ENG502_Glossary

1. Affective Meaning :The emotive or affective component of the expression is

referred to as its affective meaning. Social meaning and affective meaning
together are sometimes called connotation.
2. Agent :Agent is the semantic role of a person or thing who is the doer of an
event.
3. Anaphora :The use of a word referring back to a word used earlier in a text
or conversation, to avoid repetition, for example the pronouns he, she, it, and
they and the verb do.
4. Anaphoric Expression :Anaphora can be defined as a subsequent reference
to an already introduced entity.
5. Antonymy :Two forms with opposite meanings are called antonyms.
6. Aphasia :Aphasia is defined as an impairment of language function due to
localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or
producing linguistic forms.
7. Applied Linguistics :Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of
linguistics which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-
related real-life problems.
8. Arbitrariness :In human language, there is no natural connection between the
word and the object they make reference to. This characteristic of language is
called arbitrariness. For example, the Arabic word ‘kalab’ meaning dog and
the English word ‘dog’ have no relation to the word they refer to.
9. Benefactive :The entity that benefits from the action or event denoted by the
predicate.
10. Bilingualism :Bilingualism: the ability of an individual or the members
of a community to use two languages effectively.

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11. Binaural :It is binaural reception when somebody speaks. The listener
knows where the speaker is. This is the characteristic which is in both human
beings as well as animals.
12. Chronemics :In communication, chronemics means the study of how
time affects communication and includes how different time cycles affect our
communication.
13. Coherence :Coherence refers to the quality of being logical and
consistent, e.g., 'This essay, on the whole, lacks coherence'.
14. Cohesion :Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text
or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning.
15. Computational Linguistics :Computational linguistics is the branch of
linguistics in which the techniques of computer science are applied to the
analysis and synthesis of language and speech.
16. Conceptual Meaning :Conceptual meaning is the clear and logical
definition of a word based on the structure and form of the word An example
of conceptual meaning would be the word ‘cat’.
17. Connotation :Connotation represents the various social overtones,
cultural implications, or emotional meanings associated with a sign.
18. Contrastive Linguistics :Contrastive linguistics: a practice-oriented
linguistic approach that seeks to describe the differences and similarities
between a pair of languages.
19. Conversation :Conversation is interactive communication between
two or more people.

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20. Conversation Analysis :Conversation analysis (CA) is an approach to

the study of social interaction, embracing both verbal and non-verbal conduct,
in situations of everyday life.
21. Creole :When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade or contact
language and becomes the first language of a social community, it is described
as a creole.
22. Critical Discourse Analysis :Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has
roots in both Discourse Analysis (DA) and Critical Linguistics (CL). It is an
interdisciplinary method to investigating discourses and language within
public institutions laid out by Norman Fairclough in his book “Language and
Power”.
23. Critical Social Theory :Critical Social Theory (CST) provides a
theoretical foundation for critical approaches to discourse analysis.
24. Cultural Transmission :Language is acquired in a culture with other
speakers and not from parental genes. This property of human language is
cultural transmission wherein a language is passed on from one generation to
the next within a cultural setting.
25. Deixis/Deictic expression :A deictic expression (or deixis) is a word
or phrase (such as this, that, these, those, now, then) that points to the time,
place, or situation in which a speaker is speaking.
26. Denotation :Denotation represents the explicit or referential meaning
of a sign.
27. Derivational Morphemes :In morphology, derivational morphemes
show the “inner” layer of words and they are attached to the stem.

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28. Dialect :Dialect is a particular form of a language which is peculiar to

a specific region or social group.
29. Diglossia :A situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are
spoken within the same speech community.
30. Discourse :A unit of language which can be less or more than one
sentence but has a meaning beyond the level of sentence.
31. Discourse Analysis :Discourse Analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is
a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign
language use, or any significant semiotic event.
32. Discreteness :The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct,
i.e., each sound in the language is treated as discrete, for example, / l/, /i:/, and
/n/. We can join them to make a word 'lean' transcribed as / li:n / or if we
change the order, we get another word 'kneel' transcribed as /ni:l/.
33. Displacement :In linguistics, displacement is the capability of
language to communicate about things that are not immediately present
(spatially or temporally); i.e., things that are either not here or are not here
now.
34. Duality :Human language is organized at two levels or layers
simultaneously. This property is called duality (or “double articulation”).
35. Expension :A sequence of element said to be expansion of another.
36. Experiencer :When a noun phrase is used to designate an entity as the
person who has a feeling, perception or state, it fills the semantic role of
experiencer.

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37. Flouting the Cooperative Principles :Flouting of cooperative

principles mean deliberation, violation or flouting of conversational
principles.
38. Free Morpheme :A free morpheme means a morpheme that can stand
alone as a word. Free morphemes comprise of simple words such as doll and
compound words such as keyboard.
39. Generative Grammar :Generative grammar is a linguistic theory that
regards grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those
combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language.
40. Grammar :A level of linguistics which is concerned with the manner
in which words combine together structurally to form sentences. In this sense
grammar is a descriptive phenomenon. It can also be used to refer to speakers'
knowledge of how to produce well formed sentences in which case it is an
ability, it is speakers' competence in the generative sense.
41. Grimm's Law :The observation that certain Indo-European consonants
(mainly stops) undergo regular changes in the Germanic languages which are
not seen in others such as Greek or Latin. Examples include p becoming f so
that Latin pedem corresponds to English foot and German Fuss . The principle
was set out by Jacob Grimm in his German grammar (2nd edition, 1822).
42. Haptics :It is a form of nonverbal communication which refers to touch
behaviors that convey meaning during interactions.
43. Homonyms :One form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated
meanings.
44. Homophones :Two or more different (written) forms have the same
pronunciation, are described as homophones.

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45. Hyponymy :The meaning of one form is included in the meaning of

another, the relationship is hyponymy.
46. Illocutionary Act :An illocutionary act is a complete speech act, made
in a typical utterance, that consists of. the delivery of the propositional content
of the utterance (including references and a predicate), and. a particular
illocutionary force, whereby the speaker. asserts.
47. Indirect Speech Act :Indirect speech acts seems to be that actions such
as requests, presented in an indirect way are generally considered to be more
gentle or more polite in our society than direct speech acts.
48. Inference :An inference is additional information used by the listener
to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant.
49. Innate Predisposition :It means there is an innate ability (capacity) in
the human child to acquire language with which each newborn child is
endowed.
50. Instrument :The medium by which the action or event denoted by the
predicate is carried out.
51. Invisible Meaning :Pragmatics is the study of “invisible” meaning, or
how we recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written.
52. Kinesics :Kinesics is the study of the way in which certain body
movements and gestures serve as a form of non-verbal communication.
53. Language Change :Language change is variation over time in a
language's phonological, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other
features.
54. Learnability :In linguistics, learnability refers to the idea that language
is teachable and learnable.

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55. Lexeme :A lexeme ( pronunciation (help. ... It is a basic unit of

meaning, and the headwords of a dictionary are all lexemes. Put more
technically, a lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in
linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word.
56. Lexical Meaning :Lexical meaning refers to the meaning of words that
belong to one of the four lexical word classes.
57. Lexicography :The activity or occupation of compiling dictionaries is
named as lexicography
58. Linguistic Context :Linguistic context is how meaning is understood
without relying on intent and assumptions.
59. Linguistics :Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
60. Location :A number of other semantic roles designate where an entity
is in the description of an event. Where an entity is (on the table, in the room)
fills the role of location.
61. Locative :The specification of the place where the action or event
denoted by the predicate is situated.
62. Locutionary Act :In speech-act theory, a locutionary act is the act of
making a meaningful utterance. Also known as a locution or an utterance act.
The term locutionary act was introduced by British philosopher John L.
Austin.
63. Metonymy :Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept
is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or
concept.
64. Morphology :In linguistics, Morphology is the study of words, how
they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It

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analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words,
prefixes, and suffixes.
65. Multilingualism :Multilingualism: ability to use multiple languages is
known as multilingualism.
66. Neurolinguistics :The study of the relationship between language and
the brain is called neurolinguistics.
67. Onomatopoeia :Onomatopoeia refers to a word that phonetically
mimics or resembles the sound of the thing it describes. For example, the
words we use to describe the noises that animals make are all onomatopoetic,
such as a dog’s “bark,” a cat’s “meow”.
68. Overextension (acquisition process) :The most common pattern is for
the child to overextend the meaning of a word on the basis of similarities of
shape, sound and size, and, to a lesser extent, movement and texture.
69. Overgeneralization (acquisition process) :The acquisition of the
plural marker is often accompanied by a process of overgeneralization in
children. For example, -s to form plurals such as ‘boys and girls’, will talk
about foots and mans.
70. Paralanguage :In linguistics, paralanguage is a vocal element of
nonverbal communication which is the vocalized but not verbal part of spoken
message.
71. Perlocutionary Act :A perlocutionary act is a speech act, as viewed at
the level of its consequences, such as persuading, convincing, scaring,
enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise affecting the listener.

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72. Person Deixis :Person deixis is deictic reference to the participant role
of a referent, such as. the speaker; the addressee, and; referents which are
neither speaker nor addressee.
73. Physical Context :The physical context reflects the space around
something and how that influences how you see it.
74. Pidgin :A pidgin is a variety of a language that developed for some
practical purpose, such as trading.
75. Politeness :Linguistic politeness can be defined as the ways in which
language is employed in conversation to show consideration for the feelings
and desires of one’s interlocutors, to create and uphold interpersonal
relationships (so-called politic behavior), and to comply with the rules for
what society or one’s culture considers appropriate behavior.
76. Polydiglossia :The coexistence of two or more languages, or distinct
varieties of the same language, within a speech community.
77. Polysemy :Two or more words with the same form and related are
example of polysemy.
78. Pragmatics :Pragmatics is the study of the practical aspects of human
action and thought.It looks beyond the literal meaning of an utterance and
considers how meaning is constructed focusing on implied meanings.
79. Presupposition :What a speaker (or writer) assumes is true or known
by a listener (or reader) can be described as a presupposition.
80. Productivity :Productivity is one of the characteristics of human
language. It refers to the quality of creativity or open endedness in human
language which is missing in animal language.

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81. Propositional Meaning :Propositional meaning is the type of meaning

that comes from the context within which the sentence is used.
82. Prototype :The idea of “the characteristic instance” of a category is
known as the prototype.
83. Proxemics :In linguistics, proxemics means the study of human use of
space and the effects that population density has on behavior, communication,
and social interaction.
84. Psycholinguistics :Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the
study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to
acquire, use, and understand language.
85. Recursion :Recursive (“repeatable any number of times”) rules have
the capacity to be applied more than once in generating a structure.
86. Reference :Words are used to refer to people, places and times.
87. Reflected Meaning :The term reflected meaning refers to certain
associations with another sense of the same expression, He took the drugs,
Enjoy yourself.
88. Semantic Role :Semantic role is the actual role a participant plays in
some real or imagined situation, apart from the linguistic encoding of those
situations.
89. Semantics :Semantics is the branch of linguistics and logic concerned
with meaning. The two main areas are logical semantics, concerned with
matters such as sense and reference and presupposition and implication, and
lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meanings and relations
between them.

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90. Signified :The signified is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated
by the signifier.
91. Signifier :The form of a sign. The form might be a sound, a word, a
photograph, a facial expression.
92. Slip of the Ear :slip of the ear: a processing error in which one word
or phrase is heard as another, as in hearing great ape when the utterance was
“gray tape”
93. Slip of the Tongue :Slip of the tongue: a speech error in which a sound
or word is produced in the wrong place, as in black bloxes (instead of “black
boxes”)
94. Social Cultural Context :Socio-cultural context refers to the idea that
language, rather than existing in isolation, is closely linked to the culture and
society in which it is used.
95. Sociolinguistics :Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect
of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and
context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on language.
96. Spatial Deixis :Spatial deixis is expressed in place adverbials (e.g. left,
behind, etc.) which indicate the speaker´s location during the speech event.
97. Speech Acts :A speech act is an utterance that has performative
function in language and communication.
98. Speech Community :speech community: a group of people who share
a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language
99. Standard Language :standard language: the variety of a language
treated as the official language and used in public broadcasting, publishing
and education

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100. Stem :A part of a word to which prefixes and/or suffixes can be added.
It is normally unalterable, though some morphological processes, such as
umlaut in German, may change it. It is usually used synonymously with root.
101. Stop :stop: a consonant produced by stopping the airflow, then letting
it go, also called “plosive” (e.g. the first and last sounds in cat)
102. Strategic Competence :This is the ability to organize the message
effectively and to compensate, via strategies, for any difficulties.
103. Stress :The acoustic prominence of a syllable in a word. The physical
correlates of stress can vary. Typically it involves the raising of the basic
frequency and/or of volume matched by a prolongation of the syllable
involved.
104. Suffix :Any element attached to the right- hand side of a stem.
Suffixation in one of the major operations in morphology and is undertaken
to indicate grammatical categories as in stone : stone-s where the -s is a plural
marker suffix.
105. Suprasegmental :A reference to phenomena which do not belong to
the sound segments of language but which typically are spread over several
segments, e.g. intonation, stress, tempo, etc.
106. Syllable :The most important structural unit in phonology. A syllable
consists of a series of sounds which are grouped around a nucleus of acoustic
prominence (usually a vowel).
107. Synonym :A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly
the same as another word or phrase in the same language.

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108. Syntax :In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and
processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually
including word order.
109. Temporal Deixis :Temporal indexicals are expressed in time
adverbials like “now, then, soon, lately, recently, ago, today, tomorrow,
yesterday”.
110. The Comparative Method :The standard way of demonstrating the
genetic relatedness of languages is called the comparative method.
111. The Maxim of Quality :The maxim of quality, where one tries to be
truthful, and does not give information that is false or that is not supported by
evidence.
112. The Maxim of Relevance :The Maxim of Relevance is one of the four
conversational maxims of the Cooperative Principle. Grice proposes this
maxim as an explanation for a certain kind of regularity in conversational
behavior with respect to the relevance of information provided at each turn of
a conversation.
113. The Prosodic Meaning :Prosody is the study of the tune and rhythm
of speech and how these features contribute to meaning.
114. The Wave Model :In historical linguistics, the wave model or wave
theory (German Wellentheorie) is a model of language change in which a new
language feature (innovation) or a new combination of language features
spreads from a central region of origin in continuously weakening concentric
circles, similar to the waves created when a stone is thrown into a body of
water.

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115. Theme :“The entity that is involved in or affected by the action,” which
is called the theme (or sometimes the “patient”).
116. Time Deixis :Time, or temporal, deixis concerns itself with the various
times involved in and referred to in an utterance.
117. Traditional Grammar :Traditional grammar is the description of the
structure of phrases and sentences based on established categories used in the
analysis of Latin and Greek.
118. Tree diagram :Tree diagram is a diagram with branches showing the
hierarchical organization of structures.
119. Turn :In conversation, turn is the unit of talk by one speaker, ended by
the beginning of the next speaker’s unit of talk.
120. Turn-Taking :The end of one speaker’s turn and the beginning of the
next’s frequently latch on to each other with almost perfect precision and split-
second timing.
121. Velar :Velar is a consonant produced by raising the back of the tongue
to the velum (e.g. the first and last sounds in geek).
122. Vernacular :Vernacular is a social dialect with low prestige spoken by
a lower-status group, with marked differences from the standard language.
123. Vowel :Vowel: a sound produced through the vocal folds without
constriction of the airflowin the mouth
124. Waveforms :We utter the sounds in waveforms means. Therefore, the
moment it is uttered from the mouth, the sound perpetuates as a waveform
that expands from the point of origin (the mouth) in all directions.

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125. Wernicke’s Aphasia :Wernicke’s aphasia: a language disorder in

which comprehension is typically slow while speech is fluent, but vague and
missing content words
126. Wernicke’s Area :Wernicke’s area: a part of the brain in the left
hemisphere involved in language comprehension
127. Word Class :A group of words which are similar in their grammatical
characteristics: the kinds of inflections they take, their distribution in
sentences and the relations they enter with other sets of words. Typically word
classes are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions.

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