Eukaryoticcells and organelle

Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and

plant cells as well as some in algal andfungi
Animal cell Plant
lysosome unwall
of nitroconarian

i muggasm
ÉÉ É
f
magician

fjiifi
a
ftp.iffififmhfhi
ffff
fÉfghii iÉfifffhiiffffgnsmc
fif
q ribozone
a
golgiapparatus
gg
a

Algal and fungal cells

Algal cells are alot like plant cells Fungal cells are also
like plant but with two
key differences
cell walls are made of chitin not cellulose
They dont have chloroplasts
Specialised organelles
a multicellular organisms cells become specialised to carr
ut a specific function
Epithelial cells
asktn The walls of the small intestler have
MMMfff.in a
maroconaria lots offinger like projections called villi
cytoplasm
which increase SAfor absorptionThe
maeus
epithelial cells havefolds in theyre cell
Surface membranes They also have lots of
mitrocondia to provide energy
Specialised cells are organised into tissues organs andorga
Systems
Tokaryotic cells and virus
Theplasma membrane is Thecellwall supports
mainlymadeoflipidsand thecellandprevents it
Thecytoplasmhas Protiensand it controls
moventofsubstance fromchangingshape
no membranebound
Itsmade of murien
trganene
Which is a glycoprotein

Plasmids
asmaueriiii.ioxi
CircularDNA Which
codeforthings uke
antibiotic resistance
iQ
onelong
Theflagellum that
own helpsthe
cell move
strand not
Slimeycapsual attachedto
any
histoneprotons
Viruses are Acellular
iruses are Just nucleate acids surrounded by a protien theyre
not even alive There even smaller than bacteria with no
plasma membrane cytoplasm or ribosomes
U viruses invade and reproduce inside hoast cells
Protien coat
called capsid
genetic a
material attachment
RNAOrDNA
protiens

Trokaryotic cells Replicate binary fission

 y y y
Splitting into two daughter cells

1 Circular DNA plasmids replicate

Mar
1 Themain mops only replicatedonce
088 but plasmids can be replicatedlot
Mar
2 2 cell gets bigger and dna loops
move to opposite poles
3 3 cytoplasm begins to divide
4 mar mf
gg
sn
4 two daughter cells are
produced
so

Viruses usehost cells

truses use there attachment protiens bind to hosts receptor
protiensDifferent viruses have different attachment protiensso
an only inject 1 type of cell Because theyre not alive ther
nstead Inject RNA or DNA into hostcell and take over
Microscopes
Optical microscopes Electron microscopes
uselight toform image use electrons toform image
Max resolution of 0.2µm higher resolution max0.0002
magnification is xisoo magnification is 1500000
 ansmition election microscopes scanning electron microscopes
use electromagnets 11 scan beamsof electrons wh
2 Denser parts absorbmore which ich knocks of electrons fromth
makes them appear darker Specimen into cathodray tube
3 high resolution images 2130 low resolution images
4 canonly do thin specimens 31 can use thick specimens
Cell fractionation
1 Homogenisation breaking
cells can be ground in blender but solution must be iceCol
to reduce enzyme activity It also must be isotonic topreven
damage through osmosisand buffer solution must be added
2 Filtration

cells are filtered through gauze

3
Ultracentrifugation
After filtration you have a mixture of organelle
I Pour cell fragments into tube thats spun at a lowspeed
leavest organelle are at bottom and the pellet the
form
est of organelles are suspended in supernatant
I supernatent is drained off and spun at high speed againthe
eaviest spin off and get respun even faster
3 The process is repeated untill all organelle are separated
Cell division mitosis
Mitosis is cell division that produces two Identicle cells
n mitosis a parent cell divides to producetwo genetically
denticle cells Mitosis is needed
for growth and repare
Thecellcycle consistsof a Gapphase2 02 m Mitosis start the
of
cellkeeps g cellcycle
period cell growth andDNA rowina and
protienemade
Gapphase cell
replication called interphase s growsandnew
organs are
Mitosis happens last But the e
hYhthfYii'Hwa
interphase is spat into parts
Mitosis
Mitosis is one phase thats spat into a series of division phases
interphaseThe cell carries out normal functions while it prepares
a divideThe cells DNA is unraveled and replicated to doublethe

genetic content Organelles are also replicatedandATP content

also increases to provide energyfor division
Prophase The chromozones condense getshorter andfatter
Tiny bundles
of protons called centrioles start fittest
moving to opposite sides of the cellforming
rotiens fibers spindles across the cell Nuclear fifteenth
arid
nvelope breaks down
As mitosis begins the chromosomes are Joint by centromere There
homotid
already duplicated rum interphase
 tuan

metaphase The chromozones une

up along sogou.EE
he middle the cell and become attached to the
of Id
spindle by ther centromere
3 Anaphase The centromeres divide separating eachpair
n
g sisterchromotides spindle fibers contract
ffffd
ftp.adf

Ulling chromotides to opposite poles

4 Telephase The chromotides reach opposite untri

sides and they uncoil to become longand i

thin again A nuclear envelopereforms sothere

I now two nuclear and two geneticallyidenticle i
amide

cells are created Mitosis is done and each cell prepours to

restart mitosis
Cancer The result uncontrolled
of cell division
Mitosis and the cell cycle are controlled by genes Normally if
a cells divided enough times they stop unless theres a mutatio
when cells grow out of control cells will keepon dividing t
orm a tumour Cancer is a tumour that invades surrounding cell

ancer treatments
Some treatments designed to control rate of cell division by
disrupting the cell cycle These treatments dont distinguish type
of cell so will kill normaldividing cells However cancer cell
will divide more so treatment kills more cancercells thannorma
G1 some chemical drugs prevent synthesis of enzymes wh
re needed DNA replication which disrupts cells forcing
for
ell to kill itself
Sphase Radiation and some drugs damage DNA At several
points in the cell cycle.The DNA is checkedfor damageIf it
evere cell will kill itself preventing tumour growth