Bonding

Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding involves electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
in a lattice.

Compound ions

Sulfate SO4 Hydroxide OH- Ammonium NH3+

Nitrate NO3- Carbonate CO3 2-

Covalent and dative covalent bonds

A single covalent bond contains a shared pair of electrons.
Multiple bonds contain multiple pairs of electrons.
A dative covalent bond contains a shared pair of electrons with both electrons
Supplied by one atom.A covalent bond should be represented with a line and a
dative covalent bond with an arrow.

Metallic bonding-
Metallic bonding involves attractions between delocalised electrons and positive
ions arranged in a lattice.

Bonding and physical properties-

Four types of crystal structures:
-Ionic
-Metallic
-Macromolecular (giant covalent)
-Molecular
Structure of diamond-
Diamond is a giant covalent structure. in which: each carbon
atom is joined to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent
bonds. The carbon atoms form a regular tetrahedral network
structure.

Structure of graphite-
Graphite has a giant covalent structure in which: each
carbon atom forms three covalent bonds with other carbon
atoms. The carbon atoms form layers of hexagonal rings.
there are no covalent bonds between the layers.

Structure of ice-
Each water molecule is surrounded by four neighboring H2Os.
two of these are hydrogen-bonded to the oxygen atom on the
central H2O molecule

Structure of iodine-
Iodine has a simple molecular structure. Iodine
atoms are bonded in pairs by covalent bonds.

Structure of magnesium-
Magnesium exists as a large macromolecular
structure (lattice) with strong metallic bonds
between the Magnesium ions and the sea of
delocalised electrons

Structure of sodium chloride-

Sodium chloride is a crystalline lattice structure, where
each sodium ion is surrounded by six chloride ions and
each chloride ion is surrounded by six sodium ions.
Shapes of simple molecules and ions
Bonding pairs and lone pairs have charge clouds that repel each other.
Pairs of electrons in the outer shell arrange themselves as far apart as possible
to minimise repulsion.
Lone pair-lone pair repulsion is greater than lone pair- bond repulsion.

Bond polarity-
Electronegativity is the power of an atom to attract the pair of electrons in a
covalent bond.
The electron distribution in a covalent bond between elements with different
electronegativities will be asymmetrical. This produces a polar covalent bond,
and may cause a molecule to have a permanent dipole.

Forces between molecules-

-permanent dipole-dipole
-van der waals forces
-hydrogen bonding

The melting and boiling points of molecular substances are influenced by the
strengths of these intermolecular forces.