5017 - Transportation Engineering Lab

LABORATORY MANUAL
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LAB (5017)

(5017
(SCHEME: 2021)
MALABAR POLYTECHNIC CAMPUS

(Run by: Malabar Education & Charitable Trust)
(Approved by AICTE & State Board of Technical Education, Kerala) EMS/Market
Road, Cherpulassery,
erpulassery, Palakkad Dt, Kerala Pin-679503
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO Description Duration Cognitive

No. level
CO1 Perform different tests on aggregates for its suitability as
road construction material. 12 Applying
CO2 Perform different tests on bituminous material for

its suitability as road construction 10 Applying
CO3 Prepare reports of defects and remedial

measures of existing roads. 9 Applying
CO4 Prepare reports of defects and remedial measures

of existing railway track. 10 Applying
CO PO MAPPING
Course PO 1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PSO 1 PSO2

Outcomes
CO 1
3
CO 2
3
CO 3
3
CO 4
3
INDEX (PERFORMANCE RECORD)
DATE EXPERIMENT DETAILS SIGN/MARK
CO 1 : Perform different tests on aggregates for its suitability as road construction

material
Sketch standard cross sections of Expressways, Freeways, NH/SH,
MDR/ODR
Flakiness and Elongation Index test on aggregates
Angularity Number test on aggregates
Aggregate impact test
Los Angeles Abrasion test on aggregate
Aggregate crushing test
CO 2 : Perform different tests on bituminous material for its suitability as road

construction
Softening point test on bitumen
Penetration test on bitumen
Flash and Fire Point test on bitumen
Ductility test on Bitumen
CO 3 : Prepare reports of defects and remedial measures of existing roads.
Visit the constructed road (flexible or rigid) for visual inspection

to identify defects and the drainage condition to suggest remedial
measures
Prepare the photographic report on construction activity of road
Prepare the photographic report suggesting possible repairs and

maintenance of roads and drainage.
CO 4: Prepare reports of defects and remedial measures of existing railway track.
Model study /Site visit of railway track, fixtures, fasteners, points

and crossings and yards.
Prepare the photographic report containing details for visual
inspection of fixtures, points and crossing fasteners and yards.
Prepare the photographic report suggesting possible repairs of

defects like cracks, creep, abrasion of ballast, derailment,
loosening of fixtures etc and maintenance of railway tracks
OPEN ENDED EXPERIMENT

5017- Transportation engineering lab 1
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
DATE:
DRAWING OF CROSS SECTIONS OF ROAD

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Roads are the arteries and veins of worldwide communication. The road constructed in
embankment and cutting has different details of cross sections. This exercise is prior important
for understanding the basic components of typical pavement. The details of cross sections of
various types of roads like National Highway (NH), State Highway (SH), Major District Road
(MDR) and Other District Road(ODR) are required to sketch, so that one can easily identify the
type of road, components and geometric elements of road.
Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

CARRIAGEWAY
• It is the travel way which is used for movement of vehicle, it takes the vehicular loading .
• It may be cement concrete road or bituminous pavement.
• Width of carriageway is determined on the basis of the width of the vehicle and the
minimum side clearance for safety.
As per IRC specification, the maximum width of vehicle is 2.44m,minimum clearance of 0.68 in
case of single lane and 1.02m in case of double lane
SHOULDER
• It is provided along the road edge to serve as an emergency lane for vehicle.
• It act as a service lane for vehicles that have broken down.
• The minimum shoulder width of 4.6 m so that a truck stationed at the side of the shoulder
would have a clearance of 1.85m from the pavement edge.
• IRC recommended the minimum shoulder width is 2.5 m
• It should have sufficient load bearing capacity even in wet weather.
• The surface of the should be rougher than the traffic lanes so that vehicles are discouraged to
use the shoulder as a regular traffic.
The colour should be different from that of the pavement so as to be distinct.
WIDTH OF THE ROADWAY OR FORMATION WIDTH
• It is the sum of the width of the carriageway or pavement including separators if any and the
shoulders.
RIGHT OF WAY
• It is the total area of land acquired for the road along its alignment.
• It depends on the importance of the road and possible future development.
It is desirable to acquire more width of land as the cost of adjoining land invariably increases very
much , soon after the new highway is constructed
BUILDING LANE
• In order to reserve sufficient space for future development of roads, It is desirable to control
the building activities on either side of the road boundary, beyond the land width acquired
for the land.
CONTROL LINES
• In addition to “building line”, it is desirable to control the nature of building up to further
“set back distance” .

TRAFFIC SEPARATORS OR MEDIAN

• The main function is to prevent head on collision between the vehicles moving in opposite
direction.
• Channelize traffic into streams at intersection.
• Segregate slow traffic and to protect pedestrians.
• IRC recommends a minimum desirable width of 5 m and may be reduce to 3 m where land is
restricted.
The minimum width of median in urban area is 1.2m.
CROSS SLOPE OR CAMBER

• It is the slope provided to the road surface in the transverse direction to drain off the rain
water from the road surface.
• To prevent the entry of surface water into the sub grade soil through pavement.
• To prevent the entry of water into the bituminous pavement layer.
• To remove the rain water from the pavement surface as quick as possible and to allow the
pavement to get dry soon after the rain.
• It is expressed as a percentage or 1V:Nh.
• It depends on the pavement surface and amount of rainfall.

Figure 1: Thickness gauge
Figure 2: Length gauge

EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
AGGREGATE SHAPE TEST
OBJECTIVE
To determine the combined flakiness and elongation Index of the given coarse aggregate
sample IS Standards used: IS: 2386(Part-I)-1963 (Reaffirmed 2007)
Need and scope: Definition of Combined Flakiness and Elongation Index: It is the sum of the
flakiness index of a given aggregate sample and the elongation index of the non-flaky particles of the
sample
1. Flakiness Index: The flakiness index of an aggregate sample is the percentage by weight of
particles in it with least dimension (thickness) less than three-fifth of their mean dimension. The
flakiness index of an aggregate sample is determined by sieving the sample of aggregates through
specified sieves to separate the aggregates into fractions of different sizes. Sizes of the sieves used
for this purpose are :- 63 mm, 50 mm, 40 mm, 31.5 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm
and 6.3 mm. The test is not applicable to material passing a 6.30 mm test sieve and also for
aggregates retained on 63 mm sieve
2. Elongation Index : The Elongation Index of aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles,
whose greatest dimension (length) is greater than one and four-fifth times (1.8) their mean
dimension. The elongation index of an aggregate sample is determined by sieving the sample of
aggregates through specified sieves to separate the aggregates into fractions of different sizes. Sizes
of the sieves used for this purpose are :- 50 mm, 40 mm, 31.5 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm,
10 mm and 6.3 mm. The test is not applicable to material passing a 6.30 mm test sieve and for
aggregates retained on 50 mm sieve. It may be noted that for determining the combined flakiness and
elongation index, elongation test is conducted after removing the flaky particles.
EQUIPMENTS
1. Weighing Balance: A Balance of suitable capacity accurate to 0.1% of the mass of the weight
of the test sample
2. Elongation and Flakiness index gauges
3. Test Sieves: IS Sieves of the sizes and apertures appropriate to the specification of the
material to be tested with square holes with appropriate sizes of lids and receivers.

CALCULATIONS:
Flakiness index (%), (x) = 100*(W2/W1)
Elongation index of non-flaky particles (%), (y) = 100*(W4/W3)
Combined flakiness and elongation index (%) = x + y

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. For obtaining the combined flakiness and elongation index, flakiness test is
conducted first and the non-flaky particles of the sample will be used for
conducting elongation index
2. Sieve analysis is carried out on the sample of aggregate using sieves listed
above(1)
3. A minimum of 200 pieces is taken for each fraction and weighed.
4. Weigh each of the individual size fractions retained on the test sieves, other
than the 63.0 mm test sieve, and store them in separate trays with their sizes
marked on the trays.
5. The sum of the weights of each fraction of aggregates gives the weight of the
aggregate sample. (Say, W1).
6. The particles belonging to a particular size group (ex: passing through 50 mm
and retained on 40 mm) are passed through the corresponding slot (for 50 mm
– 40 mm fraction, the width of the slot is 27 mm) of the thickness gauge
(flakiness index gauge) shown in Figure 1.
7. The particles passing through the specified slot of the thickness gauge are
“flaky” and will be weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1% of the weight of
the test sample.
8. The sum of the weights of aggregates passing through different slots of the
gauge is W2.
9. Flakiness index (%) = 100*(W2/W1)
10. For the purpose of determining combined flakiness and elongation index
value, Elongation index test will be conducted on the non-flaky aggregates
identified in flakiness test. Aggregates retained on 50 mm sieve will be
discarded for this test. Let the total weight of aggregates considered for
elongation test be W3.
11. Effort will be made to pass the particles belonging to a particular size group
(ex: passing through 50 mm and retained on 40 mm), when held length-wise
through appropriate gaps (for 50 mm – 40 mm fraction, the gap is 81 mm) as
shown in Figure 2. The aggregates that do not pass are elongated. These
particles are weighed.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION:

Table 1. Flakiness Index
Size of Aggregates Weight of
Thickness Flakiness
Weight of aggregate
gauge slot Index of each
Passing Retained on aggregate of fraction
used (0.6* fraction of
through sieve sieve of size this size passing
average aggregate
of size (mm) (mm) group (gm) through the
size) (mm) (%)
slot (gm)
63 50
50 40
40 31.5
31.5 25
25 20
20 16
16 12.5
12.5 10
10 6.3
FI= (W2/W1)*100 W1 W2 FI=……. %
Table 2. Elongation Index

Size of Aggregates Weight of
Length Elongation
Weight of aggregate
gauge gap Index of each
Passing Retained on aggregate of fraction
used (1.8* fraction of
through sieve sieve of size this size retained on
average aggregate
of size (mm) (mm) group (gm) the gauge
size) (mm) (%)
(gm)
50 40
40 25
25 20
20 16
16 12.5
12.5 10
10 6.3
EI= (W4/W3)*100 W3 W4 EI=……. %

12. The sum of the weights of aggregates not passing through different gaps of the
gauge is W4. Elongation index (%) = 100*(W4/W3)
13. Combined flakiness and elongation index will be the sum of the two indices
(determined as described in the preceding steps)
RESULT
Flakiness index (%), (x) =
Elongation index of non-flaky particles (%), (y) =
Combined flakiness and elongation index (%) =
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the significance of shape of aggregate in pavement construction?
2. Discuss the effects of flaky and elongated aggregate in road construction.
3. Discuss the advantages and limitations of rounded and angular

aggregates in differenttypes of pavements.

Figure 1: Impact Test Apparatus

EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE TEST

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the aggregate impact value of given sample. IS Standards used: IS:
2386(Part-4)-1963
PRINCIPLE
The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to movement of vehicles on
the road the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their breaking down into smaller pieces.
The aggregates should therefore have sufficient toughness to resist their disintegration due to
impact. This characteristic is measured by impact value test. The aggregate impact value is a
measure of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually
applied compressive load..
APPARATUS:
1. Impact Testing Machine: Impact testing machine conforming to IS: 2386 (Part IV) - 1963,
as shown in Figure 1.
2. Metal Cylinder: cylindrical metal measure of 75 mm dia. and 50 mm depth.
3. Test Sieves: IS Sieves of the sizes and apertures appropriate to the specification of the
material to be tested, (Sieves of sizes–12.5 mm, 10 mm and 2.36 mm).
4. A tamping rod of 10mm circular cross section and 230mm length, rounded at one end and
Oven.
5. Balance: A balance of capacity not less than 500 g, readable and accurate to 0.1g.
6. Oven: A well-ventilated oven thermostatically controlled to maintain a temperature of 100
to 110ºC.


PROCEDURE:
1. The impact machine shall rest without wedging or packing upon the level plate, block
or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical.
2. The cup shall be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of
the test sample placed in it and compacted by a single tamping of 25 strokes of the
tamping rod.
3. The hammer shall be raised until its lower face is 380 mm above the upper surface of
the aggregate in the cup, and allowed to fall freely on to the aggregate. The test sample
shall be subjected to a total of 15 such blows each being delivered at an interval of not
less than one second.
4. The crushed aggregate shall then be removed from the cup and the whole of it sieved
on the 2.36 mm IS Sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute.
5. The fraction passing the sieve shall be weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (Weight B). The
fraction retained on the sieve shall also be weighed (Weight C) and, if the total weight
(B+C) is less than the initial weight (Weight A) by more than one gram, the result shall
be discarded and a fresh test made.
6. Two tests shall be conducted.
REPORTING OF RESULTS
The mean of the two results shall be reported to the nearest whole number as the aggregate
impact value of the tested material. Aggregate impact value is used to classify the stones in
respect of their toughness property as indicated below in Table 1.
Table 1: Classification of aggregate based on aggregate impact value
Aggregate impact value (%) Quality of aggregate
< 10 Exceptionally strong
10 – 20 Strong
20 – 30 Satisfactory for road surfacing
>35 Weak for road surfacing

OBSERVATION &CALCULATION
Record of Observation Sample I Sample II
Total weight of dry sample taken= W1 gm
Weight of portion passing 2.36 mm sieve = W2

gm
Aggregate impact =
(W2/W1)*100 Value (per cent)

Table 2: Maximum allowable impact values of aggregate in different types of Pavement material/
layers
Sl. No Types of pavement material /layer Aggregate impact value (%)
1 Water bound macadam, sub-base course 50
2 Cement concrete, base course 45
3 i) WBM base coarse with bitumen surfacing

ii) Built-up spray grout, base course 40
4 Bituminous macadam, base course 35
5 i) WBM, surfacing course

ii) Built-up spray grout, surfacing course
iii) Bituminous penetration macadam
iv) Bituminous surface dressing
v) Bituminous macadam, binder course 30
vi) Bituminous carpet
vii) Bituminous/Asphaltic concrete
viii) Cement concrete, surface course
RESULT
Aggregate Impact Mean Value =
QUESTIONS
1. How aggregate impact value is expressed?
2. How does toughness differ from compressive strength?
3. Aggregate impact value material A is 20 and that of B is 45. Which one is better
surface course and why?

FIG 3 LOS ANGELES ABRASION TESTING MACHINE

EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST
Objective:
To determine the abrasion value of given aggregate sample by conducting Los -
Angeles abrasion test.
PRINCIPLE
The aggregates used in surface course of the highway pavements are subjected to
wearing due to movement of traffic. When vehicles move on the road, the soil
particles present between the pneumatic tyres and road surface causes abrasion of
road aggregates. The steel reamed wheels of animal driven vehicles also cause
considerable abrasion of the road surface. Therefore, the road aggregate should be
hard enough to resist the abrasion. Resistance to abrasion of aggregates is determined
in laboratory by Los Angeles test machine.
The principle of Los Angeles abrasion test is to produce the abrasive action by
use of standard steel balls which when mixed with the aggregates and rotated in a
drum for specific number of revolutions also causes impact on aggregates. The
percentage wear of the aggregates due to rubbing with steel balls is determined and
is known as Los Angeles Abrasion Value.
APPARATUS
The apparatus as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963 consists of:
i) Los Angeles Machine: It consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both the ends
with an internal diameter of 700 mm and length 500 mm and capable of rotating
about its horizontal axis. A removable steel shaft projecting radially 88 mm into
cylinder and extending full length (i.e. 500 mm) is mounted firmly on the interior
of cylinder. The shelf is placed at a distance 1250 mm minimum from the opening
in the direction of rotation.
ii) Abrasive charge: Cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48 mm in diameter
andeach weighing between 390 to 445 g; 6 to 12 balls are required.


iii) Sieve: The 1.70 mm IS sieve

iv) Balance of capacity 5 kg or 10 kg
v) Drying oven
PROCEDURE
The test sample consists of clean aggregates dried in oven at 105° - 110°C. The sample should
conform to any of the gradings shown in table 1.
1. Select the grading to be used in the test such that it conforms to the grading to be used in
construction, to the maximum extent possible.
2. Take 5 kg of sample for grading A, B, C & D and 10 kg for grading E, F & G.
3. Choose the abrasive charge as per Table 2 depending on grading of aggregates.
4. Place the aggregates and abrasive charge on the cylinder and fix the cover.
5. Rotate the machine at a speed of 30 to 33 revolutions per minute. The number of revolutions
is 500 for grading A, B, C & D and 1000 for grading E, F & G. The machine should be
balanced and driven such that there is uniform peripheral speed.
6. The machine is stopped after the desired number of revolutions and material is discharged to
a tray.
7. The entire stone dust is sieved on 1.70 mm IS sieve.
8. The material coarser than 1.7mm size is weighed correct to one gram.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS
Sample I Sample II
Total weight of dry sample taken= W1

gm
Weight of portion passing 1.7 mm

sieve= W2 gm
Aggregate abrasion value=

(W2/W1)/W1*100 Value (per cent)

Table 1 Grading of Test Samples

Sieve
size Weight in g of Test Sample for Grade
(square hole)
Passing Retained A B C D E F G
mm on mm
80 63 - - - - 2500* - -
63 50 - - - - 2500* - -
50 40 - - - - 5000* 5000* -
40 25 1250 - - - - 5000* 5000*
25 20 1250 - - - - - 5000*
20 12.5 1250 2500 - - - - -
12.5 10 1250 2500 - - - - -
10 6.3 - - 2500 - - - -
6.3 4.75 - - 2500 - - - -
4.75 2.36 - - 5000 - - -
Table 2 Selection of Abrasive Charges

Grading No. of Steel balls Weight of charge, g
A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4584 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 25
D 6 2500 ± 25
E 12 5000 ± 25
F 12 5000 ± 25
RESULT
The average value of los angles abrasion test =


EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE
OBJECTIVE
To determine the aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregates
PRINCIPLE
The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. Crushing value is a measure of the
strength of the aggregate. The aggregates should therefore have minimum crushing value.
APPARATUS
The apparatus of the aggregate crushing value test as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963 consists of:
1. A 15cm diameter open ended steel cylinder with plunger and base plate, of the general
form and dimensions as shown in Fig 1.
2. A straight metal tamping rod of circular cross-section 16mm diameter and 45 to 60 cm
long, rounded at one end.
3. A balance of capacity 3k, readable and accurate up to 1 g.
4. IS Sieves of sizes 12.5,10 and 2.36 mm
5. A compression testing machine capable of applying a load of 40 tonnes and which can
be operated to give a uniform rate of loading so that the maximum load is reached in
10 minutes. The machine may be used with or without a spherical seating
6. For measuring the sample, cylindrical metal measure of sufficient rigidity to retain its
form under rough usage and of the following internal dimensions:
Diameter – 11.5cm
Height – 18cm

FIG 1 AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST APPARATUS
OBSERVATION
Sample I Sample II
Total weight of
Dry sample taken= W1 gm
Weight of portion passing 2.36 mm

sieve= W2 gm
Aggregate
Crushing = (W2/W1)*100
Value (per cent)

PROCEDURE
The test sample: It consists of aggregates sized 12.5 mm - 10.0 mm (minimum 3kg). The
aggregates should be dried by heating at 100-110o C for a period of 4 hours and cooled.
1. Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10.0 mm IS sieve. The aggregates passing through
12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10.0 mm sieve comprises the test material.
2. The cylinder of the test shall be put in position on the base-plate and the test sample
added in thirds, each third being subjected to 25 strokes with the tamping rod.
3. The surface of the aggregate shall be carefully leveled.
4. The plunger is inserted so that it rests horizontally on this surface, care being taken to ensure
that the plunger does not jam in the cylinder
5. The apparatus, with the test sample and plunger in position, shall then be placed between
the plates of the testing machine.
6. The load is applied at a uniform rate as possible so that the total load is reached in10
minutes. The total load shall be 40 tones.
7. The load shall be released and the whole of the material is removed from the cylinder
and sieved on 2.36mm IS Sieve.
8. The fraction passing the sieve shall be weighed and recorded.
RESULT
Aggregate Crushing Mean Value =

ASSEMBLY OF APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF SOFTENIG

POINT (RING & BALL)

EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
SOFTENING POINT TEST OF BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
OBJECTIVE
To determine the softening point of bitumen or tar
PRINCIPLE
The softening point of bitumen or tar is the temperature at which the substance attains a
particular degree of softening. As per IS:334-1982, it is the temperature (in o C) at which a standard
ball passes through a sample of bitumen in a mould and falls through a height of 2.5 cm, when heated
under water or glycerin at specified conditions of test. The binder should have sufficient fluidity
before its applications in road uses. The determination of softening point helps to know the
temperature up to which a bituminous binder should be heated for various road use applications.
Softening point is determined by ring and ball apparatus
APPARATUS
1. Steel balls-two numbers each of 9.5 mm dia. and weighing 3.5 0.05g.
2. Brass rings-two numbers each having depth of 6.4 mm. The inside diameter at bottom
and top is 15.9 mm and 17.5 mm respectively.
3. Ball guides to guide the movement of steel balls centrally.
4. Support- that can hold rings in position and also allows for suspension of a
thermometer. The distance between the bottom of the rings and the top surface of the
bottom plate of the support is 25 mm.
5. Thermometer that can read up to 100oC with an accuracy of 0.2o C
6. Bath- A heat resistant glass beaker not less than 85 mm in diameter and 1220 mm
indepth.
7. Stirrer.
.

OBSERVATION
Temperature when the 1 2 Average

ball touches bottom in 0C

PROCEDURE
1. Heat the material to a temperature between 75-1000C above its softening point stir until, it is
completely fluid and free from air bubbles and water. If necessary filter it through IS Sieve 30.
Place the rings, previously heated to a temperature approximating to that of the molten material,
on a metal plate which has been coated with a mixture of equal parts of glycerin and dextrin.
After cooling for 30 minutes in air, level the material in the ring by removing the excess with a
warmed, sharp knife.
2. Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer and ball guides in position.
3. Fill the bath with distilled water to a height of 50 mm above the upper surface of the rings. The
starting temperature should be 5oC.
o
Note: Use glycerin in place of water if the softening point is expected to be above 80 C
the starting temperature may be kept 35o C.
4. Apply heat to the bath and stir the liquid so that the temperature rises at a uniform rate
of5±0.5oC per minute.
5. As the temperature increases the bituminous material softens and the ball sinks
throughthe ring, carrying a portion of the material with it.
6. Note down the temperature when any of the steel ball with bituminous coating
touches the bottom plate.
7. Record the temperature when the second ball also touches the bottom plate. The
average of the two readings to the nearest 0.5oC is reported as the softening point.
RESULT
Softening point of the given sample is =

PENETROMETER

EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
PENETRATION TEST OF BITUMEN

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the penetration value of the given bitumen sample
PRINCIPLE
Penetration value is a measurement of hardness or consistency of bituminous material. It is the

vertical distance traversed or penetrated by the point of a standard needle in to the bituminous
material under specific conditions of load, time, and temperature. This distance is measured in
one tenth of a millimeter. This test is used for evaluating consistency of bitumen. It is not regarded
as suitable for use in connection with the testing of road tar because of the high surface tension
exhibited by these materials and the fact that they contain relatively large amount of free carbon.
APPARATUS:
1. Penetrometer
2. Sample cup
3. Water bath for maintaining a temperature of 25˚C.
4. Thermometer
5. Specified needle
6. Stop watch
PROCEDURE
1. Pour the bitumen sample into the container of 35 mm depth.
2. Cool in atmosphere at a temperature between 15-30 ˚C for 60 to 90 minutes.
3. Place the container in the water bath maintained at a temperature of 25 ˚C for 60 to 90

minutes.
4. Place the sample under the penetrometer and adjust the screw so that the tip of needle
just touches the surface of the bitumen sample.
5. Take the initial reading and press the knob for 5 seconds. Take the final reading.
6. Make at least three such measurements.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION
Sample A Sample B
Observa Initial Final Initial Final
tions Penetrat Penetra
Reading Reading Reading Reading tion
ion
1
2
3
4
5
6
Average For Sample A For Sample B
The average penetration value of Sample A =
The average penetration value of Sample B =
Department of civil engineering Malabar Polytechnic Campus, Cherpulassery

RESULT
Penetration value of given sample is =

Fire and Flash Testing machine

EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST OF BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
Objective:
To determine the flash and fire point for the given bituminous sample
PRINCIPLE
The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which the application of test
flame causes the vapours from the material momentarily catch fire in the form of a flash under
specified conditions of test.
The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the application of test flame causes the
materialto ignite and burn at least for 5s under specified conditions of test.
APPARATUS
1. Pensky-Martens closed tester consisting of cup, lid, stirrer, shutter, flame exposure
device.
2. Thermometer (0-350o C) with sensitivity of 0.1o C.
3. A stove / heating device with provision to adjust the rate of heating
PROCEDURE
1. The material is filled in the cup up to a filling mark.
2. The lid is placed to close the cup in a closed system. All accessories including
thermometer of the specified range are suitably fixed.
3. The bitumen sample is then heated. The flame is lit and adjusted in such a way that the
size of a bleed is of 4mm diameter.
4. The heating is done at the rate of 5o C to 6o C per minute.
5. The stirring is done at the rate of approximately 60 revolutions per minute.
6. The test flame is applied at intervals depending upon the expected flash and fire points.

Sl. Description Test- Test- Test- Test- Mean

No 01 02 03 04 value
1 Grade of bitumen
2 Rate of heating time

(min)
3 Temperature
4 Flash point
5 Fire Point

7. First application is made at least 17o C below the actual flash point and then at every1o C
to 3o C.
8. The stirring is discontinued during the application of the test flame
RESULT
Flash point of given sample =
Fire point of given sample =


EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
DUCTILITY TEST OF BITUMEN
Objective:
To determine the ductility value of the given bitumen sample.
PRINCIPLE
The ductility test gives a measure of adhesive property of bitumen and its ability to stretch.
In a flexible pavement design, it is necessary that binder should form a thin ductile film around the
aggregates so that the physical interlocking of the aggregates is improved. Binder material having
insufficient ductility gets cracked when subjected to repeated traffic loads and it provides
pervious pavement surface. Ductility of a bituminous material is measured by the distance in
centimeters to which it will elongate before braking when two ends of standard briquette
specimen of the material are pulled apart at a specified speed and at a specified temperature.
APPARATUS:
1. Briquette mould: It is made up of brass. The circular holes are provided in the clips to
grip the fixed and movable ends of the testing machine. The moulds when properly
assemble form a briquette specimen of the following dimensions.
Total length 75.0 ± 0.5 m
Distance between clips 30.0 ± 0.3 mm
Width at mount of slip 20.0 ± 0.2 mm

Width at minimum cross-section (half way between clips) 10.0 ± 0.1 mm
Thickness throughout 10.0 ± 0.1 mm
2. Water bath. A bath maintained within ±0.1oC of the specified test temperature, containing not
less than 10 litres of water, the specimen being submerged to a depth of not less
than10 cms and supported on a perforated shelf and less than 5 cms.from the bottom
of the bath.

DUCTILITY TESTING MACHINE
Briquette No
Reading
1 2 3
Mean
Initial
Final
Ductility in cm

3. Testing machine. For pouring the briquette of bituminous material apart, any apparatus may be
used which is so constructed that the specimen will be continuously submerged in water while
the two clips are being pulled apart horizontally at a uniform speed of 50 ± 2.5 mm per minute.
PREPARATION:
1. Apply grease on the glass plate.
2. Arrange the end pieces and side pieces of the briquette mould on a glass plate. Apply
grease on the insides of the side pieces of the mould.
3. Heat the bitumen sample to a pouring consistency and carefully pour into the mould.
PROCEDURE
1. Allow the sample to cool in air for about 30 to 40 minutes.
2. Immerse the mould with the plate in a water bath maintained at 27º C for 30 minutes
3. Take out the mould and cut off excess bitumen, if any, with a sharp hot knife.
4. Replace the mould back in water for 85 to 90 minutes, at 27º C
5. With the help of hot knife, remove the side pieces of the mould and separate the sample
from the plate
6. Carefully place the sample in the ductility machine on the plate provided. Fix the endsof
the mould to the plate.
7. Note the initial reading on the scale provided on the machine. It should be 0 (zero)
8. Start the ductility machine. The sample stretches and a thread is formed in the middle. The
sample stretches at a uniform rate of 50 2.5mm per minute.
9. The thread formed at the middle breaks after some distance. The distance up to which the
sample stretches before the thread breaks is recorded as the ductility value.
RESULT
The average ductility value of the given sample of bitumen =

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering
specialization to solve the engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis:

Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified standard methods.
PO3: Design/ development of solutions:

Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems
components or processes to meet specified needs.
PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing:

Apply modern engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and
measurements.
PO5: Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment:

Apply appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
PO6: Project Management:

Use engineering management principles individually, as a team member or a leader to
manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined engineering activities.
PO7: Life-long learning:

Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the context of technological
changes.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
PSO1: Plan, Analyze, design prepare estimates and execute all kinds of civil
engineering projects using manual and software skills.
PSO2: Apply modern construction techniques, equipment and management tools so as to
completeproject economically within the time span

5017 - Transportation Engineering Lab

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5017 - Transportation Engineering Lab

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LABORATORY MANUAL

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LAB (5017)

MALABAR POLYTECHNIC CAMPUS

CO Description Duration Cognitive

CO2 Perform different tests on bituminous material for

CO3 Prepare reports of defects and remedial

CO4 Prepare reports of defects and remedial measures

Course PO 1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PSO 1 PSO2

CO 1 : Perform different tests on aggregates for its suitability as road construction

Angularity Number test on aggregates

Aggregate impact test

Los Angeles Abrasion test on aggregate

Aggregate crushing test

CO 2 : Perform different tests on bituminous material for its suitability as road

Penetration test on bitumen

Flash and Fire Point test on bitumen

Ductility test on Bitumen

CO 3 : Prepare reports of defects and remedial measures of existing roads.

Visit the constructed road (flexible or rigid) for visual inspection

Prepare the photographic report suggesting possible repairs and

Model study /Site visit of railway track, fixtures, fasteners, points

Prepare the photographic report suggesting possible repairs of

OPEN ENDED EXPERIMENT

DRAWING OF CROSS SECTIONS OF ROAD

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

TRAFFIC SEPARATORS OR MEDIAN

CROSS SLOPE OR CAMBER

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

Figure 1: Thickness gauge

Figure 2: Length gauge

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

AGGREGATE SHAPE TEST

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

Flakiness index (%), (x) = 100*(W2/W1)

Elongation index of non-flaky particles (%), (y) = 100*(W4/W3)

Combined flakiness and elongation index (%) = x + y

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION:

Table 2. Elongation Index

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

Flakiness index (%), (x) =

Elongation index of non-flaky particles (%), (y) =

Combined flakiness and elongation index (%) =

2. Discuss the effects of flaky and elongated aggregate in road construction.

3. Discuss the advantages and limitations of rounded and angular

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

Figure 1: Impact Test Apparatus

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE TEST

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

Total weight of dry sample taken= W1 gm

Weight of portion passing 2.36 mm sieve = W2

Department of civil engineering Malabar polytechnic campus, cherpulassery

1 Water bound macadam, sub-base course 50

2 Cement concrete, base course 45

3 i) WBM base coarse with bitumen surfacing

4 Bituminous macadam, base course 35

5 i) WBM, surfacing course

Aggregate Impact Mean Value =