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Pneumonia Detection using CNN

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Pneumonia
Detection using
CNN
Mr PRAMOTH K M1,
Mr PRABHAKARRAJ RAVI2,
Mr SAJITH S3
1Department of Information Technology, Bannari
Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam
(pramoth.it18@bitsathy.ac.in),
2Department of Information Technology, Bannari
Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam
(prabhakarrajravi.it18@bitsathy.ac.in),
3Department of Information Technology, Bannari
Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam
(sajith.it18@bitsathy.ac.in).
ABSTRACT:
Pneumonia is an illness that encourages the air
sacs in one of the two lungs. The air sacs could stack up
with fluid or release (purulent material), causing hack
with bodily fluid or release, fever, chills, and
inconvenience unwinding. An arrangement of animals,
including minute living beings, diseases, and parasites,
can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia can go as a general
rule from delicate to dangerous. It is for the most part
critical for children and children more energetic than five
years of age, people more prepared than age 65, and
people with ailments or weakened safe structures.
Pneumonia killed 808 694 children more youthful than 5
in 2017, addressing 15% of all passing of adolescents
under five years old. Pneumonia impacts adolescents
and families everywhere anyway is most normal in South
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. To save significant lives of
numerous people and individuals and advancement
should impart. Chest X-rays are used for recognizing the
Pneumonia infection and to track down the corrupted
locale in the lungs. Accordingly, To perceive the
pneumonia radiologist needs to see the chest X-rays and
he/she wants to revive the expert precisely. The
essential objective of this model is to recognize if the
individual has Pneumonia or not with high accuracy so
the individual can look for treatment rapidly. Significant
Learning models which are arranged precisely by using
extraordinary datasets can be valuable for subject
matter experts. To set up the model for recognizing
whether or not the individual has pneumonia, A
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used. The CNN
can set up the photos of chest X-rays and thereafter it
can expect high precision.
Key Words: Chest X-ray, Deep Learning, CNN, Datasets
Dataset - Chest X-Ray Images (Pneumonia) |
Kaggle
INTRODUCTION:
One of the major factors associated with
pneumonia in children is indoor air pollution. Apart from
this, under-nutrition, lack of safe water, sanitation, and
basic health facilities are also major factors. Pneumonia
is an interstitial lung disease caused by bacteria, fungi,
or viruses. There are three types of pneumonia
inflammation in lungs - Type 1 Upper Lobe inflammation
- Type 2 Middle lobe inflammation – Type 3 Lower lobe
inflammation. Deep Learning is one of the scientific
fields in Computer Science that actually helps the
application to learn from pre-defined experiences. The
Deep Learning domain is very useful for the prediction of
diseases in an individual by datasets that were learned
by the application using Deep Learning. Pneumonia
detection using Deep Learning actually predicts the
using the dataset and algorithms for better accuracy and
precise results. Our Motivation is to bundle all the
progress into a Mobile Application for the users to utilize
the tool properly. Since the project solely depends upon
two domains i.e., Deep Learning and Mobile App
Development, there would be a lot of challenging tasks
will be present in the project. Each Individual in the
project has undertaken a specified task to achieve the
maximum efficiency of the project. Each Individual
shares an equal amount of work so the members of the
project could really get every technical aspect of the
project. The Basic Tasks of this project can be classified
into 3 types, developing an environment to train the
model using datasets, Converting the Keras H5 format
file into the Tflite model, and Integrating the model in
the mobile application for the User Experience. Later the
flutter application can be used to predict pneumonia
using chest X-ray pictures without any Backend server.
LITERATURE SURVEY:
Chandra T & Verma K, et al: Pneumonia
detection on chest X-ray using machine learning
paradigm. Proceedings of 3rd International Conference
on Computer Vision and Image Processing.
Williams G, Macaskill P, Fitzgerald D, Isaacs D,
Codarini M, et al: Variability and accuracy in
interpretation of consolidation on chest radiography for
diagnosing pneumonia in children under 5 years of age.
Pediatric Pulmonology.
Kermany D, Zhang K & Goldbaum M, et al:
Labeled Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Chest
X-Ray Images for Classification.
Kuo K, Talley P, Huang C & Cheng L, et al:
Predicting hospital-acquired pneumonia among
schizophrenic patients: a machine learning approach.
BMC Medical Informatics And Decision Making.
Rauf H, Lali M, Khan M, Kadry S, Alolaiyan H,
Razaq A, et al: Time series forecasting of COVID-19
transmission in Asia Pacific countries using deep neural
networks. Personal And Ubiquitous Computing.
Deng J, Dong W, Socher R, Li L, Li K & Fei-Fei, et
al: Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database.
2009 IEEE Conference On Computer Vision And Pattern
Recognition.
Dalhoumi S, Dray G, Montmain J, Derosière G &
Perrey S et al: An adaptive accuracy-weighted ensemble
for inter-subjects classification in brain-computer
interfacing. 2015 7th International IEEE/EMBS
Conference On Neural Engineering (NER).
Albahli S, Rauf H, Algosaibi A & Balas V et al: AI-
driven deep CNN approach for multi-label pathology
classification using chest X-Rays. PeerJ Computer
Science.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE:
The ultimate aim of this project, ‘Pneumonia
Detection’ is to develop a system or a model which can
actually detect pneumonia with chest X-ray with higher
accuracy results by combining different deep learning
algorithms such as CNN Algorithm, DenseNet, VGG16,
ResNet, Inception Net (GoogLeNet). Each Algorithm is
undertaken for accuracy purposes, the one with the
best accuracy results and precise prediction will be
taken into account as a model.
The basic Objectives of this project ‘Pneumonia
Detection are:
1. Fast and Reliable Results using Deep Learning.
2. Mobile Application for Convenience.
3. Time-Saving and Cost Reliable.
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:
When there exists a real-time problem, the
scope of its solution will be much more attractive to the
individuals who would be benefited from the solutions.
In this diabetes prediction there are some scopes that
will be benefited the end-users:
1. Pneumonia is not a spreadable disease.
2. One of the great advantages of pneumonia is
it can be detected priorly before it gets more
complex. This is where the prediction comes
into the picture
3. Our project ‘Pneumonia Detection’ contains
about 5863 datasets of pneumonia-affected
patients with unique attributes.
4. With the usage of different Deep Learning
Algorithms, we can find the percentage of
prediction for maximum efficiency.
5. CNN, ResNet, DenseNet, VGG, and GoogLeNet
are the algorithm used here for the
betterment of the model to train.
6. At last, users can download the mobile
application to check for pneumonia in a neat
clean User Interface.
7. This Pneumonia Detection helps the users to
check the prediction anywhere wanted with
absolutely no cost and in a small span of time.
Python is the language we are totally depend on while
training the model. For the Mobile Application
Development, dart language is used. At first, we are
planning to collect as much as dataset we can from the
Kaggle Website. Then the collected datasets will be
trained using the Deep Learning Algorithm such as CNN,
ResNet, VGG16, DenseNet, and Inception Net for better
accuracy purposes. Then, the best algorithm is taken and
rendered into the model. Then the model will be
converted into a Tflite model. Which will be loaded in
the Flutter application UI.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Pneumonia is most common in underdeveloped
and developing countries, where overpopulation,
pollution, and unhygienic environmental conditions
exacerbate the situation, and medical resources are
scanty. Therefore, early diagnosis and management can
play a pivotal role in preventing the disease from
becoming fatal. Radiological examination of the lungs
using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), or radiography (X-rays) is frequently used
for diagnosis.
Our Project is built strategically by collecting
various datasets of unique valued attributes for accurate
results. The primary domain that we are implementing
is Deep learning with 5 algorithms to check the
maximum prediction accuracy. The Algorithms are
namely CNN, ResNet, DenseNet, VGG, and GoogLeNet.
Out of these algorithms, the best algorithm with the
highest prediction accuracy is taken and validated for
the final model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The Materials that we are using is totally depend
upon Software, no hardware component is necessary
here. In this Project, about 3 Environments are widely
used are Anaconda – Spyder, google-colab and Flutter.
Anaconda is the distribution software which comprises
R language and Python primarily, it handles the package
management and deployment with ease. Spyder is a MODELING:
subsets of Anaconda. Spyder and Google-colab
The Initial Phase of the project starts by collecting
Environments are required to train the models using
the Dataset. Then for training purposes, Python is
Deep Learning Techniques. The Language that we are
primarily used, scalable and easy to understand for the
using here to implement, visualize, analyze, and to train
developer when python is used as a main programming
the model is Python. Flutter Environment is used for the
language in the project. The estimated completion of
Mobile Application Development to provide an Android
prototype modeling takes about 2 – 3 weeks.
Application to the Users.
Mobile Application is created using Flutter for
TOOLS USED:
Validation and User Experience purposes, every testing
• Anaconda – Spyder is done through the mobile application in an
• Google colab architectural manner. The Model was working well with
• Flutter less accuracy, now more and more datasets are fed and
updated in the model using different algorithms for
LIBRARIES USED:
maximum output purposes.
• Numpy
METHODOLOGY:
• Cv2
Below Mentioned Bulletins are the Tasks and Sub-
• Keras
tasks prepared and processed in order to achieve the
• Matplotlib
aims and objectives of the project.
• Tflite
• The Project solely depends upon the dataset of
ARCHITECTURE USED:
pneumonia patient’s attributes for prediction, so
• GoogLeNet datasets are fetched from the website called
• ResNet ‘Kaggle’
• CNN Website Link: Chest X-Ray Images (Pneumonia) |
• DenseNet Kaggle

• VGG16 • About 5863 unique attribute datasets are collected

from the Kaggle website for precise model rendering
LANGUAGES USED:
using Deep Learning.
• Python
• Anaconda is a Data Science Tool which we’ve used it
• Dart
as a platform to implement our project. In
Anaconda-Spyder and Google-colab are the two
Environments chosen for this Project.
• Spyder is ideal for processing the dataset and
training the model with a suitable environment and
also with required packages, whereas Tflite is
 chosen for deploying deep learning models on
mobile and IOT devices.
• In the Spyder IDE, at first, collected datasets were
cleaned to find the dirty data to prevent the wrong
prediction. After Cleaning, every dataset is trained
using different Deep Learning Algorithms with
different environments respectively.
• Each Dataset is trained using different Algorithms
such as CNN, ResNet, DenseNet, VGG and
GoogLeNet for better accurate results.
• After the training, trained respective algorithms
model is then fitted using KERAS Library which is a
package in the Spyder IDE.
• Respective Packages are installed in the Spyder IDE
to activate functionalities of respective libraries.
• The Model is then saved as a Model.h5 file
• Until here, the Deep Learning Part is completed in
the Spyder IDE, now Tflite library comes into play.
• For deploying the trained model in mobile devices,
Android, IOS we need to convert Keras h5 model
into tflite model using Tensorflow Lite Library.
• Training the data, building a Model, Back-end
works are developed and tested manually, now for
the User Interface, Mobile Application
Developed.
• Flutter is an environment for the Mobile App
Development. Dart Language is used here to
develop an application. With a Clean and Simple
User Interface, the mobile app is created. Now, the
tflite model is deployed using Tflite dependencies
in Flutter .
• Now Users are provided with interface to upload
pictures of X-ray using image picker dependency
and it displays the output of pneumonia or normal
lungs with accuracy percentage.
• As an added feature the app is integrated with a
website using Webview, which provides Symptom
predictor and contact Doctor facilities
ALGORITHMS:
Pneumonia Detection can be implemented in
many algorithms of Deep Learning. So, we have chosen
some of the algorithms and started to implement each
one in a separate environment to test their efficiency,
time consumption, and accuracy results. There are 5
Algorithms we initially used here:
• CNN
• ResNet
• DenseNet
• GoogLeNet
• VGG
CNN Algorithm – CNNs have been popular due to
their improved performance in image classification.
The convolutional layers in the network along with
filters help in extracting the spatial and temporal
features in an image. The layers have a weight-sharing
is technique, which helps in reducing computation
efforts.
Architecture-wise, CNNs are simply feedforwarded
artificial neural networks (ANNs) with two constraints:
neurons in the same filter are only connected to local
patches of the image to preserve the spatial structure
and their weights are shared to reduce the total
number of the model’s parameters. A CNN consists of
three building blocks: (i) a convolution layer to learn
features, (ii) a max-pooling (subsampling) layer is to
down sample the image and reduce the dimensionality
and thereby reduction in computational efforts, and
 (iii) a fully connected layer to equip the network with
classification capabilities
number of parameters. To control the computational
complexity, the GoogLeNet model uses inception blocks
with dimension reduction, rather than the naive
inception. The performance of GoogLeNet, in which the
inception block was introduced, proves that an optimal
sparse architecture built from the available dense
building blocks improves the performance of artificial
neural networks for computer vision tasks.

ResNet – ResNet, which is a short form of

Residual Network, was originally developed for two
problems, such as the vanishing gradient and
degradation problem. Residual learning tries to solve
both these problems. ResNet has three different
variants: ResNet18, ResNet50, and ResNet101 based on
the number of layers in the residual network. ResNet
was successfully used in biomedical image classification
for transfer learning. In this paper, we have used
ResNet18 for pneumonia detection. Typically, deep VGG16 - Presented in 2014, VGG16 has a very

neural network layers learn low- or high-level features simple and classical architecture, with blocks of 2 or 3

during training, while ResNet learns residuals instead of convolutional layers followed by a pooling layer, plus a

features. final dense network composed of 2 hidden layers (of

4096 nodes each) and one output layer (of 1000
nodes). Only 3x3 filters are used.

GoogLeNet - The GoogLeNet architecture is a

DenseNet – DenseNet, which is a short form of the
22-layer deep network consisting of “inception
Dense Convolutional Network, needs fewer numbers of
modules,” instead of uniformly progressive layers. An
parameters than a conventional CNN, as it does not
inception block accommodates a large number of units
learn redundant feature maps. The layers in DenseNet
at each stage by hosting parallel convolution and
are very narrow, i.e., 12 filters, which add a lesser set of
pooling layers, resulting in an uncontrolled
new feature maps. DenseNet has four different variants:
computational complexity because of the increased
DenseNet121, DenseNet169, DenseNet201,
DenseNet264. In this paper, we have used DenseNet121
for pneumonia detection. Each layer in DenseNet has
direct access to the original input image and gradients
from the loss function. Therefore, the computational
cost is significantly reduced, which makes DenseNet a
better choice for image classification.
and RESULTS:
The Ultimate aim and motto of this project
‘Pneumonia Detection’ is to bring awareness among
the people that pneumonia can be predicted earlier
and can be cured with certain preventive measures. So
that we have used different algorithms to test their
efficiency, throughput, and their accuracy percentage.
CNN, ResNet, DenseNet, VGG and Inception Net
Algorithms are widely used in Deep Learning Domain to
predict numerous numbers of diseases. We have
trained the dataset using 5 different types of algorithms
with 5 different accuracy results.

CNN Algorithm: In this Algorithm, the prediction

ANALYSIS:
efficiency was around 91.98%.
As are using here 5 different types of Deep
Learning algorithms, analysis of each algorithm is equally
ResNet Algorithm: In this Algorithm, the prediction
important in this project to get the maximum
efficiency was around 73.40%.
throughput at the end. Datasets are trained with
different algorithms in different environments for the
DenseNet Algorithm: In this Algorithm, the prediction
analysis. Each dataset is tested for the dirty data to clean
efficiency was around 87.18%.
the data and also to fill the null attributes in the dataset.
If any dataset contains null value attributes, we need to
VGG Algorithm: In this Algorithm, the prediction
manually enter the data to make it work. Out of these
efficiency was around 66.19%.
five Deep Learning Algorithms, We found CNN algorithm
to be the best providing with high training accuracy of
Inception Net Algorithm: In this Algorithm, the
98%.
prediction efficiency was around 76.76%.
Then the Trained model is saved as h5 file. The Keras Now, by comparing all these algorithms, CNN Algorithm
trained.h5 file is tested with test datasets. After has the best prediction percentage among the four
validating the output prediction received, The model is algorithms. Thus, the CNN algorithm was implemented
converted into Tflite model. And this model is loaded in in the mobile application.
flutter application. Mobile Application animations are
tested in the corner cases to find the bugs manually.
These Screenshots are taken from the Mobile
Application, ‘Pneumonia Detection, when the user
gives a Chest X-ray image, the image is loaded . Then
the image gets processed in the model.tflite file to
generate the prediction output and send the output to
the mobile application whether pneumonia is present
or not with its accuracy percentage.

The above graph is the result of an analysis of 5

different algorithms for Pneumonia detection. In this
graph, we clearly see that the CNN algorithm gives more
accuracy than other algorithms. So, we implement the
CNN algorithm to detect pneumonia more accurately.
CONCLUSION:
The result will be either classified as pneumonia
present or not and their percentage, the detection of
pneumonia is important in today’s scenario, and also
seeing its concerning factors. This project primarily
focuses on detecting pneumonia with a given attribute
in a span of time. This system will be useful for physicians
to have an overall idea of the patient. So that preventive
measures will be given to the patients prior to the
percentage of pneumonia affected. Our Project used
Deep Learning Techniques for the prediction. In Deep
Learning, CNN Algorithm is chosen and given priority
over other algorithms and implemented in the model.
Building such types of systems will be
enormously helpful to patients, doctors, and hospitals.
Since the system predicts these diseases at a very early
paradigm. Proceedings Of 3rd International Conference
On Computer Vision And Image Processing
[3]. Williams G., Macaskill P., Kerr M., Fitzgerald D.,
Isaacs D., Codarini M., et al. Variability and accuracy in
interpretation of consolidation on chest radiography for
diagnosing pneumonia in children under 5 years of
age. Pediatric Pulmonology. 48, 1195–1200 (2013).
[4]. Kermany D., Zhang K. & Goldbaum M. Labeled
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Chest X-Ray
Images for Classification. (Mendeley,2018).
[5]. Kuo K., Talley P., Huang C. & Cheng L. Predicting
hospital-acquired pneumonia among schizophrenic
patients: a machine learning approach. BMC Medical
Informatics And Decision Making.(2021).
[6]. Albahli S., Rauf H., Algosaibi A. & Balas V. AI-
driven deep CNN approach for multi-label pathology
classification using chest X-Rays. PeerJ Computer
Science. 7 pp. e495 (2021) pmid:33977135
[7]. Rahman T., Chowdhury M., Khandakar A., Islam

stage, doctors can prescribe the medicines to prevent K., Islam K., Mahbub Z., et al. Transfer learning with deep

them permanently at the early stage thereby reducing convolutional neural network (CNN) for pneumonia

the pneumonia mortality rate. detection using chest X-ray. Applied Sciences. 10, 3233
(2020)

Since Deep Learning is vastly used in Computer

science fields for gaining machine intelligence, the X-ray
images of pneumonia patients are well studied by the
algorithm.

REFERENCE:

[1]. WHO Pneumonia. World Health Organization.

(2019).

[2]. Chandra T. & Verma K. Pneumonia detection on

chest X-Ray using machine learning

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