Difference between plasma and serum is that From the biological viewpoint, solutions can be

plasma----- grouped into

A. Does not contain fibrinogen A. Isotonic solution
B. Has more water B. Hypotonic solutions
C. Contains fibrinogen (Plasma) C. Hypertonic solution
D. Contains fibrinogen (serum) D. All of these
E. None of the above The general formula of monosaccharides is
A. CnH2nOn
On testing with Ehrlich's aldehyde reagent, a urine
B. C2nH2On
sample that gives a pink colour which can be
C. CnH2O2n
extracted into organic solvents, suggests the
D. CnH2nO2n
presence of increased urinary: Polysaccharides are
A. Acetoacetate (A) Polymers (B) Acids(C) Proteins(D) Oils
B. Conjugated bilirubin α-D-glucose and β -D-glucose are
C. Urobilinogen (A) Stereoisomers (B) Anomers (C) Epimers
D. Porphobilinogen (D) Keto-aldo pairs
E. None of the above Two sugars which differ from one another
only in configuration around a single
The most active site of protein synthesis
carbon atom are termed
is the
A) Epimers (B) Optical isomers C Anomers
A. Nucleus (D) Stereoisomers
B. Mitochondrion Isomers differing as a result of variations
C. Ribosome in configuration of the —OH and —H on
D. Cell sap carbon atoms 2, 3 and 4 of glucose are
The degradative processes are categorized known as Epimers
under the heading of (C) Optical isomers Anomers
(D) Steroisomers
A. Anabolism
The most important epimer of glucose is
B. Catabolism
Galactose
C. Metabolism
(C) Arabinose
D. None of the above
Fructose
The average pH of Urine is (D) Xylose
polysacchharide which is often called animal starch is
A. 7.0
Glycogen Inulin Starch
B. 6.0
(D) Dextrin
C. 8.0
The following is an enzyme required for
D. 0.0
glycolysis:
The power house of the cell is
(A) Pyruvate kinase
A. Nucleus)
(B) Pyruvate carboxylase
B. Mitochondria
(C) Glucose-6-phosphatase
C. lysosomes
(D) Glycerokinase
D. Cell membrane
During glycolysis, Fructose 1,6 diphosphate is
decomposed by the enzyme:
Fatty acids can be transported into and out of cell
(A) Enolase a
membrane by
(B) Fructokinase
A. Active transport (B)
(C) Aldolase
B. Facilitated transport
(D) Diphosphofructophosphatose
C. Diffusion
D. Osmosis
Physiological glycosuria is met with in Normal range of serum urea is
(A) Renal glycosuria 0.6–1.5 mg/dl
(B) Alimentary glycosuria (C) 20–45 mg/dl
(C) Diabetes Mellitus 9–11 mg/dl
(D) Alloxan diabetes (D) 60–100 mg/dl
The number of molecules of ATP produced Normal range of serum creatinine is
by the total oxidation of acetyl CoA in (A) 0.6–1.5 mg/dl (B) 9–11 mg/dl
TCA cycle is (C) 20–45 mg/dl (D) 60–100 mg/dl
(A) 6 (B) 8 Serum amylase is increased in
(C) 10 (D) 12 (A) Acute parotitis (B) Acute pancreatitis
The number of ATP produced in the (C) Pancreatic cancer (D) All of these
succinate dehydrogenase step is Serum lipase is increased in
(A) 1 (B) 2 (A) Acute parotitis (B) Acute pancreatitis
(C) 3 (D) 4 (C) Infective hepatitis (D) Biliary obstruction
Synthesis of Glucose from amino acids is termed as Which among the following is an essential
(A) Glycolysis (C) Glycogenesis Gluconeogenesis amino acid?
(D) Lipogenesis (A) Cysteine (B) Leucine
All proteins contain the (C) Tyrosine (D) Aspartic acid
(A) Same 20 amino acids 409. Which among the following is a basic
(B) Different amino acids amino acid?
(C) 300 Amino acids occurring in nature (A) Aspargine (B) Arginine
(D) Only a few amino acids (C) Proline (D) Alanine
The optically inactive amino acid is This amino acid cannot have optical
A. Glycine isomers:
B. Threonine (A) Alanine (B) Histidine
C. Serine (C) Threonine (D) Glycine
D. Valine The essential amino acids
Sulphur containing amino acid is (A) Must be supplied in the diet because the
A. Methionine organism has lost the capacity to aminate the
B. Valine corresponding ketoacids
C. Leucine (B) Must be supplied in the diet because the
D. Asparagine human has an impaired ability to synthesize
The functions of plasma albumin are the carbon chain of the corresponding ketoacids
A. Osmosis (C) Are identical in all species studied
(CImmunity Transport (D) both (A ) and (B) (D) Are defined as those amino acids which
Renal glycosuria occurs due to cannot be synthesized by the organism at a
(A) Increased filtration of glucose in glomeruli rate adequate to meet metabolic requirements
(B) Increased secretion of glucose by renal Zymogen is
tubular cells (A) An intracellular enzyme
(C) Decreased reabsorption of glucose by renal (B) Serum enzyme
tubular cells (C) A complete extracellular enzyme
(D) Increased conversion of glycogen into glucose (D) An inactivated enzyme
in tubular cells SGOT level in a adult is
Haematuria can occur in (A) 5–40 units/dl (B) 1–4 units/dl
(A) Haemolytic anaemia (C) 5–15 units/dl (D) 50–100 units/dl
(B) Mismatched blood transfusion 538. A dietary deficiency of tryptophan and
(C) Yellow fever nicotinate leads to
(D) Stone in urinary tract (A) Beri Beri (B) Xerophthalmia
(C) Anemia (D) Pellegra (A) Fatty liver
When the net charge on an amino acid is (B) Emaciation
zero, the pH is maintained as? (C) Low insulin lever
(A) 4.5 (B) 11.2 (D) Occurrence in less than 1 year infant
(C) 7.0 (D) 9.1 A characteristic feature of marasmus is
681. The precursor of bile salts, sex hormones (A) Severe hypoalbuminemia
and vitamin D is (B) Normal epinephrine level
(A) Diosgenin (B) Cholesterol (C) Mild muscle wasting
(C) Campesterol (D) Ergosterol (D) Low insulin and high cortisol level
682 Unsaturated fatty acids is known as Obesity generally reflects excess intake of energy and
(A) Non-essential fatty acids is often associated with the development of
(B) Essential fatty acids (A) Nervousness
(C) Cerebrosides (B) Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(D) Phospholipids (C) Hepatitis
Biuret test is specific for (D) Colon cancer
(A) Two peptide linkage Cerebrovasular disease and hypertension is
(B) Phenolic group associated with
(C) Imidazole ring (A) High calcium intake
(D) None of these (B) High salt intake
707. Neutral amino acid is (C) Low calcium intake
(A) Leucine (B) Lysine (D) Low salt intake
(C) Aspartic acid (D) Histidine The normal range of total serum bilirubin is
An example of a saturated fatty acid is (A) 0.2–1.2 mg/100 ml
(A) Palmitic acid (B) Oleic acid (B) 1.5–1.8 mg/100 ml
(C) Linoleic acid (D) Erucic acid (C) 2.0–4.0 mg/100 ml
A fatty acid which is not synthesized in (D) Above 7.0 mg/100 ml
the body and has to be supplied in the diet is Fecal urobilinogen is decreased in
(A) Palmitic acid (B) Lauric acid (A) Obstruction of biliary duct
(C) Linolenic acid (D) Palmitoleic acid (B) Hemolytic jaundice
Essential fatty acid: (C) Excess fat intake
(A) Linoleic acid (B) Linolenic acid (D) Low fat intake
(C) Arachidonic acid (D) All these Normal value of plasma total proteins
An important feature of maple syrup varies between
urine disease is (A) 3–4 gm/100ml (B) 6–8 gm/100ml
(A) Patient can not be treated by dietary (C) 10–12 gm/100ml (D) 14–16 gm/100ml
regulation Vitamins are
(B) Without treatment death, of patient may occur (A) Accessory food factors
by the end of second year of life (B) Generally synthesized in the body
(C) Blood levels of leucine, isoleucine and serine are (C) Produced in endocrine glands
increased (D) Proteins in nature
(D) Excessive brain damage One manifestation of vitamin A deficiency is
The deficiency of both energy and protein causes (A) Painful joints
(A) Marasmus (B) Kwashiorkar (B) Night blindness
(C) Diabetes (D) Beri-beri (C) Loss of hair
Kwashiorkar is characterized by (D) Thickening of long bones
(A) Night blindness (B) Edema Deficiency of Vitamin A causes
(C) Easy fracturability (D) Xerophthalmia (A) Xeropthalmia
A characteristic feature of Kwashiorkar is (B) Hypoprothrombinemia
(C) Megaloblastic anemia (D) Urinary amylase
(D) Pernicious anemia Acute pancreatitis is characterised by
An important function of vitamin A is (A) Lack of synthesis of zymogen enzymes
(A) To act as coenzyme for a few enzymes (B) Continuous release of zymogen enzymes into the
(B) To play an integral role in protein synthesis gut
(C) To prevent hemorrhages (C) Premature activation of zymogen enzymes
(D) To maintain the integrity of epithelial tissue (D) Inactivation of zymogen enzymes
Deficiency of vitamin D causes An example of functional plasma enzyme is
(A) Ricket and osteomalacia (A) Lipoprotein lipase
(B) Tuberculosis of bone (B) Amylase
(C) Hypothyroidism (C) Aminotransferase
(D) Skin cancer (D) Lactate dehydrogenase
65. Riboflavin deficiency causes A non-functional plasma enzyme is
(A) Cheilosis (A) Psudocholinesterase
(B) Loss of weight (B) Lipoprotein lipase
(C) Mental deterioration (C) Proenzyme of blood coagulation
(D) Dermatitis (D) Lipase
Magenta tongue is found in the deficiency of the Renal glycosuria is characterized by
vitamin (A) Hyperglycemia
(A) Riboflavin (B) Thiamin (B) Hyperglycemia with glycosuria
(C) Nicotinic acid (D) Pyridoxine (C) Normal blood glucose level with glycosuria
99. A deficiency of vitamin B12 causes (D) Hyperglycemia with ketosis
(A) Beri-Beri Serum alkaline phosphatase level increases in
(B) Scurvy (A) Hypothyroidism
(C) Perniciuos anemia (B) Carcinoma of prostate
(D) Ricket (C) Hyperparathyroidism
The isoenzymes LDH5 is elevated in (D) Myocardial ischemia
(A) Myocardial infarction Serum lactate dehydrogenase rises in
(B) Peptic ulcer (A) Viral hepatitis
(C) Liver disease (B) Myocardial infarction
(D) Infectious diseases (C) Carcinomatosis
On the third day of onset of acute myocardial (D) All of these
infarction the enzyme elevated is An enzyme is a
(A) Serum AST (B) Serum CK (A) Carbohydrate (B) Lipid
(C) Serum LDH (D) Serum ALT (C) Protein (D) Nucleic acid
LDH1 and LDH2 are elevated in An enzyme promotes a chemical reaction by
(A) Myocardial infarction (A) Lowering the energy of activation
(B) Liver disease (B) Causing the release of heat which acts as a
(C) Kidney disease primer
(D) Brain disease (C) Increasing molecular motion
The CK isoenzymes present in cardiac muscle is (D) Changing the free energy difference between
(A) BB and MB (B) MM and MB substrate and product
(C) BB only (D) MB only Combination of apoenzyme and coenzyme produces
61. In acute pancreatitis, the enzyme raised in first (A) Prosthetic group
five days is (B) Holoenzyme
(A) Serum amylase (C) Enzyme substrate complex
(B) Serum lactic dehydrogenase (D) Enzyme product complex
(C) Urinary lipase
Creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme is a marker for (C) Increased glycolysis in muscle
(A) Kidney disease (D) Decreased lipolysis
(B) Liver disease A non-peptide among the following is
(C) Myocardial infarction (A) Antidiuretic hormone
(D) None of these (B) Insulin
Normal range of serum sodium is (C) ACTH
(A) 30–70 mEq/L (B) 70–110 mEq/L (D) Thyrotropin releasing hormone
(C) 117–135 mEq/L (D) 136–145 mEq/L Diabetes insipidus is caused by deficient secretion of
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium in (A) Insulin (B) Glucagon
(A) Proximal convoluted tubules (C) Vasopressin (D) Oxytocin
(B) Ascending limb of loop of Henle Growth hormone increases
(C) Descending limb of loop of Henle (A) Protein synthesis (B) Lipogenesis
(D) Distal convoluted tubules (C) Glycogenolysis (D) All of these
Restriction of sodium intake is commonly advised in Insulin decreases
(A) Addison’s disease (B) Diarrhoea (A) Glycogenesis
(C) Hypertension (D) None of these (B) Glycolysis
Serum sodium level rises in all of the following except (C) Gluconeogenesis
(A) Renal failure (D) Tubular reabsorption of glucose
(B) Prolonged steroid therapy Insulin increases
(C) Aldosteronism (A) Glycogenesis (B) Gluconeogenesis
(D) Dehydration (C) Lipolysis (D) Blood glucose
Hyponatraemia occurs in the following condition: Glucagon secretion increases
(A) Addison’s disease (B) Chronic renal failure (A) After a carbohydrate-rich meal
(C) Severe diarrhoea (D) All of these (B) After a fat-rich meal
Serum potassium level decreases in (C) When blood glucose is high
(A) Familial periodic paralysis (D) When blood glucose is low
(B) Addison’s disease The main effect of glucagons is to
(C) Renal failure increase
(D) All of these (A) Glycolysis in muscles
Concentration of the following is higher in (B) Glycogenolysis in muscles
intracellular fluid than in extracellular fluid: (C) Glycogenolysis in liver
(A) Sodium (B) Potassium (D) Glycogenesis in liver
(C) Chloride (D) Bicarbonate
Normal range of serum potassium is
(A) 2.1-3.4 mEq/L (B) 3.5-5.3 mEq/L
(C) 5.4–7.4 mEq/L (D) 7.5–9.5 mEq/L
Normal range of serum chloride is
(A) 24–27 mEq/L (B) 70–80 mEq/L
(C) 100–106 mEq/L (D) 120–140 mEq/L
An extracellular fluid having a higher concentration of
chloride than serum is
(A) Bile (B) Sweat
(C) CSF (D) Pancreatic juice
Growth hormone causes hyperglycaemia. It is a result
of
(A) Decreased peripheral utilization of glucose
(B) Decreased hepatic production via
gluconeogenesis
1. In a tabular form give various vitamins, their sources and abnormalities associated to their deficiencies.
2. Give various endocrine glands of the human body, their location, hormones, and targets of these hormones.
3. Describe the following clinical conditions: dwarfism, gigantism, cretinism, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, and
goiter.
4. List various classes of enzymes.
5. Using diagrams describe autocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormonal mechanisms.
6. Give an account of the different types of examination in routine urinalysis.5marks
7. What hormones does the kidney produce? 1mk
8. How does the kidney make concentrated and dilute urine? 5mks
9. Outline the two main hormones that regulate urinary sodium output 2mks
10. How does the kidney make concentrated and dilute urine? 5mks
11. Explain urine formation by the kidneys. 10mks
12.