01-06-2021

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}

B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.

C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}

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 01-06-2021

PROJECTION OF LINE

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE

FOLLOWED INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3,…
ARE USED.

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PROJECTION OF LINE

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 01-06-2021

PROJECTION OF LINE

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE

FOLLOWED INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3,…
ARE USED.

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 01-06-2021

PROJECTION OF LINE

INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE

means
It’s length,
Position of it’s ends with HP & VP
It’s inclinations with HP & VP will be given.

AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS :

Means FV & TV.

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 01-06-2021

End A of a line AB is 15mm above

HP & 20mm in front of VP while its
end B is 50mm above HP and 75mm
in front of VP. The distance between
end projectors of the line is 50mm.
Draw projections of the line and find
its true length and true inclination
with the principal planes. Also mark
its traces.

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 01-06-2021

End A of a line AB is 15mm above HP & 20mm in front of VP while its end B is 50mm above
HP and 75mm in front of VP. The distance between end projectors of the line is 50mm. Draw
projections of the line and find its true length and true inclination with the principal planes.
Also mark its traces.
b’ b1’

θ: True inclination of
the line with HP = 24º
50
a’ b2’ α : Inclination of FV of
θ α the line with HP/XY
HT VT’ 15
X Y
h’ v
50
Ø: True inclination of
20
Φ β b1 the line with VP = 41º
a
β : Inclination of TV of
75 the line with VP/XY

b b2

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 01-06-2021

A line AB, 70 mm long, has

its end A 15mm above HP
and 20mm in front of VP. It
is inclined at 30° to HP and
45° to VP. Draw its
projections and mark its
traces.

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 01-06-2021

A line AB, 70 mm long, has its end A 15mm above HP and 20mm in
front of VP. It is inclined at 30° to HP and 45° to VP. Draw its
projections and mark its traces.
b’ b1 ’

a’ 30°

HT b2 ’
15 VT’ Y
X
h’ v

20
b1
a 45°

b2
b

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 01-06-2021

The top view of a 75mm long

line AB measures 65mm,
while its front view measures
50mm. Its one end A is in HP
and 12 mm in front of VP.
Draw the projections of AB
and determine its inclination
with HP and VP

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 01-06-2021

The top view of a 75mm long line AB measures 65mm, while its
front view measures 50mm. Its one end A is in HP and 12 mm in
front of VP. Draw the projections of AB and determine its
inclination with HP and VP
b’ b1’

Ans. θ=31º

Ans. Ø=49º
a’
X Y
31º
12

65 b1
a
49º Hint:
Draw ab1=65mm // to XY.
Because when TV is // to
XY, FV gives TL.
b b2

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 01-06-2021

A line AB, 65mm long has its

end A 20 mm above H.P.
and 25mm in front of VP.
The end B is 40mm above
H.P. and 65 mm in front of
V.P. Draw the projections of
AB and show its inclination
with H.P. and V.P.

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 01-06-2021

A line AB, 65mm long has its end A 20 mm above H.P. and
25mm in front of VP. The end B is 40mm above H.P. and 65 mm
in front of V.P. Draw the projections of AB and show its inclination
with H.P. and V.P. Hint1:
Mark a’ 20mm above
b’
H.P & a 25mm below XY
b’ 1
Hint2:
a’
Draw locus of b’ 40mm
b’ 2
above XY & locus of b
40

18º
65 mm below XY
20

X Y
25

38º Ans. θ=18º

b1
a
65

Ans. Ø=38º

b b2

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 01-06-2021

The projectors of the ends of a

line AB are 5cm apart. The end
A is 2 cm above H.P & 3 cm in
front of V.P. The end B is 1cm
below H.P. and 4 cm behind the
V.P. Determine the true length
and traces of AB, and its
inclination with the two planes

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 01-06-2021

The projectors of the ends of a line AB are 5cm apart. The

end A is 2 cm above H.P & 3 cm in front of V.P. The end B is
1cm below H.P. and 4 cm behind the V.P. Determine the true
length and traces of AB, and its inclination with the two
planes

b b2

a’
40

HT
b 2’
20

VT’

v
X h’ Y
50
10

b’ 20º
30

Ans. θ=20º

a 50º b1
Ans. Ø=50º

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 01-06-2021

A line AB, 90 mm long, is

inclined at 45 to the H.P. and its
top view makes an angle of 60
with the V.P. The end A is in
the H.P. and 12 mm in front of
V.P. Draw its front view and
find its true inclination with the
V.P.

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 01-06-2021

A line AB, 90 mm long, is inclined at 45 to the H.P. and its top view
makes an angle of 60 with the V.P. The end A is in the H.P. and 12 mm
in front of V.P. Draw its front view and find its true inclination with the
b’
V.P. b’
1

Ans. Ø = 38º
a’
X Y
45º
12

b1
60º 38º
a

b b2

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The end A of a line AB is 25 mm

behind the V.P. and is below the H.P.
The end B is 12 mm in front of the VP
and is above the HP. The distance
between the projectors is 65mm. The
line is inclined at 40 to the HP and its
HT is 20 mm behind the VP. Draw the
projections of the line and determine
its true length and the VT

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 01-06-2021

The end A of a line AB is 25 mm behind the V.P. and is

below the H.P. The end B is 12 mm in front of the VP and is
above the HP. The distance between the projectors is 65mm.
The line is inclined at 40 to the HP and its HT is 20 mm
behind the VP. Draw the projections of the line and
determine its true length and the VT
b’ b1’
b2’

VT’
a
b1
HT
25

b2
20

X h’
v
Y
12

40º
a’
b

65

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 01-06-2021

A line AB, 90 mm long, is

inclined at 300 to the HP. Its
end A is 12 mm above the HP
and 20 mm in front of the VP.
Its FV measures 65 mm. Draw
the TV of AB and determine its
inclination with the VP

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 01-06-2021

A line AB, 90 mm long, is inclined at 300 to the HP. Its end A is 12 mm

above the HP and 20 mm in front of the VP. Its FV measures 65 mm.
Draw the TV of AB and determine its inclination with the VP
b’ b1’

a’
30°
12

X Y
20

44° b1
a

Ans: Ø = 44º

b b2

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 01-06-2021

Two lines AB & AC make

an angle of 1200 between
them in their FV & TV. AB
is parallel to both the HP &
VP. Determine the real
angle between AB & AC.

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 01-06-2021

Two lines AB & AC make an angle of 1200 between them in their FV & TV. AB is
parallel to both the HP & VP. Determine the real angle between AB & AC.
C

c2 ’ c1 ’
c’

112°

a’
b’ 120°
Ans. 112º
X Y

b a
c2 c1
120°

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 01-06-2021

A line AB, inclined at 40º to the

V.P. has its end 50 mm and 20 mm
above the H.P. the length of its
front view is 65 mm and its V.T. is
10 mm above the H.P. determine
the true length of AB its
inclination with the H.P. and its
H.T.

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 01-06-2021

A line AB, inclined at 40º to the V.P. has its end 50 mm and
20 mm above the H.P. the length of its front view is 65 mm
and its V.T. is 10 mm above the H.P. determine the true
length of AB its inclination with the H.P. and its H.T.
b 1’ b’

a’
50

b 2’ 21º HT
VT’

20
10
X Y
40º v h’

b1
a
Ans:
TL = 85 mm,
θ = 21º &
HT is 17 mm behind
b2
VP
b

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 01-06-2021

The top view of a 75mm long line

CD measures 50 mm. C is 50 mm
in front of the VP & 15 mm below
the HP. D is 15 mm in front of the
VP & is above the HP. Draw the
FV of CD & find its inclinations
with the HP and the VP. Show also
its traces.

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 01-06-2021

The top view of a 75mm long line CD measures 50 mm. C

is 50 mm in front of the VP & 15 mm below the HP. D is 15
mm in front of the VP & is above the HP. Draw the FV of
CD & find its inclinations with the HP and the VP. Show
also its traces.
d’ d 1’
Hint 1: Cut an arc of 50 Hint 2: Make TV
mm from c on locus of D (cd), // to XY so that
FV will give TL
X Y
15

d2
c’ d Locus of D
50

Ø=48º
Ans: Ø=48º

c d1
Ans: θ=28º
θ=28º

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A line PQ 100 mm long is

inclined at 30º to the H.P. and
at 45º to the V.P. Its mid point
is in the V.P. and 20 mm above
the H.P. Draw its projections,
if its end P is in the third
quadrant and Q is in the first
quadrant.

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 01-06-2021

A line PQ 100 mm long is inclined at 30º to

the H.P. and at 45º to the V.P. Its mid point is
in the V.P. and 20 mm above the H.P. Draw its
projections, if its end P is in the third quadrant
and Q is in the first quadrant.
q’ q 1’
p2 p

p 2’ m’ q 2’
30º
20

p1
X Y
m q2
p 1’ p’

q q2

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