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 Contents

1. Types of CO2 pipeline

2. Advantages of dense-phase CO2 transportation
3. Conceptual design of CO2 pipeline for CO2-EOR
4. Issues on planning

Oil and gas product news

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 Types of CO2 Pipeline Transportation

• Gas Phase
• Two Phase Flow
• Dense Phase
(Liquid or Supercritical)

Two-phase flow should be avoided:

unpredictable phase changes along
pipeline route.
• Reduction of flow-rate
• Surging
• Pressure fluctuation etc........
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Advantages of Dense Phase CO2 Transportation

1) Higher density (efficient)

2) Smaller diameter of PL (cost effective)
3) Ease of maintenance

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 1) Higher Density: more efficient
At land surface temperatures, density of dense phase is
about 6 to 10 times higher than that of gas phase

-20 oC 600 - 1000 kg/m3

1000 0 oC
Mass density (kg/m3)

20 oC Dense Liqud
phase
30 oC
Vapor Ambient
500 Liquid Temp. 40 oC
transition 60 oC Density of Pure CO2

Supercritical

10 - 100 kg/m3
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pressure, bar Based on Peng Robinson EOS

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 2) Smaller diameter of PL: cost effective
Possible designs of gas and dense phase pipelines Pipeline length=17 km

Source: NEDO Report Conceptual Design for CO2 Transportation System (2008～2010）
NEDO: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

Construction cost of dense phase pipeline is about 35% lower

than that of gas phase.
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 3) Ease of Maintenance

Need compressions frequently

Energy efficiency is better

Can reduce the number of compressors
Even possible only once at the start point
Reducing number of compressors makes the maintenance easier
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Conceptual Diagram of CO2 Pipeline for CO2-EOR
Dense phase CO2 pipelines will be a vital option for
transporting a large amounts of CO2 for CO2-EOR in Indonesia.

CO2-EOR requires
a large amount of CO2

Pipeline

CO2
Capture CO2-EOR
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Issues in Planning CO2 Pipelines

1）Pressure Control
2）Water Content Control
3）Fracture Propagation Control
4）Legal Acceptance
5）Pipeline Route Selection

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1）Pressure Control
Phases of CO2 at various pressures and temperatures
40
20 Super Critical
10
Pressure, MPa

Solid Liquid Critical Point

4
P: 7.38MPa
Two-Phase T: 31.1℃
2 Dry Ice
Region
1
Gas Two-phase should be avoided
0.5 • Reduction of flow-rate
Triple Point
• Surging
P: 0.518MPa
0.2 • Pressure fluctuation etc........
T: -56.6 ℃
0.1
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40
Temperature, Degree C
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 1）Pressure Control
Higher pressure over 10 MPa keeps SC or Liquid over normal temperatures
Normal temperatures

Stable area
40
Liquid Super
20 Liquid
at low temp. Critical
10 < 0 oC
Pressure, MPa

Solid Liquid Critical Point

4
P: 7.38MPa
Two-Phase T: 31.1℃
2 Dry Ice
Region
1
Gas
0.5
Triple Point
P: 0.518MPa
0.2
T: -56.6 ℃ Phases of CO2
0.1
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40
Temperature, Degree C
During operation, monitoring & control of PT are essentialCOPYRIGHT©TAISEI
to avoidCORPORATION
two-phase flow.
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2） Corrosion Control
Controlling water content is important.
Indicative limits on maximum water content

Reference Maximum water content Unit

Nova Corp.
157~261 [ppmW]
(Trans Canada Pipeline)

Kinder Morgan 261 [ppmW]

Cortez and Central Basin 630 [ppmV]

Snohvit 50 [ppmV]

Maximum Water Content in the CO2 Pipeline

Source:DNV-RP-J202 Design and Operation of CO2 Pipeline

Existing long-distance US CO2 pipelines typically operate with maximum

specified water contents around 200-250 ppmW

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 3）Fracture Propagation Control
To prevent ductile running fractures:
Decompression speed of the fluid > Fracture propagation speed
Decomp.
Speed NG
Fracture
propagation speed
Decomp.
of pipe wall
Speed CO2
Pressure

Saturation
pressure

As vapor starts form

de-compression speed
drops significantly Photo:SINTEF

Source:DNV-RP-J202 Design and Operation of Speed

CO2 Pipeline
• Higher concern with ductile fracture for CO2 pipeline
comparing to natural gas pipeline
• Materials, crack arrester, removal of impurities
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 4）Permitting system (Japan)
Permitting procedure of gas pipeline constructions and operations
High Pressure Gas Safety Act. Electricity Business Act.

Industrial gas
production and supply Power plant

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 5）Pipeline Route Selection

The basic principles are,

1. Choose route assessed to be easy for construction
2. Follow existing pipeline routes or corridors
3. Minimize interference with or proximity to infrastructure
4. Avoid difficult river crossings and highway crossings
5. Avoid areas earmarked for future developments
6. Avoid sites of archaeological or ecological areas
7. Assess seismic influence (e.g. ground liquefaction)
8. Establish in the specific jurisdiction and applicable
regulations

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It’s been a pleasure being with all of you today,
Thank you.

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