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### 3. International Relations

International relations (IR) examines interactions between states, non-state actors, and international
organizations. It involves understanding power dynamics, cooperation, conflict resolution, and global
governance. Key concepts include:

- **Theories of IR**:

- **Realism**: States are self-interested actors in an anarchic international system, prioritizing security
and power. Cooperation is limited and often transactional.

- **Liberalism**: Emphasizes interdependence, international institutions, and norms. Cooperation and

conflict resolution through diplomacy and international law are central.

- **Constructivism**: Focuses on how identities, beliefs, and social norms shape state behavior and
international outcomes.

- **Global Issues**:

- **Security**: Includes military alliances, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and cybersecurity.

- **Economic Relations**: Trade agreements, global finance, and development aid.

- **Environmental Challenges**: Climate change, resource management, and sustainable

development.

- **Global Governance**:

- Role of international organizations (UN, WTO) in promoting peace, security, and development.

- Humanitarian interventions, peacekeeping operations, and efforts to address global health crises.