Structural Analysis and Design

Engineering Mechanics

I. Statics of Rigid Bodies

Components of a Vector Cross Product
→ →
𝐴 = |𝐴|(𝑐𝑜𝑠 α 𝑖 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 β 𝑗 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 δ 𝑘
2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 α + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 β + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 δ = 1

Angle Formed by Two Vectors

( )
→ →
−1 |𝑎 𝑥 𝑏|
θ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 → →
|𝑎||𝑏|

Scalar Triple Product

→ → →
𝑎 • (𝑏 𝑥 𝑐)
Unit Vector
→ 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝑢𝑎 = → 𝑖+ → 𝑗= → 𝑘
|𝑎| |𝑎| |𝑎|

Ia. Forces
System of Forces (Concurrent)

Magnitude of a Vector
→ 2 2 2
|𝑎| = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧

Dot Product
→ →
𝑎 • 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧𝑏𝑧

Angle Formed by Two Vectors

→ →
−1 𝑎•𝑏
θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( → → )
|𝑎||𝑏|
Parallel Forces Forming an Oblique
Forces that do not intersect Triangle
2 2 2
𝑅 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 − 2𝐹1𝐹2𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝑅 = ∑𝐹
𝑅 𝐹2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 α
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹2𝑥1 + 𝐹3𝑥2

Non-Concurrent / General

Moment about a Point

→ → →
𝑀0 = 𝑟 𝑥 𝐹

Resultant Forces

𝑅 = ∑ 𝐹 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹 2

Forces Forming a Right Triangle

2 2
𝑅= 𝐹1 + 𝐹2
𝐹2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝐹1
Ib. LOADS Two-Force Members

Three-Force Members
𝑥 𝐿−𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑏

Ic. EQUILIBRIUM
Id. REACTIONS ON COMMON
Conditions of Equilibrium
SUPPORTS
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0 Flexible Cable, Belt, Chain or Rope

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑧 = 0

Smooth Surfaces
Lami’s Theorem
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛 α
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 β
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ
 Rough Surfaces Surface with Significant Area of Contact

Pin Connection Spring Action

Roller Support

Ie. ANALYSIS OF
STRUCTURES

BEAMS

Built-in or Fixed Support

TRUSSES

Freely Sliding Guide

 Minimum Tension
2
𝑤𝑠𝑛
𝐻= 𝑧ℎ𝑛

General Cable Theorem Squared Property of Parabola

2 2
𝑀1 = 𝑅(𝑏 + 𝑐) − 𝑃2𝑏 = 𝐻𝑑1 𝑠1 𝑠2
ℎ1
= ℎ2
𝑀2 = 𝑅𝑐 = 𝐻𝑑2
Total Length of Cable
𝐿 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2

Length of Cable (Exact)

2
𝑠𝑛 −1 2ℎ𝑛 1 2 2
𝐿𝑛 = 4ℎ𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ( 𝑠𝑛
) + 2
𝑠𝑛 + 4ℎ𝑛

Note: The applied load is

uniformly distributed along the
horizontal.

Catenary Cable

Parabolic Cables

2 2 2 𝑥
𝑐 +𝑠 =𝑦 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( 𝑐 )
𝑥 𝑠+𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ( 𝑐 ) 𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑛( 𝑐
)

Tension at Supports Tension at Lowest Point

𝑤𝑠𝑛 2
𝑇 = 𝑤𝑐
2
𝑇= ( ) +𝐻
2 Tension at Support
𝑇 = 𝑤𝑦
 Tension at Any Point
2 2 2
𝑇 = 𝑤𝑙 𝑙 =𝑐 +𝑚

FRAMES

Note: Direction of friction force is

SPACE TRUSS
opposite to the direction of impending
motion.

Belt Friction

ZERO-FORCE MEMBERS
𝑇1 µβ
𝑇2
=𝑒

Ig. Centroid

∑𝐴𝑥 ∫𝑥𝑑𝐴
𝑥‾ = 𝑜𝑟
∑𝐴 ∫𝑑𝐴

If. FRICTION
∑𝐴𝑦 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝑦‾ = 𝑜𝑟
Friction on a Block ∑𝐴 ∫𝑑𝐴

𝐹𝑓 = µ𝑁 µ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ϕ
Max Inclination without Block Sliding
ϕ = θ
 Ih. Moment of Inertia For Symmetric Regions
Parallel Axis Theorem 𝐼𝑥𝑦 = 0
2
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑

Centroid and moment of inertia

common areas

Polar Moment of Inertia

𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦

Product of Inertia

𝐼𝑥𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝐼 ‾ ‾ = ∑(𝐼𝑥𝑦) + ∑ 𝐴𝑥‾𝑦‾

𝑥𝑦

Radius of Gyration
𝐼
𝑟 = 𝐴
 II. Dynamics

IIa. Newton’s law of motion

Uniform motion (a=0)

𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡
Uniformly accelerated motion(a=const.)
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 ± 𝑎𝑡

1 2
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜𝑡 ± 2
𝑎𝑡
2 2
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 ± 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜)

IIc. Projectile motion

General case

IIb. Rectilinear Motion

Instantaneous velocity
𝑑𝑥
𝑣= 𝑑𝑡

Average velocity
𝑥−𝑥𝑜
𝑣= 𝑡−𝑡𝑜 Maximum range

Instantaneous acceleration 𝑅 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥𝑡𝑅

2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑉𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 2ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎 = = = 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑅 = 𝑔
+ 𝑔

Average acceleration Maximum height

𝑣−𝑣𝑜 2 2
𝑎= 𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑡−𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 + ℎ 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑔

Distance
𝑠 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜
 X-component
𝑉𝑜𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠θ

Y-component
𝑉𝑜𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ Where:
𝑂 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 “𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙”
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; 𝑎 < 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑

𝑥 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑠 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

General formula 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑔𝑥
2
𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛θ − 2 2
2𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
Velocity at any point 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 2
𝑣= 𝑣𝑜𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Special case A
1 2
𝑦= 2
𝑔𝑡

Special case B
2
2𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ
𝑡 = 𝑔
𝑅= 2𝑔
IId. Relative Motion

Fixed axis rotation

Where:
α = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ω = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
θ = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑇 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Angular velocity
𝑎𝑁 = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑θ
ω= 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Angular acceleration
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑑ω
α= 𝑑𝑡

Motion of point P
 IIe. Force-Inertia method Work
𝑤=𝐹 ·𝑠
D’lambert’s principle Kinetic energy
*the body is in equilibrium under the 𝐾𝐸 =
1
𝑚𝑣
2
2
action of the real force F and the
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑊𝑝𝑜𝑠 − 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑔
fictitious force -ma
𝑅𝐸𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 ∑(𝐹 · 𝑠) = ∑ ( 1
2
𝑚𝑣 )
2

∑𝐹 = 0

*REF is in the opposite direction of the

impending motion
Ex.
IIg. Conservation of energy

𝑒𝑥. 𝑇 + 𝑅𝐸𝐹 − 𝑤 = 0
IIf. Work and energy method

∆𝐸 = 0
2 2
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ + 0. 5𝑘𝑥 + 0. 5𝑚𝑣
2 2 2 2
𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1) + 0. 5𝑘(𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + 0. 5𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1) = 0
 IIh. Impulse and momentum

Momentum
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣

Conservation of linear momentum

Where:
𝑠 → = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑤 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Impulse
𝑊 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝐼𝑀𝑃𝑈𝐿𝑆𝐸 = 𝐹∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Impulsive motion
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑊𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑔 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝑥 = 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑘 = 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚

Impact
Coefficient of restitution
𝑣𝐵2−𝑣𝐴2
𝑒 =− 𝑣𝐵1−𝑣𝐴1
III. Kinematics

Translation

Fixed axis rotation

General plane motion

IV. Strength of Materials Shear stress
Single shear
IVa. Stress τ=
𝐹
𝐴
Stress-strain diagram
Double shear
π 2
𝐴 = 2( 4 𝑑 )

Punching shear
𝐴 = π𝑑𝑡

Simple stress
𝑃
σ= 𝐴

Tensile or compressive stress

𝐹
σ= 𝐴

Bearing or contact stress

𝐹
σ𝑏 = 𝑑𝑡
 Stress on net area IVb. Strain

σ=
𝑃 Simple strain
(𝑏−𝑑)𝑡
Unit strain
δ
ε = 𝐿

Hooke’s law
𝐹𝐿
δ= 𝐴𝐸

Stress on inclined planes

𝑃 2
α= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝐴
Shearing strain
𝑃
τ= 2𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ Unit strain
δ𝑠
γ = 𝐿

𝑉𝐿
δ= 𝐴𝐺

E&G relationship
𝐸
𝐺= 2(1+𝑣)

Where:
𝐹, 𝑃 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
σ = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
τ = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
 Poisson’s ratio IVd. Torsion
ε𝑦 ε𝑧 𝑇𝑐
𝑣 =− ε𝑥
=− ε𝑥
τ= 𝐽

Angle of twist
𝑇𝐿
θ = 𝐽𝐺

Solid shaft
16𝑇 π 4
τ= 3 𝐽 = 32
𝐷
π𝐷

Hollow shaft
16𝑇𝐷 π 4 4
σ= 4 4 𝐽 = 32
(𝐷 − 𝑑 )
π(𝐷 −𝑑 )

IVc. Triaxial deformation

ε𝑥 =
1
𝐸 [σ𝑥 − 𝑣(σ𝑦 + σ𝑧)]
𝐸[ 𝑦
σ − 𝑣(σ𝑥 + σ𝑧)]
1
ε𝑦 =

𝐸[ 𝑧
σ − 𝑣(σ𝑥 + σ𝑦)]
1
ε𝑧 =

Volumetric strain
∆𝑉
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉

Bulk modulus of elasticity

𝐸 σ
𝐾 = 3(1−2𝑣)
= ∆𝑉/𝑉
Composite sections
Change in volume
𝑉1−𝑉2
∆𝑉 = 𝑉1
Torque carried by the whole section Where:
𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 +... 𝑇𝑛 ε = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

Torque carried by each division γ = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝑘𝑖 𝑣 = 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛'𝑠
𝑇𝑖 = 𝑘
𝑇
𝐸 = 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔'𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝑘 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 +... + 𝑘𝑛
𝐾 = 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
Closed thin-walled sections 𝐺 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑘 = 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
δ = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐽 = 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
𝑐 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝐷 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Maximum shear stress
𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑇 𝑇𝐿 𝑆
τ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝐴𝑜𝑡
θ = 2 . 𝑡
4𝐺0 𝑠 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒
θ = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝐶1, 𝐶2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝐴𝑜 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝑃 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑇 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑇 𝑇𝐿 𝑉1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
τ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 θ = 3
𝐶1𝑎𝑏 𝐶2𝑎𝑏 𝐺
𝑉2 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

IVe. Power
𝑃 = 2π𝑇𝑁
 IVf. Thermal stress Pressure
Deformation due to temperature change 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜
δ𝑇 = α𝐿∆𝑇 Spherical shell

Wall stress
When support yields at a distance x 𝑠=
𝑝𝐷
4𝑡
σ𝐿
α𝐿∆𝑇 = 𝑥 + 𝐸

Helical springs

IVg. Pressure Vessels

Thin-walled cylindrical vessel Shear stress
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑
τ= 3 (1 + 4𝑅
)
π𝑑

Heavy springs
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚−1 0.615
τ= 3 ( 4𝑚−4 + 𝑚
)
π𝑑

Wahl’s factor
Tangential stress 4𝑚−1 0.615
𝑊𝐹 = 4𝑚−4 + 𝑚
𝑝𝐷
𝑆𝑇 = 2𝑡 Spring index
Longitudinal stress 𝐷𝑚
𝑚 = 𝑑
𝑝𝐷
𝑆𝐿 = 4𝑡
 Deformation
3
64𝑃𝑅 𝑛
δ= 4
𝐺𝑑

Spring constant
𝑃
𝑘= δ
Where:
Springs in series
1 1 1 1
δ = 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑘
= 𝑘 + 𝑘 +... + 𝑘
1 2 𝑛 𝑘 = 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑚 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

τ = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
σ = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑑 = 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Springs in parallel
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑘 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 +... + 𝑘𝑛
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑃𝑜 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
Relationship between loads, shear, and
𝑤 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
moment
𝐵 𝑣 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 + ∫ 𝑤(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴

𝐵
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + ∫ 𝑣(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐴
IVh. Shear and bending moment
diagram

Centroid
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
𝐶𝑥 = 𝑛+2
𝑏 𝐶𝑦 = 4𝑛+2
ℎ

Area
𝑏ℎ
𝐴= 𝑛+1

For distributed loads of (n-1)th degree

 IVi. Stresses in beams
Flexural stress
𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑐 𝑀
σ= 𝐼
σ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼
= 𝑆

First moment of area

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑦

Circular beams
4𝑉
τ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝐴

Rectangular and triangular beams

3𝑉
Section modulus τ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝐴
𝐼
𝑆= 𝑐

For rectangular beams

𝐺𝑀
σ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
𝑏𝑑

Radius of curvature
𝐸𝐼
ρ= 𝑀
Built-up beam
Horizontal shear stress 𝑀 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2 + 𝑀3 +... + 𝑀𝑛
𝑉𝑄
τ= 𝐼𝑏 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 +... + 𝐼𝑛

𝑀 𝑀1 𝑀2 𝑀𝑛
𝐸𝐼
= 𝐸1𝐼1
= 𝐸2𝐼2
=... = 𝐸𝑛𝐼𝑛
 Shear flow

𝑞 =
𝑉𝑄 Composite Beams
𝐼

Modular ratio
𝐸2
𝑛 = 𝐸1

Deflection
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑀
2 = 𝐸1𝐼
𝑑𝑥

Where:
𝑤 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑉 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 Flexural stress
ρ = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑐
σ1 = 𝐼
σ2 = 𝑛σ1
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑆 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝑞 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑄 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Shear stress
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑉𝑄
τ= 𝐼𝑏
I=centroidal moment of inertia of the
whole section
 Curved beam

σ𝑥 =−
𝑀(𝑟−𝑟𝑛)
𝑟𝑛 =
𝐴 Where:
𝑟𝐴(𝑟𝑐−𝑟𝑛) 𝑑𝐴
∫𝐴( 𝑟
) 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑀𝑧 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝐼𝑦𝑧 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝐼𝑦 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝐼𝑧 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

σ𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑧, 𝑦)

c=distance from neutral axis to a point

on the beam

Unsymmetric bending
𝐼𝑧𝑧−𝐼𝑦𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝑦𝑦−𝐼𝑦𝑧𝑧
IVj. Combined stresses
σ𝑥 = ( )𝑀𝑦 −( )𝑀𝑧
𝐼𝑦𝐼𝑧−𝐼𝑦𝑧
2 2
𝐼𝑦𝐼𝑧−𝐼𝑦𝑧 Normal stresses

𝑃 𝑀𝑐
σ= 𝐴
± 𝐼

Orientation of neutral axis Axial stress

𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑧+𝑀𝑧𝐼𝑦𝑧 𝑃
𝑡𝑎𝑛β = σ𝑎 = 𝐴
𝑀𝑧𝐼𝑦+𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑦𝑧

Flexural stress
𝑀𝑐
𝐼
 Shear stresses Where:
Horizontal shear stress σ𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑄
τℎ = 𝐼𝑏 σ𝑏 = 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙/𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

Torsional stress τℎ = ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑇𝑝
τ𝑡 = 𝐽 τ𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝐼 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
IVk. Mohr’s circle
Major principal stress
σ𝑥+σ𝑦
σ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
+𝑅

Minor principal stress

σ𝑥+σ𝑦
σ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2
−𝑅

Radius of mohr’s circle

σ𝑥−σ𝑦 2
𝑅= ( ) +τ
2
2
𝑥𝑦
 Structural Analysis and Design
Reinforced Concrete Beams and Columns

Curvature at Cracking

I. Steel Beams, Columns,

Footings, and Connections

Ia. Concrete and steel

𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝐼𝑔
θ𝑐𝑟 = 𝐸𝑐𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑦𝑡

Modulus of Rupture

𝑓𝑟 = 0. 62λ 𝑓'𝑐
Modulus of Elasticity

𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓'𝑐 (normal weight)

1.5
𝐸𝑐 = 0. 043𝑤𝑐 𝑓'𝑐 (density(wc) from

1500 to 2500kg/m3)
Working Stress Design Where:
f’c=compressive strength of concrete
f’s=stress in compression steel
fs=stress in tension steel
n=modular ratio
Ec=elastic modulus of concrete
As=tension steel area
fc=stress in concrete
λ=lightweight concrete modification
factor
y=distance from neutral axis to point of
consideration
As’=compression steel area
Mcr=cracking moment
Ig=gross moment of inertia
NA=neutral axis

Location of Neutral Axis

∑ 𝐴ȳ𝐶 = ∑ ȳ𝑇

Modular Ratio
𝐸𝑠
𝑛 =
𝐸𝑐

Transformed Moment of Inertia

2
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 + (∑ 𝐴𝑑 )𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

Modulus of Elasticity of Normal Weight

Concrete
'
𝐸𝐶 = 4700 𝑓𝐶
 Resisting Moment of Steel
Flexural Stress 𝑀𝑆 = 𝐴𝑆𝑓𝑆𝑗𝑑 𝑗 =1 −
𝑘
3
Concrete
For design
𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝐶 = 𝑛
𝐼 𝑘= 𝑓
𝑛+ 𝑓𝑆
Tension Steel 𝐶

𝑓𝑆 𝑀𝑦
For investigation
𝑛
= 𝐼
2 𝐴𝑆
𝑘= 2ρ𝑛 + (ρ𝑛) − ρ𝑛 ρ=
Compression Steel 𝑏𝑑

'
𝑓𝑆 𝑀𝑦
2𝑛
= 𝐼

Allowable Stresses Where:

Concrete f’c=compressive strength of concrete
𝑓𝑆 = 0. 5𝑓𝑦 y=distance from neutral axis to point of
Steel consideration
' ES=elastic modulus of steel
𝑓𝐶 = 0. 45𝑓𝐶
INA=centroidal moment of inertia
Aȳ=first moment of area
Design of Beams for Flexure
C&T=compression and tension
ϵS=flexural strain in steel
ϵy=yield strain
f’s=stress in compression steel
fs=stress in tension steel
fc=stress in concrete
As=tension steel area
I=moment of inertia

1 3 2 M=bending moment
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 3
𝑏(𝑘𝑑) + 𝑛𝐴𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
d=effective depth
Resisting Moment of Concrete
ρ=steel ratio
1 2
𝑀𝐶 = 2
𝑓𝐶𝑗𝑘𝑏𝑑
 Ib. Ultimate Strength Design Singly reinforced rectangular beam
(USD)

Stress in Steel
Balanced Condition
Steel Ratio
If Steel Yields '
0.85𝑓𝐶 600 𝑑𝑡
𝑓𝑆 = 𝑓𝑦 ϵ𝑆 ≥ ϵ𝑦 ρ𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦
β1 600+𝑓𝑦
( 𝑑
)

If Steel does not Yield Depth of Neutral Axis

𝑓𝑆 = 𝐸𝑆ϵ𝑆 ϵ𝑆< ϵ𝑦 600𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑏 = 600+𝑓𝑦

Stress in Steel
𝑑𝑡−𝑐
𝑓𝑆 = 600 𝑐

Equilibrium
𝐶 =𝑇
'
0. 85𝑓𝐶(𝑎𝑏) = 𝐴𝑆𝑓𝑆

Neutral Axis Nominal Moment Capacity

𝑎 = β1𝑐 𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇(𝑑 − 2
) = 𝐶(𝑑 − 2
)

Strain Coefficient of Resisting Moment

𝑓𝑆 𝑀𝑛
ϵ𝑆 = 𝐸𝑆 𝑅𝑛 = 2
𝑏𝑑

Steel Ratio Minimum Reinforcement

𝐴𝑆 '
ρ= 𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝐶 1.4𝑏𝑤𝑑
𝐴𝑆(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 4𝑓𝑦
𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
Moment Capacity
𝑀𝑈 = ϕ𝑀𝑛
 Where:
fy=yield strength of steel
ρb=balanced steel ratio
MU=ultimate moment
Mn=nominal moment
d=effective depth
ϕ=reduction factor
a=depth of compression block
E=modulus of elasticity
Where:
c=depth of neutral axis
tf=thickness of flange/slab
ϵy=steel strain
sw-clear distance to the adjacent web
cb=depth of neutral axis at balanced
ln=clear span of beam
condition
As’=compression steel area
ϵt=strain of extreme tension steel
As(max)=maximum tension steel area for
centroid
singly reinforced conditions
ϵS=strain of steel group centroid
f’c=compressive strength
As=area of reinforcement

Ic. Doubly reinforced rectangular

beam (USD)
 Id. Design of Singly Reinforced Ie. Investigation of Singly
Concrete Beam(USD) Reinforced Concrete Beam(USD)
1. Solve for MU from the structural loads
𝑀𝑈 = 1. 2𝑀𝐷 + 1. 6𝑀𝐿

2. Solve for ϕMNmax for singly reinforced

conditions A. If steel does not yield
2 ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑓𝑦 𝑎
ϕ𝑀𝑁𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ϕ𝑏𝑑 ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑓𝑦(1 − ) 𝑀𝑈 = ϕ𝐴𝑆𝑓𝑆(𝑑 − 2
)
'
1.7𝑓𝐶
'
𝐴𝑆𝑓𝑆 = 0. 85𝑓𝐶𝑎𝑏
NSCP 2001
𝑑−𝑐
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0. 75ρ𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑆 = 600 𝑐

NSCP 2010/2015 B. If steel yields

'
3 0.85𝑓𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝑓𝑆 = 𝑓𝑦
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 7 )( 𝑓𝑦
)( 𝑑
)
If. Investigation of Doubly
Tension-controlled
'
Reinforced Concrete Beam(USD)
3 0.85𝑓𝐶 𝑑𝑡
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 8 )( 𝑓𝑦
)( 𝑑
)

3. Solve for ρ
2
𝑀𝑈 = ϕ𝑅𝑛𝑏𝑑

'
0.85𝑓𝐶 2𝑅𝑛
ρ= 𝑓𝑦
[1 − 1− ' ]
0.85𝑓𝐶
' ' '
' 𝐴𝑆𝑓𝑆 + 0. 85𝑓𝐶𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑆𝑓𝑆
1.4 𝑓𝐶
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{ 𝑓𝑦
, 4𝑓𝑦
} '
' 𝑐−𝑑 𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑆 = 600 𝑑
𝑓𝑆 = 600 𝑐
4. Solve for AS
𝐴𝑆 = ρ𝑏𝑑
 3. Solve for the bending strength Where:
'
𝑀𝑈 = ϕ[0. 85𝑓𝐶𝑎𝑏(𝑑 −
𝑎 '
) + 𝐴𝑆𝑓𝑆(𝑑 − 𝑑 )]
' ' ρ=steel ratio
2
Md=moment due to dead load
ML=moment due to live load
Ig. Design of Doubly Reinforced
dt=depth, from the outermost
Concrete Beam(USD)
compressive fiber, of the centroid of the
1. Tension steel areas, tension steel
outermost tensile reinforcement
always yields
fy=steel yield strength
𝐴𝑆1 = ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑑
A’S=compression steel area
𝑀𝑈−𝑀𝑈1
𝐴𝑆2 = ' f’C=compressive strength of concrete
ϕ𝑓𝑦(𝑑−𝑑 )

𝑎
d’=depth of compressive steel from
𝑀𝑈1 = ϕ𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − )
2
outermost compression fiber
2. Solve for c AS2=tension steel area counteracting the
'
𝐴𝑆1𝑓𝑦 = 0. 85𝑓𝐶𝑎𝑏 effect of compression steel
𝑎 f’s=stress in compression steel
𝑐 = β1
AS1=maximum steel area for singly
3. Check if compression bar yields
reinforced condition
'
' 𝑐−𝑑
𝑓𝑆 = 600 𝑑

4. Compression steel area

' '
𝐴𝑆𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑆𝑓𝑆
II. Slabs

IIa. Design of One-way Slabs on

Flexure

𝑑𝑏
𝑑= ℎ − 2
− 𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝑏
𝑠= 𝐴𝑆
𝑥1000

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{3ℎ, 400𝑚𝑚}

 Ag=gross area of slab
As(min)=minimum steel area
Smax=maximum reinforcement spacing

Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

Reinforcem Fy, MPa As(min)

ent Type

Deformed <420 0.002Ag

Bars

Deformed ≥420 Greater 0.0018𝑥420

𝐴𝑔
𝑓𝑦
Bars or of:
Welded
Wire 0. 0014𝐴𝑔

Reinforcem
ent

Where:
L=longer dimension
s=shorter dimension
Ln=span length of slab
d=effective depth
wC=unit weight of concrete
S=spacing of reinforcement, mm
h=total thickness of slab
fy=yield strength
Ab=area of one bar
As=area of flexural reinforcement
db=diameter of main bars
 III. Factored shear 𝑁𝑈 '
0. 17[1 + 3.5𝐴𝑔
]λ 𝑓𝐶𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≥ 0

Shear Strength of Concrete(NCSP

2015)
Spacing of Shear Reinforcement
VC - No Axial Force

Shear Force carried by Steel

Simplified:
𝑉𝑈
' 𝑉𝑆 = ϕ
− 𝑉𝐶
0. 17λ 𝑓𝐶𝑏𝑤𝑑
ϕ = 0. 75
Detailed(the least of):
𝑉𝑈 = ϕ𝑉𝑛
' 𝑉𝑈𝑑
[0. 16λ 𝑓𝐶 + 17ρ𝑤 ]𝑏𝑤𝑑
𝑀𝑈 Spacing of Stirrups
' Typical Stirrup
[0. 16λ 𝑓𝐶 + 17ρ𝑤]𝑏𝑤𝑑
𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑡𝑑
𝑠= 𝑉𝑆
'
0. 29λ 𝑓𝐶𝑏𝑤𝑑
Inclined Stirrup
VC - Axial Compression 𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑡𝑑
𝑠= 𝑉𝑆
(𝑠𝑖𝑛α + 𝑐𝑜𝑠α)

Simplified: Adequacy of Beam Dimension

𝑁𝑈 ' '
0. 17[1 + 14𝐴𝑔
]λ 𝑓𝐶𝑏𝑤𝑑 𝑉𝑆 ≤ 0. 67 𝑓𝐶𝑏𝑤𝑑

Detailed(the least of):

' 𝑉𝑈𝑑
[0. 16λ 𝑓𝐶 + 17ρ𝑤 4ℎ−𝑑 ]𝑏𝑤𝑑
𝑀𝑈−𝑁𝑈( 8
)

' 0.29𝑁𝑈
0. 29λ 𝑓𝐶𝑏𝑤𝑑 1+ 𝐴𝑔

VC - Axial Tension
 Where:
d=effective depth
NU=factored axial force
MU=factored moment
VU=factored shear
Vn=nominal shear strength
Required Av(min) (the greater of) bw=width of beam(web)

' 𝑏 f’C=compressive strength

𝐴𝑣 = 0. 062 𝑓𝐶 𝑓 𝑤
𝑦𝑡 λ=multiplier for concrete type
𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑣 = 0. 35 h=total height of beam
𝑓𝑦𝑡
Ag=gross area
VC=concrete shear strength
VS=shear force carried by steel
ϕ=reduction factor
α=angle of inclination
ρw=steel ratio
fyt=yield strength of transverse
reinforcement
Ay=area of transverse reinforcement
IV. Torsion of Non-Prestressed 𝑝ℎ
𝑠= 8
Beams(NSCP 2015)
𝑠 = 300

Computation for TU
Cracking Torque
𝑇𝑈 = ϕ𝑇𝑛
Type Tcr

Non-prestressed
2
' 𝐴𝑐𝑝
0. 33λ 𝑓𝐶( 𝑃 )
𝐶𝑃

Non-prestressed
2
' 𝐴𝑐𝑝
with Axial Force 0. 33λ 𝑓𝐶( 𝑃 )
𝐶𝑃
Torsional Strength
𝑁𝑈
2𝐴𝑜𝐴𝑡𝑓𝑦𝑡 * 1 +
'
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑡θ 0.33𝐴𝑔λ 𝑓𝐶

2𝐴𝑜𝐴𝐼𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑝ℎ
𝑐𝑜𝑡θ

Threshold Torque
Minimum Torque where Torsional
Reinforcement is needed

Type Tth

Non-prestressed
2
' 𝐴𝑐𝑝
Closed Stirrups Spacing 0. 83λ 𝑓𝐶( 𝑃 )
𝐶𝑃
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑣 2𝐴𝑡
𝑠
= 𝑠
+ 𝑠 Non-prestressed '
2
𝐴𝑐𝑝
with Axial Force 0. 83λ 𝑓𝐶( 𝑃 )
𝐶𝑃

𝑁𝑈
Maximum Stirrup Spacing * 1 +
'
0.33𝐴𝑔λ 𝑓𝐶
Solve for s(the least of):
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ' 𝑏
𝑠
≥ 0. 062 𝑓𝐶 𝑓 𝑤
𝑦𝑡

𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑤
𝑠
≥ 0. 35 𝑓𝑦𝑡
 Where:
At=area of transverse reinforcement for
torsion
AV=area of transverse reinforcement for
shear
Al=area of longitudinal reinforcement for
torsion
Adequacy of Cross Section Aoh=area enclosed by centerline of the
Solid Sections outermost closed transverse torsional

𝑉𝑈 2 𝑇𝑈𝑝ℎ 2 𝑉𝐶 '
reinforcement
(𝑏 ) +( ) ≤ ϕ( 𝑏 + 0. 66 𝑓𝐶
ph=perimeter of centerline of outermost
𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑤 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑤

Hollow Sections closed transverse torsional

𝑉𝑈 𝑇𝑈𝑝ℎ 𝑉 ' reinforcement
𝑏𝑤𝑑
+ 2 ≤ ϕ( 𝑏 𝐶𝑑 + 0. 66 𝑓𝐶
1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑤 θ=angle of inclination of torsional crack
f’C=compressive strength of concrete
fyt=yield strength of transverse
reinforcement
fy=yield strength of longitudinal
reinforcement
pcp=outside perimeter of concrete
Minimum Torsional Reinforcement section
Area Acp=area enclosed by outside perimeter
of concrete section
Al(the least of) Ag=gross area

0.42 𝑓𝐶𝐴𝑐𝑝
'
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 d=effective depth
𝐴𝑙(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = −( )𝑝ℎ
𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑡 bw=beam width(web)

0.42 𝑓𝐶𝐴𝑐𝑝
'
0.175𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑡 TU=factored torque
𝐴𝑙(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = −( )𝑝ℎ
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑡 Tn=nominal torque
ϕ=reduction factor
V. Short Column(NSCP 2015)

Axial Capacity
'
𝑃𝑜 = 0. 85𝑓𝐶(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝑃𝑈 = ϕ𝑃𝑛

Tied Columns
𝑃𝑛 = 0. 80𝑃𝑜 ϕ = 0. 65

Spiral Columns
𝑃𝑛 = 0. 85𝑃𝑜 ϕ = 0. 75 Plastic Centroid

∑ 𝐹 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2

Biaxially Loaded Column

Bresler’s Equation
Spiral Ratio 1
𝑃𝑛
=
1
𝑃𝑛𝑥
+
1
𝑃𝑛𝑦
+
1
𝑃𝑛𝑜
4𝑎𝑠(𝐷𝑐−𝑑𝑏)
𝑝𝑠 =
𝑠𝐷𝐶
2 Load Contour Method
𝑀 α1 𝑀 α2
𝐴𝑔
'
𝑓𝐶 ( 𝑀 𝑛𝑥 ) + ( 𝑀 𝑛𝑦 ) =1
𝑝𝑠 ≥ 0. 45( 𝐴 − 1) 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑛𝑥𝑜 𝑛𝑦𝑜
𝑐ℎ
Eccentrically Loaded Columns

Where:
Pnx=nominal axial capacity at Ex=0
Pny=nominal axial capacity at Ey=0
Pno=nominal axial capacity at Eo=0
Pn=nominal axial capacity
PU=ultimate axial capacity
600𝑑
𝑎𝑏 = β1𝑐𝑏 𝑐𝑏 = 600+𝑓𝑦 Pb=balanced axial capacity
f’C=concrete compressive strength
eb=eccentricity at balanced condition
cb=neutral axis at balanced condition
𝑃𝑛 = ∑ 𝐶 − ∑ 𝑇 dbar=diameter of main reinforcing bars
dagg=diameter of aggregates
𝑃𝑛𝑒 = ∑ 𝐶𝑥 − ∑ 𝑇𝑥 Ast=longitudinal steel area
fy=steel yield strength
cc=clear concrete cover
dtie=diameter of ties
e=eccentricity
C=compression
x=lever arm
ϕ=reduction factor
Ag=gross area
Ach=area of core
as=spiral area
T=tension
 VI. Footings

Pressure in Footings
Gross Soil Pressure
𝑃
𝑞𝑔 = 𝐴

Net Soil Pressure

𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 − γ𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑦 − γ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

Trial Area of Footing

No Tension in Soil
𝑃 𝑀𝑥𝑐𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝑐𝑦
𝐴
± 𝐼𝑥
± 𝐼𝑦
=0

Net Pressure
𝑃 𝑀𝑥𝑐𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝑐𝑦
𝐴
± 𝐼𝑥
± 𝐼𝑦
= 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡
 VII. Prestressed Concrete

Where:
f = Total Stress on Beam
P = prestressing force
A = cross-sectional area of beam
e = eccentricity of beam
y = distance of tendons from
topmost/bottommost fiber of beam
M = moment due to load acting on
beam
I = Moment of Inertia Prestressing Force:
𝑃 = 𝐴𝑝𝑠𝑓𝑝𝑠
Cracking Moment: Where:

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = (0. 62 𝑓𝑐' +

𝑃
+
𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝐼
)( 𝑦 ) P = prestressing force
𝐴 𝐼
Aps = gross area of tendons
Where:
fps = flexural strength of tendons
Mcr = cracking moment
Fc’ = compressive strength of concrete
P = prestressing force
A = cross-sectional area of beam
e = eccentricity of beam
y = distance of tendons from
topmost/bottommost fiber of beam
I = Moment of Inertia
 Sbot = Section Modulus of bottom fiber
of beam
Mw = Moment due to self-weight of
beam
MDL = Moment due to Dead Load
imposed on beam
MLL = Moment due to Live Load imposed
on beam
fti = initial tension force on beam
ft = tension force on beam
fci = initial compressive force on beam
fc = compressive force on beam

Where:
Stop = Section Modulus of top fiber of
beam
fti = initial tension force on beam
Mw = Moment due to self-weight of
beam
Pi = initial prestressing force on tendons
Where:
fcgc = concrete stress at center of gravity
Stop = Section Modulus of top fiber of
beam
Ctop = distance of tendons from topmost 𝐸 = 4700 𝑓'𝑐
fiber
fci = initial compressive force on beam
h = height of the beam

Section Modulus:
𝐼
𝑆 = 𝐶

Where:
S = Section Modulus
I = Moment of Inertia
C = distance of tendon from
topmost/bottommost fiber of beam

Deflection(Camber, simply
supported)
∆𝑡 = ∆𝑙 + ∆𝑝𝑠
4
5𝑤𝐿
∆𝑙 = 384𝐸𝐼
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎
3
𝐹𝐿
∆𝑙 = 48𝐸𝐼
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

∆𝑐 = 𝑀𝑐'
For rectangular:
2
1 𝑃𝑒𝐿
∆𝑝𝑠 = 8
( 𝐸𝐼
)

For harped:
2
1 𝑃𝑒𝐿
∆𝑝𝑠 = 12
( 𝐸𝐼
)

For trapezoid:
2 2
(3−4𝑎 ) 𝑃𝑒𝐿
∆𝑝𝑠 = 24
( 𝐸𝐼
)

For parabolic:
2
5 𝑃𝑒𝐿
∆𝑝𝑠 = 48
( 𝐸𝐼
)
VIII. Construction materials and Where:

testing w=weight
v=volume

Concrete Mix Design sg=specific gravity of solids

vbulk=bulk volume
γ=unit weight
vs=volume of solids
γw=unit weight of water
Concrete Proportion
γbulk=bulk unit weight
Mixt Prop Cement in San Grav
ure ortio bag d el
Clas n (cu. (cu.
s 40 50k m.) m.)
kg g

AA 1:1. 12.0 9.5 0.50 1.0

5:3

A 1:2: 9.0 7.0 0.50 1.0

4

B 1:2. 7.5 6.0 0.50 1.0

5:5

C 1:3: 6.0 5.0 0.50 1.0

6
Water-Cement Ratio
𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 : 𝑊𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Volume
𝑤 𝑤
𝑣= γ
= 𝑠𝑔γ𝑤

Weight
𝑤 = 𝑣𝑠(𝑠𝑔)(γ𝑤) = 𝑣𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘(γ𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘)