Salubre, Kyle John M.

II-BDCET

Assignment #2: PROBABILITY – SAMPLE SPACE & EVENTS

1. The rise time of a reactor is measured in minutes (and fractions of minutes). Let the sample space be positive, real numbers.
Define the events A and B as follows: A = {x | x < 72.5} and B = {x | x > 52.5}. Describe each of the following events: a) A ,b) B
,c) A  B, d) A  B

a.) A = {x | x ≥ 72.5}
- Event A is composed of all positive real numbers less than 72.5 so, A’ complement will have a set of all positive real
numbers greater than or equal to 72.5.
b.) B = {x | x ≤ 52.5}
- Event B is composed of all positive real numbers greater than 52.5 so, B’ will have a set of all positive real numbers less
than or equal to 52.5.
c.) A  B = {x | 52.5 < x > 72.5}
- Event A and B has a common real positive number between 52.5 to 72.5.
d.) A  B = {x | x > 0} or A  B = R+
2. Samples of emissions from three suppliers are classified for conformance to air-quality specifications. The results from 100
samples are summarized as follows:

Let A denote the event that a sample is from supplier 1, and let B denote the event that a sample conforms to specifications.
Determine the number of samples in a) A B, b) B and in c) A  B.
a.) A B = 55
b.) B = 23
c.) A  B = 85

3. For each of the three machined parts, it is specified whether they are above or below average specifications. the parts are
distinguishable, so it is known specifically for each of the parts whether it is above or below average, then the machine parts
can be ordered so that a specific one is first, another one is second and the remaining part is third. Let a be the abbreviation
for the ones above average and b for the ones below average. Obtain all the possible combinations (outcome set) of how they
could be ordered using a Tree diagram?
Answer:
Step 1
Information
For each of the three machined parts, it is specified whether they are above or below average specifications.

Required
We are asked to obtain all the possible combinations (outcome set) of how they could be ordered.

Step 2
Solution
If we assume that the parts are distinguishable, so it is known specifically for each of the parts whether it is above or below
average, then the machine parts can be ordered so that a specific one is first, another one is second and the remaining part is
third.
Let a be the abbreviation for the ones above average and b for the ones below average.
All the possible outcomes can be written down in the following outcome set (note that we will have 2 3=8 permutations):
S={aaa,aab,aba,abb,baa,bab,bba,bbb}
This is a discrete outcome space with a finite number of elements (8).
Below we have a graph that can help us visualize how this outcome set was obtained:
4. Three events are shown on the Venn diagram in the following figure:

Reproduce the figure and shade the region that corresponds to each of the following events: a) A ,b) A  B, c) (A  B)  C, d)
(B  C) ,e) (A  B)  C

a.) A (peach color)

b.) A  B (black color)

c.) (A  B)  C (black color)

d.) (B  C) (peach color)

 e.) (A  B)  C (peach color)

5. A digital scale that provides weights to the nearest gram is used. What is the sample space for this experiment? Let A denote
the event that a weight exceeds 11 grams, let B denote the event that a weight is less than or equal to 15 grams, and let C
denote the event that a weight is greater than or equal to 8 grams and less than 12 grams.
Describe the following events: a) A  B, b) A  B, c) A , d) A  B  C, e) (A  C) , f) A  B  C, g) B  C, h) A  (B  C)
Let x as the sample space.

a.) A  B = {x | x > 0} or A  B = R+
b.) A  B = {x | 11 < x ≤ 15}
c.) A = {x | x ≤ 11}
d.) A  B  C = {x | x > 0} or A  B  C = R+
e.) (A  C) = {x | x < 8}
f.) A  B  C = ∅
g.) B  C = ∅
h.) A  (B  C) = {x | x ≥ 8}
6. A bin of 50 parts contains 5 that are defective. A sample of 10 parts is selected at random, without replacement. How many
samples contain at least four defective parts?

Answer:
Number of samples that contain at least 4 defective parts include samples with 4 and 5 defective parts.
Number of samples with 4 defective parts
Number of ways of selecting 4 defective parts out of 5 defectives is 5C4 = 5.
Number of ways of selecting 6 non-defective parts out of 45 is 45C6 = 8145060
Hence total number of ways of 4 defective parts is 5 × 8145060 = 40725300. Therefore, there are 40725300 samples with 4
defective parts.

Number of samples with 5 defective parts

Number of ways of selecting 5 defective parts out of 5 defectives is 5C5 = 1.
Number of ways of selecting 5 non-defective parts out of 45 is 45C5 = 1221759
Hence total number of ways of getting 5 defective parts is 1× 1221759
Therefore, there are 1221759 samples with 5 defective parts.
Hence total number of samples that contain at least 4 defective parts is given as, 1221759 + 40725300 = 41947059
Therefore, there are 41947059 samples that contain at least 4 defective parts
7. Consider the die-toss experiment. Define the following Events: A: {Toss an even number}; B: {Toss a number less than or equal
to 3}: a) Draw the Venn Diagram, b) Describe A U B for this experiment, c) Describe A∩ B for this experiment, d) Calculate P (A
U B) and P (A∩ B) assuming the die is fair

a.) Venn Diagram

b.) A  B = {1,2,3,4,6}
c.) A  B = {2}
d.) P (A  B) and P (A  B)
A  B = {1,2,3,4,6} => n (A  B) = 5
A  B = {2} => n (A  B) = 1
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} => n (S) = 6
P (A  B) = 5/6
P (A  B) = 1/6