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Group Leader:
Milhan Karim
Group Members: Presented to:
➢ Sabeen Ishtiaq Mam Samreen Masud
➢ Anshra Azar Subject:
➢ Aqsa Sattar Behavioral Sciences

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 Topics for Presentation
• Informational Care
• Empathy
• Common Ethical Issues in Medical
Practice
• Medical Students and the Issues of
Consent and Confidentiality
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 Informational Care
• Informational care is a type of care that focuses on providing information and support to help individuals make
informed decisions about their health.
• This type of care can be provided by healthcare professionals, family members, or friends and can involve
providing information about treatment options, resources and support services.
• The goal of the informational care is to empower individuals to take an active role in their healthcare and make
informed decisions tat are in line with their values and preferences.
• It also involves the compassionate and ethical delivery of knowledge. This means that those who provide
informational care should be empathetic and understanding of the individual’s needs and concerns.
• They should ensure that the information provided is accurate, up-to-date and presented in a way that is easy to
understand.

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 Importance
• Informational care is important because it empowers individuals to take an active role in their healthcare.
• By providing accurate and up-to-date information, individuals can make informed decisions about their health
that are in line with their values and preferences. This can lead to better health outcomes, increased patient
satisfaction and improved quality of life.
• Additionally, providing informational care can help t reduce anxiety and stress that individuals may experience
when facing a health issue.
• It can also help to improve communication between healthcare providers and patients, which is essential for
building trust and ensuring that individuals receive the care they need.
• Overall, informational care is an important aspect of healthcare that can have a positive impact on the lives of
individuals and their families.

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 Significance
• Informational care is significant in various aspects of life, including healthcare, education, financial
management and personal development.
• In healthcare, information care is important for ensuring that individuals are informed about their health and can
make informed decisions about their health. This can lead to better health outcomes and improved quality of
life.
• In education, informational care is important for ensuring that students have access to accurate and up-to-date
information that can help them succeed academically and in their careers.
• In financial management, information care is important for ensuring that individuals are informed about
financial products and services and can make informed decisions about their finances. This can help to improve
financial literacy and reduce financial stress.
• In personal development, informational care is important for ensuring that individuals have access to
information that can help them grow and develop as individuals. This can include information about personal
growth, relationships and mental health.
• Overall, Information care in an important aspect of life that can have a positive impact on individuals and their
communities.

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 Empathy
• Empathy is the ability to feel and understand what someone else
is going through. It’s like being able to see the world through
their eyes and feel their emotions.
• It is a way of connecting with others on an emotional
level. It allows us to be more compassionate and
understanding towards others.
• When we practice empathy, we’re able to build stronger
relationships and create a more positive environment.

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• Empathy is a powerful tool that allows us to connect with others and
build stronger relationships.
• It helps us to understand what others are going through and to be more
kind towards them.
• By this, we can build a supportive environment for everyone.

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Types of Empathy
There are three types of empathy that are
described below:
• Emotional Empathy: When you feel
physically along with the other person, as
though their emotions were contagious.
• Compassionate Empathy: With this kind of
empathy we not only understand a person’s
predicament and feel with them, but are
spontaneously moved to help, if needed.
• Cognitive Empathy: Simply knowing how the
other person feels and what they might be
thinking. Sometimes called perspective-
thinking.
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 Common Ethical Issues in Medical
Practice
• Ethical issues are the situations or the problems that arise when there is a conflict
between moral values, principles or duties. These issues often involve difficult
choices between competing interests and require careful consideration of the
consequences of different actions.
• Some common ethical issues in medical practice include patient confidentiality,
informed consent, end-of-life care and resource allocation.

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 Informed Consent
• Informed consent is an important ethical principle in medical practice. It means that the patient has the right to
make an informed decision about their medical care, based on a fully understanding of the risks and the benefits
of any proposed treatment or procedure.
• The healthcare provider must provide the patient with all the necessary information about the treatment or
procedure, in a language and manner that the patient can understand.
• The patient must be competent to make the decision, which means they must be able to understand the
information and make a decision based on that information.
• The consent must be voluntary, which means that the patient must not be coerced or influenced in any way to
make a decision.
• It is the most important aspect of the medical ethics and practice.

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Confidentiality
• Confidentiality is another important ethical principle which means
that the healthcare providers must keep a patient’s personal and
medical information private and confidential and can only share
that information with others with the patient’s consent or as
required by law.
• This means that healthcare providers cannot disclose a patient’s
personal information to someone else, including family members
or other healthcare providers, without the patient’s permission.
• The information may include electronic medical records, physical
medical records and any other documents.
• Confidentiality is a cornerstone of medical ethics that helps to
build trust between patients and healthcare providers and protects
the patient’s privacy and dignity.
• Confidentiality also helps to prevent discrimination and
stigmatization as patients are less likely to seek medical care if
they fear that their personal or medical information will be shared
with others.
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 Medical Students and the Issues of Consent
and Confidentiality
• Medical Students are taught about legal and ethical
principles of consent and confidentiality. Its crucial
for medical professions to respect patient’s privacy
and autonomy.
• Obtain informed consent from patients before
performing any medical procedure or treatment.
• HIPAA(Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act).
• Medical students are required to follow HIPAA
regulations to maintain patient’s consent and
confidentiality.

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Decision-Making Capacity
• The ability of an individual to make informed
decisions about his/her own health and
medical treatment.
• Patients know the nature and consequences of
their medical condition, the risks and benefits
of treatment options and have ability to make
their decisions.
• If patients lacks decision-making capacity, a
surrogate decision-maker, appointed to make
decisions on their behalf.
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Euthanasia
• It is the act of intentionally ending a life of a
person to relieve their suffering.
• Illegal in many countries, while some others
legalized it under certain conditions.
• Types:
❑Voluntary: the patient requests to end their
life.
❑In-voluntary: when a life is ended without
patient’s consent.
❑Non-voluntary: when patient is unable to
make decision.
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 Malpractice
• A dereliction of professional duty.
• Medical malpractice occurs when a healthcare
professional breaches their duty of care to a
patient, resulting in harm or injury to the patient.
• Includes misdiagnosis, surgical errors,
medication errors.
• It causes serious harm or injury, disability,
disfigurement and even death.
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Inclusions
• Clinical trials are research studies that test the
safety and effectiveness of new drugs,
therapies and medical devices.
• Including diverse groups of patients in clinical
trials, which ensure that treatments work for
everyone.
• Informed consent and patient safety are
necessary while including patients in clinical
trials.
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Thanks
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