of r /
gears. e
ry oSilicon
th obronze, -
-
f -m a
m
c or
bronze
h i ne
O
h(2) p w wmaterial:
t / / w o i / o
ht ps: /ww w.p riya an. n/pa per /the
P
t :/ materials oas wood, a rawhide,.i synthetic
pa presin,
The htnon metallic
p s / w w
w .p
like
r i y a n n / er compressed paper are used for
t o i
gears. ht ps:/ /ww w.p riya an. n/pa
t a n.iiii. Damping of shock and vibration.
po riyoperation
ht pCost
Advantage:i. s:/ very wlow ii. .Noiseless
Disadvantage: t
ht plow
w
/ conductivity
s:/heat w w poand y
. i aaload carrying capacity
low
t /w w or
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
Selection ofhGears tt sMaterials:
:/ w
t t p : / /w
h ps
t
Selection of gears htmaterial depends on the various reason as follows,
Service type
The speed of peripheral
Manufacturing method
Degree of accuracy requirement
Material cost
Wear and shock resistance
Weight and space limitation
48
PORIYAAN
Impact load , maximum load and life of gear
The safety and other consideration
Gear manufacturing method:
The manufacture of gear followed by various process and that can be classified,
Gear milling process:

/
Gear
s 61 under
milling is a process of cutting a material by feeding a work-piece
/
rotating of
multiple tooth cutter. When the cutting action for many n e 1
-6 the
h i teeth around
s /
milling cutter
c inesurface
and providing a fast method of machining. So theamachined 1
-6maybe followed by
/
m h s
- o f- inaabove
flat,angular, or curved.The machining of surface
m
c require
h i -61 of/ material.
ne sshape
y aref-milledaby
Spur gear, helical gear and straight bevelrgear c thisin e -61
method.
e o - o h s /
The machining of surface finish having
th about / f-m c ne 61
ry 3.2μm. a -
er theo ry-o f-m chi nes 61/
p
N
/ p p h
Gear generating
A
y a n p ofepasses e m
The gears are formed
o ri togethera a .ininserious/
a p r o ry otool
/thby generating f- shape a clike as
i e -6of1gears
nmating
. p y n ncan p e by tthis e - -m afinish h es -61/
A
one to another.The
w i orashapers
rhubs / be usedp / h method.r y Thefsurface c iofnmachining
o
wcan be.pobtained a i a
n. n/p per the ry- f-m ch nes 61/ o o
process
/ w w o riybya1.6μm.a i / a -
/
tp
ht pGear
t
s:/ hobbing: w
/w w o . p r i
I
o ya n.i pa er/
a in
Y / p /t h e o
o r y-o -ma chi es-
f a n
t
ht it ispan
tt sany
almost
hand p
/
s:simply
w
O
tprofile. / w
method,pwhich
w .
:// Shapewofwexternal
w o . R
o cutting
r
po tooth
i
r
ya atool
i yaform
n
a
.i shaped
n
n / pain worm.
.i /bevel
expect
i n
p e
pa gears.
p
r Thehegear
e
t
r/ It also
/ t h
o hobbing
o r y
econtrol
o r
-o method
y
f - m can produce
o spacing, lead angle
-tooth
P
t o i
t o i
Gear shaping:
t po may .i with either rack cutter or pinion cutter. It
The gear htshaper p s:is/ used
w w
and the.teeth
/ ww po ya r i yabe generated
a n
t
can produce ht internal
p s:/ and /wexternal w .spur gears,
ri helical gears, herringbone gears and face gears.
t t : / o
h ps /ww w.p
t
Gear moulding: ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
It is achieved byhmass tt production of gears.
Injection moulding:
It can produce light weight gears of thermoplastic materials.
Die casting:
The die casting method, the shape of gears depends on the Die shape. It is similar to Melton metal
casting. Brass, aluminium, Zince and magnesium gear are made by this process.
49
PORIYAAN
Sintering:
It is used to manufacture of small and heavy duty gears for pumps and instrument. Iron and brass
material are most common material of sintering method.
Investment casting:
It can produce medium duty gears of iron and steel for rough application
Law of Gearing
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
50
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t R
o
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
Interference
t o i
t o ya n.i pa
s:/ /w
•htThepmating ofw .pinvolutes
two non
w ri a tooth
a profiles n/ is known as interference
t t : / w p o y . i
h ps /w w.
t in gears / o ri aan
t : w p
h ps /w w.
Undercutting
t / o riy
ht ps: /ww w.p
• When tthe t of:/ the tooth
h tip p s /ww undercuts the root (flank) of the mating gear tooth, some portion
t
ht pwill
of the flank
s:/ be removed. This process of removal of material due to interference
t
phenomenon
ht is called undercutting.
51
PORIYAAN
Methods to Avoid Interference
• By modifying addendum of gear teeth

• By increasing the pressure angle
• By modifying tooth profile or tooth shifting
• By increasing the centre distance
• By increasing no. of teeth on the mating pinion
• By Undercutting the radial flank of the pinion
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
ch ines -61/
Problem
a s 1/
f -m are c h o involutes
e
1. A pair of gears having 40 and 30 teeth respectively
y -o -m chi es-6
a 25 n form. The addendum
1/ rotates at 1500
length is 5mm and module pitch is 2.5mm. o r If the
o f a
smaller n
wheeliis driver-6
and
e At ry
h(i) - ch ines(ii)-6At1/ the point of
-mof aengagement
rpm, find the velocity of sliding /
r het o the point
o f
epoint. y- f-m ach nes 61/
p
disengagement (iii) At the pitch / t r
a er e ry-o f-m chi es- 1/
o
N
/ p p h
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
Y A
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
52
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
GEAR TRAIN
f
It’s a combination of wheels by means of which motion r y-isotransmitted
f -m afrom ch one n shaft 1/ shaft
es to-6another
o o i
/ t he ory- of-m ach ines -61/
p
N
/ p p h
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
Problems
/ / w
s: 1./wTwo
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o i n
w pshafts
a
Y A
.in by/paasimpleergear/t train. of theadrivingin -6the
I
t o yarea connected oThe speed
ht ps:/ /w wparallel -oof teeth gear and
. r i n h e r y - m c h e sgear
tt : / driven
w w po yaa .in ap r/t eo
gear is 360 rpm and 120 rpm respectively. The number
-o f ona hin
the driving is
h ps /w w. n p
ri aa .in/ ape r/th ory of- ac m
R
30. Determine i) Speed ratio ii) The Train Value iii) Number of teeth on the driven or
t t : / p o -
w riy aan .in/p ape r/the ory of-m
h ps /w w. Follower
t / o
ht ps: /ww w.p riy an n/p pe /the ry-
t
O
t
P
t
t
o
o
o
o
i
i
i
i
o
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
53
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
: / /
sSimple
w
/ w w
w
w .p riy an
gear
w
.
train
o
o
wof simple
a
Y Ai n/p pe /the ry- f-m ach nes -61/

p riy an. /pa per heo ry-o f-m chi es 1/
.in /pa er/t eo y-o -ma hin es-6
I
t
s:/ /ww w
ht pCharacteristics .po rgeariyatrain n
a .in ap r/th or -of
tt  Gears : / w
are in the p o
form ofy a
series p e mac hin
h ps /w w. i n
a .in/ ape r/th ory -of- ac
R
t Axes / o rfixed a
t
h  pEach :
s gear of gears
w remains
p y
. onridifferent nshaftn/p pe the ry f-m
t / / w is w
mounted o a a i / o
ht ps: /ww w.p riy an. n/pa per /the ry-o
t
O
P
t
t
t
o
o
o
o
i
i
i
i
o
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
Compound gear httrain
Characteristics of compound gear train
 All the characteristics are same as simple gear train except that more than two gears can also
be mounted on a single shaft
54
PORIYAAN
Reverted Gear Train
EpiCyclic Gear Train
- 6 1/ gear.
A gear train that consists of one or more outer gears rotating around a central
Epicylic gear trains are also known as planetary gear trains. s / e -61
i n
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
o ri aa .in/ aApplications pe r/th ory -of- ac ine -61 /
. p ri aan .in/ ape r/the ory of-m ach ines -61
y p
p
: /
sTypes
/ w
w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o i n
A
a)/ Simple
ww
a
Y
.in /pa er/t eo y-o -ma hin es-6
I
t pogear
ht ps:/ /w yaeachashaft
Epyclic Gear Train
. i n
t t : / When
w
only one
w po ya r on
. a p gear
iinnanypepicyclic r /thtraineisorcalled-o
simple
m ac hgear
f epicyclic i n train
h ps /w w. n
t t
h ps /w w.
t
t
: /
O
/
w
ht ps: /ww w.p riy an n/p pe /the ry-
p
R
o

o riy aan .in/p ape r/the ory of-m
o i o
-
P
t o i
t o i
tt s:/ Epyclic
b) hCompound w Gear.p o ya n.i
p
t there :are
/ w
/ morewthan Train
w onepgear
o ri aa
t
h ps /w w.
When iya shaft in any epicyclic gear train is called as compound
on
t / o r
ht gear
epicyclic
p s:train/ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
Methods to find Velocity Ratio

1. Tabulation Method
2. Algebraic or Formula Method
55
PORIYAAN
In an epicyclic gear train, an arm carries two gears A & B having 24 & 30 teeth respectively. The
arm rotates at 100 rpm in the clockwise direction. Find the speed of the gear B on its own
axis, when the gear A is fixed. If instead of being fixed, the wheel A rotates at 200 rpm in
the counter clockwise direction, what will the speed of B?
Given Data:
TA = 24: TB = 30: NC = 100 rpm (Clockwise)
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
56
PORIYAAN
2. In an epicyclic gear train an annular wheel A having 54 teeth meshes with a planet
wheel B which gears with a sun wheel C, the wheels A &C beings coaxial. The wheel B
is carried on a pin fixed on end of the arm P which rotates about the axis of the wheels
A & C. If the wheel A makes 20 rpm in a clockwise sense and the arm rotates at 100
rpm in the anticlockwise direction and the wheel C has 24 teeth, determine the speed
and sense of rotation of wheel C?
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
57
PORIYAAN
In an epicyclic gear train the internal wheels A & B are compound wheels C & D rotate
independently about axis O. the wheel E & F rotate on pins fixed on the arm G. E
gears with A & C. Wheel F gears with B & D. All the wheels have the same module
and the number of teeth are TC=28; TD = 26; TE = TF= 18.
(1) Sketch the arrangement and find the number of teeth on A & B.
(2) If the arm G makes 100 rpm clockwise and A is fixed, find the speed of B.
(3) If the arm G makes 100 rpm clockwise and wheel A make 10 rpm counter
clockwise, find the speed of B.
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
58
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
59
PORIYAAN
Unit 3- FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
tt s:/
hDry
O R
o
t o
i
i
w .po riya an.i /pa per heo
o
o
P
p
Friction
t / w w o in /t
t o i
t o i
t
Laws of Dry
p s:/ /ww w.po riya
ht Friction
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
Limiting Friction
60
PORIYAAN
Forms of Screw and Nut
- 6 1/
in es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
Types of Threads /p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o i
An /p pe /the ry- f-m ach nes -61/
a
IY
t p o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t R o
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
Terminology Used in Lead Screw
61
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
Problems
A
y a n p e m
. p iya squaren threaded /p screw e has he y- f-mof 25 h andesa pitch1/of 3
A
1. A bolt with mean diameter cmm
w o r a a in
. /of a p / t
r on hthe o r o a
25 mmhimean -6 /If
n sradius.
wmm. It. pcarriesy axial nthrust
i p 10 KNe e y - of
bolt head m
/ /w coefficient
w oofr friction
a a is 0.12,
i n findathe p force / t required
o r at o -
f end a i n e
ofca spanner -61
Y
:
s /wlong . p riy up the
w in tightening n . / p e r e ry f-m ch e mm
- the 450
s 1/
p w a n p t h n 6
I
t o bolt.i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
62
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
2. The follower data relates to screw jack: r y-o f-m ach nes 61/
Pitch of the threaded screw h eo= r8mm y -o -m chi es- 1/
Diameter of the threaded e
t
r/ screw e o= 40 mm
y - of ma hin s-6 1/
h or of- ac ine -6
a p and r / tnut
/p pe /the= 0.1ry- f-m ach nes -61/
N
Coefficient of friction between screw
in r h=e20okWy-o -m
a n . /pa eLoad
p r f c hi es 1/
n t -o -m chin es-6 1/
A
Assuming that load y arotates i the
.with p ascrew, /
rdetermine e o a
i
r arequired n / e h y
1. The ratio p
. ofotorques y
a .into raise
n p apand e
/t e
rlower theorload -of ma hin s-6 /
A
w porof the i /
a .in ap r/t h ry of- ac ine -61
2. Thewefficiency a
machine o - /
/ / w w .
o ri aan .in/p ape r/th ory of-m ach ines -61
y e
tp
t
s: /ww w.p riy an n/p pe the ry- f-m ch nes 61/
o
I
i
Y
o
i
/ o
o
a -
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
63
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
s:CLUTCH
/ w
w
w .p riy an
w
w o
o
o a i n
in
Y A
/t n -6
I
t o a
t • A clutch w is.pa omechanical nto.idriven o
ht ps:/ especially iyashaft i
-o the-mpowerchtransmission,
thataengages
device
/ pshaft.per and edisengages
y
R
t / w wfrom o r
driving a i n / t h o r f a
t o i o
t
t O o
t
P
t
o
o
o
i
i
i
i
o
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
64
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t Ro
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t / Clutchw .po riya an.i /pa
htSinglep s:Plate w
t / w o in
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
65
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
1. An automotive single plate clutch consists of two pairs of contacting surfaces. The
inner and outer radii of friction plate are 120 mm and 250 mm respectively. The
coefficient of friction is 0.25 and the total axial force is 15kN.Calaulate the power
transmitting capacity of the clutch plate at 500 r.p.m. using
(i) Uniform wear theory and (ii) Uniform pressure theory.
66
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
Y A
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O
o
i
i
i
o
o
o
h
power
maximum
tt s:/
2. A single
determine
t
t P
tp plate
h at p1440
t
h intensity
t
: /
s r.p.m.
s w: /
w
/wfriction
tp ://(i)Total
h ps /w w.
t /
w w
w
. p
.
has
o ya n.i pa er
p
of pressure
w
o
clutch,
/w ww por yaa .in 4
It
i both
rwith
outer
p
pressureo
iy
o
a a sides
and
y
n .
inner
ri atoan
. is limited
exerted
ri
inof/ the
/
radiip
p being effective, is used to transmit
aplate
80 mm and 60 mm respectively. The
2
10 x 10 N/m . If the coefficient of friction is 0.3,
on the plate and (ii) Power transmitted.
ht ps: /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
67
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
3. A multiple clutch consisting of 6 plates, each plate cofh external
a n e - 6 1/ 150 mm and
s diameter
i /
internal diameter 100 mm is to transmit 7.5 kW at 900 -m r.p.m.
c hAssuminge s coefficient
1 of friction
- o f a i n - 6 /
ry of-m ach ines -61
is 0.1,determine the pressure on each effective pair of surfaces in contact.
o
/ t he ory- of-m ach ines -61/
p
N
/ p p h
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
4. A multiple clutch has three discs on the driving shafts and two on the driven shafts.
The outside diameter of the contact surfaces is 240 mm and inside diameter is 120 mm.
Assume uniform wear coefficient of friction as 0.3, find the maximum axial intensity of
pressure between the discs for transmitting 25 kW at 1575 r.p.m.
68
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
tt sAND
hPIVOT
O
:/ COLLAR
o
R
t o
o ya n.i pa er
w .pFRICTION r i a
i
i
/
o
h
o
eo
P
t p / w w in p /t
s:/ /ww w.po riya an. n/pa per
ht pSurfaces
Bearingt o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
Pivot ht ps:/
t
ht provided at the end of a shaft are known as pivots.
The bearing surfaces
69
PORIYAAN
Collars
• The bearing surfaces provided at any place along the length of the shaft are known as
collars
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
• The collar bearings are also known t
r/ ashthrusto bearing -o -ma chin es-6 1/
e e y
• When the bearing at the end apof the t itoisrcalled f step 6

r/shaft, - ofoot hin es- 1/
a bearing
N
/ p p e h e r y f - m c
A
y a n p e m
BELTS AND
ROPE DRIVES
. p riytransmitted
an .ifrom n/poneapshaft e the ry- f-m ch nes 61/
p
/ / w
w
• Power
s: •/wFlexible
w
cano
wtype of.pmachinebe
o
w .:pbelts,rropes
w
r i a
yelements.
a
iy and
a n
a
i n /
. /pa er
nchainsn
Y A
p peto
p
r/ another
/ t h
t
eoshaft
h
o r y -o -by
either
o f
e ry- f-m ch es 1/
a hior non sflexible
mflexible
a c
-o -ma chin es-6
i n e
-
-6 1/
I
t o i / o
ht ps:•/ /w Non wflexible: . p cam, r i a clutches,
ygears, n . /coupling
p a er
h e r y
t
ht ps• :/ When w w distance
the . p o between
iy aa the n
n is a
.ishaft / p
p r/t
large,e o or-o
then belt,eropes y
f
areaused.hi
chain-m
n
R
t //wsmaller wdistance or gear a used.in ap r/t
aare h or -of ma c
ht ps:For w . p i y
/w ww por yaa .in ap r/t eory -of- n / p e h e
t t : /
O ri aan .in/p ape r/th ory

h ps /w w.
t t : / o
h ps /ww w.p riy an n/p pe /the
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
70
PORIYAAN
Types
• Flat belt
• V- belt
• Ropes (or circular belts)
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t Drive i
ht Belt
Open
p s:/ /ww w.po riya an. n/pa
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
71
PORIYAAN
Cross Belt Drive
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p
Compound Belt Driven.
in pap r/th eor -of- mac hine s-6 /
a .in/ ape r/th ory -of- ac ine -61 /
A
a
o riy aan .in/p ape r/the ory of-m ach ines -61
.p riy an n/p pe the ry- f-m ch nes 61/
tp
s
w
w
a in A
w .po riya an.i /pa per/ heo ry-o f-ma chi es- 1/
/w w or
Y p /t or f n -6
I
a
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
1. A pulley isttdriven:/by a flatw belt running at a speed of 600 m/min. The M (coefficient of
h psthe pulley / w
t
friction) between
t :/ and the belt is 0.3 and the angle of lap is 160 degree. If the max
h s
tp is 700n find the power transmitted by a belt.
tension in the belts
ht
72
PORIYAAN
2. Find the width of the belt necessary to transmit 75 KW to a pulley 300

1 / mm dia if the pulley
makes 1600 rpm and the M (coefficient of friction) between thesbelt 6
- and/ the pulley is 0.22.
Assume the angle of contact as 210 degree and the max tensioni n e in
s 61belt
the
- /
is not to exceed
8n/mm width. h
c ne 6 1
a hi s- 1/
- m c e
y -of -ma chin es-6 1/
r f 6
h eo ry-o f-ma chin es- 1/
e r/t heo y-o -ma hin es-6 1/
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
73
PORIYAAN
3. A flat belt required to transmit 35 KW from a pulley of 1.5 m effective dia running at 300
rpm. The angle of lap is 165 degree and M (coefficient of friction) = 0.3. Determine taking
centrifugal tension into account, width of the belt required. It is given that the belt thickness
is 9.5 mm, density of its material is 1.1 mg /m3 and the related permissible working stress is
2.5 MPa.
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
74
PORIYAAN
4. A belt drive is required to transmit 12 KW from a motor running at 720 rpm. The belt is 12
mm thick and has a mass density of 0.001 gm / mm3, Safe stress in the belt not to exceed 2.5 n
/ mm2. Dia of driving pulley is 250 mm whereas the speed of the driven pulley is 240 rpm. The
two shafts are 1.25 m apart. M (coefficient of friction) is 0.25. Determine/ the width of the belt.
s -61 /
i n e -61
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
75
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
Y A
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t
o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
5. A leather t belt :125 / mm wwide po 6rmm
and athick , transmits power from a pulley with a angle
htdegree p s and w
/ ww po . i yfriction) =0.3 . If the mass of 1 m3 leather is 1 mg and
of lap 150
t t : / M( coefficient of
the stresshin thepbelt s is/w not to w . 2.75 MPa, find the max power that can be transmitted
exceed
t t : / w
h ps sped
ant the corresponding
/wof the belt.
t t : /
h ps
t
ht
76
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
77
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
o ri aa .in/ V BELT a pe r/FRICTION
th ory -of- ac ine s-61 /
. p ri aan .in/ ape r/the ory of-m ach ine -61
y p
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
1. A V – belt having a lap of 180 degree has a cross section area of 2.5 cm2 and groove angle as
45 degree. The density of a belt is 0.0015 kg/ cm3 and maximum stress is limited to 400 x 104
N/m2. If µ =0.15, find the power that can be transmitted, if the wheel has a mean diameter of
30 cm and runs at 1000 rpm.
78
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
79
PORIYAAN
2. Power is transmitted between two shafts by a V – belt whose mass is 0.9 kg/m length. The
maximum permissible tension in the belt is limited to 2.2 KN. The angle of lap is 170degree
and the groove angle 45 degree. If the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulleys is
0.17, find
i) Velocity of the belt
ii) Power transmitted
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
80
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
r/ ROPE oDRIVE - o ma hin s-6 1/
e e y
p r/th or -of- ac ine -6 /
.
r
a n in
. /pa er
i n p / t h e

o
A
o
iya an. n/pa per /the ry-o f-m achi nes 61/N
r y-o f-m achi nes 61/
-
tp
s
w w po ya
. r i n
A
/w w or a in
Y p
h
/t
r
or f
c
n -6
I
a
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
81
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
82
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
BRAKES
i n es -61/
c h es 1/
• It’s a mechanical device by means of which motion of a h a body s-6 1for
in is retarded / slowing down
f - m c n e 6
a -
(or) to bring it to rest by applying artificial frictional resistance
r
Types of Brakes h eo ry-o f-m chi es- 1/
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
o
R
t
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
83
PORIYAAN
Advantages of Hydraulic Brakes
Disadvantages of Hydraulic Brakes

- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
84
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
Y A
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
ht Brakes
Disc
o
o
R
t
O
s:/ /ww w.po riya an. n/pa per theo
i
i
i
o
o
P
t p / o ya n.i pa er/
htbrakes s :consist w .p ri rotor
Disc
t tp ://w ww pbrake of a disc
o y a a- which
n . in/is attached
p a p to the wheel - and a caliper, which
holdshthe discps brake
ttdisc : / /wpads. w .
Hydraulic
o ripressure
a a from . i / master cylinder causes the caliper piston to
nthe
clamp h the
p s /w w.
brake w
rotor p
between the y
ristop.aan
disc brake pads. This creates friction between the pads and
t / o
ht ps: /ww w.p riy
rotor, causing your car to slow down or
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
85
PORIYAAN
Drum Brakes
Drum brakes consist of a brake drum attached to the wheel, a wheel cylinder, brake shoes, and
brake return springs. Hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder causes the wheel cylinder to press
the brake shoes against the brake drum. This creates friction between the shoes and drum to slow or
stop your car.
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o
a i n
Y A
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
ht Emergency
t p
t
ht psalso
Vehicles
O
:/ come
w o
w equipped .
R
w .po riya an.i /pa per heo ry-o f-m
s:/ /wBrakes
po withr i ya n
in
a secondary
a
.i braking
/ p a system,
e
/t
r hknown
o
eo as emergency, or parking
P
t / w w pare p
n aservicer/tbrakes, and are not powered by
s:/ /wwbrakes
ht pEmergency ya an.i of the
o independent
n/p aapply
brakes. .
t
hydraulics.t Parking
: / brakes w use o r i
cables ato . i
mechanically pe the brakes (usually the rear brake).
h apfew s different w w .p riy an /pwhich include: a stick lever located between
There are t / / w
types of o emergency a brakes,
. i n
ht andpspassenger
the driver
:
/ w wseats;.p
w a pedal riylocated anto the left of the floor pedals; or a push button or
t t : / w p o ya
h psomewhere
handle located s /w near w .the steering
ri column. Emergency brakes are most often used as a
t t : / o
h tophelp
parking brake s keep /w
wa vehicle
w .p stationary while parked. And, yes, they are also used in
t t : /
h ps /ww
emergency situations, in case the other brake system fails!
t
ht
Anti-Lock Brakesttp
s:/
Computer-controlled h anti-lock braking systems (ABS) is an important safety feature which is
equipped on most newer vehicles. When brakes are applied suddenly, ABS prevents the wheels
from locking up and the tires from skidding. The system monitors the speed of each wheel and
automatically pulses the brake pressure on and off rapidly on any wheels where skidding is
detected. This is beneficial for driving on wet and slippery roads. ABS works with the service
brakes to decrease stopping distance and increase control and stability of the vehicle during hard
braking.
86
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
87
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
88
PORIYAAN
- 6 1/
i n es -61/
a ch ines -61/
-m ach ines -61/
f
t
e
N
/ p h - c e
A
y a n p e m
- /
p
/ / w
w
w .p riy an
w
o
o a i n
A
Y
I
t o i / o a -
t o i o
t
t
o
R
t o
O o
i
i
i
o
o
o
P
t o i
t o i
t o i
t o
t o
ht ps:/ /ww w.p
t
ht ps:/ /ww
t
ht ps:/
t
ht
89
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ME3491 Theory of Machines Reg 2021 Lecture Notes

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: ME8492- KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY

Unit 1-BASICS OF MECHANISMS

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(iv) Screw Pair

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Depend of Constraining Motion

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Yin p /t h eo ry-o f-m chi es 1/

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Ratchet and Pawl Mechanism

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Geneva mechanism, also called Geneva Stop, one of

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Peaucellier exact straight line motion mechanism

The complexity of the mechanisms r f c

Effect of transmission Angle

Advantages of Gear Drive

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6 Double Helical Gear

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(3) Nonparallel and Nonintersecting Axes Gears

1 Worm Gear Pair

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Pitch circle diameter:

It is a common point of contact between two pitch circle.

Addendum Circle(tip circle):

it is radial distance between the Pitch circle to bottom of the tooth.

It is circle draw through bottom of the circle.

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It is measurement of gear width by parallel to its axis.

It is your surface of top of the teeth. it is called top land.

It is surface of the bottom of the teeth between adjacent fillets.

It is tooth surface between top Land to Pitch Circle.

The angle between the common normal

It is ratio between speed of driving gear to speed of driven gears.

General form of gear tooth profile:

Disadvantage: it is a low tensile strength

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Gear manufacturing method:

Gear milling process:

It can produce light weight gears of thermoplastic materials.

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• By modifying addendum of gear teeth

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EpiCyclic Gear Train

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