1.

(a) A compound that contains hydrogen and carbon is referred to as a hydrocarbon.

b) (i) Beta particle emission: Example: Carbon-14 decay Equation: 14C -> 14N + 0β- + ν

(ii) Alpha particle emission: Example: Uranium-238 decay Equation: 238U -> 234Th + 4α

c) The general formula of an amino acid is: NH2-CH(R)-COOH, where R represents the side
chain or variable group.

d) Two methods of inserting genes into a cell are:

1. Transformation: This method involves introducing foreign DNA into a cell using various
techniques such as heat shock, electroporation, or using viral vectors. The cell takes up
the foreign DNA, which can then be expressed by the cell's machinery.

2. Viral-mediated gene transfer: In this method, a virus is used as a vector to deliver the
desired gene into the target cell. The virus is modified to carry the gene of interest and
can efficiently transfer the gene into the host cell's genome.

e) Limitations of biocontrol technique include:

1. Specificity: Biocontrol agents often target specific pests or pathogens, which means they
may not be effective against all types of pests or diseases. This limits their broad-
spectrum applicability.

2. Environmental factors: The effectiveness of biocontrol agents can be influenced by

environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and presence of other
organisms. Optimal conditions for the biocontrol agents may not always be present.

f) Roughage, also known as dietary fiber, is important in the diet of a human being for the
following reasons:

1. Digestive health: Roughage adds bulk to the diet, promoting regular bowel movements
and preventing constipation. It helps maintain a healthy digestive system by preventing
gastrointestinal disorders.

2. Weight management: Foods high in roughage are often lower in calories and provide a
feeling of fullness, which can help in weight management and preventing overeating.
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 3. Blood sugar regulation: Roughage slows down the absorption of sugars into the
bloodstream, which helps in regulating blood sugar levels and reducing the risk of type 2
diabetes.

4. Cardiovascular health: Certain types of dietary fiber, such as soluble fiber, can help lower
cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.

5. (a) Four techniques used in modern-day biotechnology are:

6. Genetic engineering: Manipulation of an organism's genetic material to introduce

desirable traits or modify existing traits.

7. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): A technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence,
allowing for its detection and analysis.

8. Cloning: Production of genetically identical copies of a particular organism or gene.

9. CRISPR-Cas9: A revolutionary gene-editing technology that allows precise modification

of DNA sequences in living organisms.

b) AND gate truth table and symbol:

A B Output

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Symbol: ∧

c) Benefits of biofertilizers include:

1. Environmentally friendly: Biofertilizers are derived from natural sources and do not
contain harmful chemicals or synthetic additives. They reduce environmental pollution
and minimize the negative impact on ecosystems.

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 2. Nutrient enrichment: Biofertilizers provide essential nutrients to plants in a readily
available form. They enhance soil fertility, improve plant growth, and increase crop
yields.

3. Soil health improvement: Biofertilizers promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms

in the soil, which contribute to soil structure, nutrient cycling, and overall soil health.
They help in the restoration of degraded soils.

4. Sustainable agriculture: The use of biofertilizers reduces dependence on chemical

fertilizers, which can be expensive and have adverse effects on soil fertility in the long
run. Biofertilizers offer a sustainable and cost-effective alternative.

d) Saturated fatty acids: These are fatty acids that do not contain double bonds between carbon
atoms in their hydrocarbon chain. They have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to
each carbon atom. Saturated fatty acids are typically solid at room temperature and are
commonly found in animal fats.

Unsaturated fatty acids: These are fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between
carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chain. They have fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon
atoms due to the presence of double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids can be either
monounsaturated (one double bond) or polyunsaturated (multiple double bonds). They are
typically liquid at room temperature and are commonly found in plant oils.

2. (a) Condensation polymerization is a process in which monomers join together with the
elimination of a small molecule, such as water or an alcohol. It involves the formation of
covalent bonds between monomers, resulting in the growth of a polymer chain.

b) Homologous Series | Name of the 2nd member | Structural formula of 2nd member | Name
ending for all members | Functional group | General formula

A|||

B | Ethanol | CH3CH2OH | -ol | Alcohol | CnH2n+1OH

C | Propanol | CH3CH2CH2OH | -ol | Alcohol | CnH2n+1OH

D | Butanol | CH3CH2CH2CH2OH | -ol | Alcohol | CnH2n+1OH

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E | Ethene | CH2=CH2 | -ene | Alkene | CnH2n

F | Propene | CH3CH=CH2 | -ene | Alkene | CnH2n

G | Butene | CH3CH2CH=CH2 | -ene | Alkene | CnH2n

H | Ethyne | HC≡CH | -yne | Alkyne | CnH2n-2

I | Propyne | CH3C≡CH | -yne | Alkyne | CnH2n-2

J | Butyne | CH3CH2C≡CH | -yne | Alkyne | CnH2n-2

K | Ethanoic acid | CH3COOH | -oic acid | Carboxylic acid | CnH2n+1COOH

L | Propanoic acid | CH3CH2COOH | -oic acid | Carboxylic acid | CnH2n+1COOH

M | Butanoic acid | CH3CH2CH2COOH | -oic acid | Carboxylic acid | CnH2n+1COOH

N | Methane | CH4 | -ane | Alkane | CnH2n+2

O | Ethane | CH3CH3 | -ane | Alkane | CnH2n+2

P | Propane | CH3CH2CH3 | -ane | Alkane | CnH2n+2

A B C D
Methanol Ethanol CH3OH -ol Alcohol CnH2n+1OH
E F G Unsaturated/ H
Alkenes Double bonds
I J K Carboxyl L
( COOH)

M N O -ane P
CnH2n + 2

c) Two ways by which electron emission can occur are:

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 1. Thermionic emission: This occurs when electrons are emitted from a heated surface or
cathodedue to the thermal energy provided. As the temperature increases, the kinetic
energy of the electrons increases, overcoming the attractive forces holding them within
the material.

2. Photoelectric emission: This occurs when electrons are ejected from a material's surface
when exposed to light or photons of sufficient energy. The photons transfer their energy
to the electrons, causing them to overcome the binding forces and escape from the
material.

d) Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules joined together by a glycosidic

bond. It is commonly found in grains and is produced during the digestion of starch. The
chemical formula of maltose is C12H22O11.

3. (a) i. The monomers of lactose are glucose and galactose. The monomers of sucrose are
glucose and fructose.

ii. The advantages of using biopesticides are:

1. Environmental safety: Biopesticides are derived from natural sources such as plants,
bacteria, and fungi. They generally have lower toxicity and pose minimal risks to the
environment, non-target organisms, and human health compared to synthetic chemical
pesticides.

2. Target specificity: Biopesticides often exhibit a high degree of selectivity for the target
pests or pathogens while having minimal impact on beneficial insects, animals, and
plants. This reduces the risk of disrupting natural ecosystems and helps maintain
ecological balance.

3. Resistance management: Biopesticides can be effective against pests that have developed
resistance to synthetic chemical pesticides. They provide an alternative mode of action,
making them useful tools in integrated pest management strategies to combat resistance
issues.

4. Shorter pre-harvest intervals: Many biopesticides have shorter pre-harvest intervals,

which means that crops can be harvested shortly after application without significant

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 residue concerns. This can be advantageous for farmers who need to meet market
demands and reduce product contamination.

b) (i) OR gate truth table and symbol:

A B Output

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

Symbol: ∨

(ii) NOT gate truth table and symbol:

A Output

0 1

1 0

Symbol: ¬

c) The compounds are not provided, so their names cannot be determined without additional
information.

5. (a) Farm management refers to the process of planning, organizing, and controlling
agricultural operations to achieve the desired goals and maximize the efficiency and
profitability of the farm.

(b) Farm managers try to communicate well with their workers for several reasons:

1. Efficient task execution: Clear communication ensures that workers understand their
tasks and responsibilities effectively. It reduces the chances of misunderstandings,
mistakes, or delays in completing farm operations.

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 2. Team coordination: Effective communication fosters teamwork and collaboration among
farm workers. It enables them to coordinate their efforts, share information, and work
together towards common objectives.

3. Safety and risk management: Proper communication plays a crucial role in conveying
safety instructions, precautionary measures, and emergency procedures to farm workers.
It helps minimize accidents, injuries, and potential risks on the farm.

4. Motivation and job satisfaction: Good communication practices create a positive work
environment. When workers feel heard, valued, and well-informed, it increases their
motivation, job satisfaction, and overall morale, leading to improved productivity.

5. Adaptability and problem-solving: Communication allows farm managers and workers to

discuss challenges, share ideas, and find innovative solutions. Effective communication
channels enable quick responses to changing circumstances and promote adaptability in
farming operations.

(c) Planning is an important tool in farming circles for the following reasons:

1. Resource optimization: Planning helps farmers allocate resources such as land, labor,
capital, and inputs efficiently. It ensures that resources are utilized effectively to achieve
maximum productivity and profitability.

2. Risk management: Planning allows farmers to assess potential risks and develop
strategies to mitigate them. It enables them to anticipate challenges such as weather
fluctuations, market uncertainties, and pest outbreaks, and take proactive measures to
minimize negative impacts.

3. Decision-making: Planning provides a framework for making informed decisions. It

helps farmers set goals, evaluate alternatives, and choose the most appropriate course of
action based on available resources, market conditions, and long-term objectives.

4. Time management: Farm planning helps farmers schedule tasks, prioritize activities, and
optimize time utilization. It ensures that operations are carried out in a timely manner,
avoiding bottlenecks, delays, and unnecessary wastage of time.

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 5. Goal setting and monitoring: Planning helps farmers set specific, measurable, achievable,
relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals for their farm. It provides a roadmap for
monitoring progress, tracking performance, and making necessary adjustments to stay on
track towards achieving desired outcomes.

(d) As a manager, you can make your workers highly committed to carrying out set tasks by:

1. Effective leadership: Be a role model and inspire your workers through effective
leadership practices. Lead by example, provide clear direction, and foster a positive work
environment that encourages commitment, motivation, and dedication.

2. Communication and involvement: Involve your workers in the decision-making process,

seek their input and ideas, and communicate openly and transparently. Engage in regular
two-way communication to ensure clarity, address concerns, and make them feel valued
and involved in the farm's operations.

3. Training and development: Provide training and development opportunities to enhance

the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of your workers. Invest in their professional
growth and empower them to take on new responsibilities and challenges, fostering a
sense of ownership and commitment.

4. Recognition and rewards: Recognize and appreciate the efforts and achievements of your
workers. Implement a system of rewards and incentives to acknowledge their hard work
and motivate them to consistently perform at their best.

5. Team building and collaboration: Foster a culture of teamwork, cooperation, and

collaboration among your workers. Encourage them to support and help each other,
promote a sense of belongingness, and create a positive work environment that
encourages commitment and unity.

6. Provide a conducive work environment: Ensure that your workers have the necessary
tools, equipment, and resources to carry out their tasks efficiently. Create a safe,
comfortable, and healthy work environment that promotes productivity and well-being.

7. (a) The names of the structures are not provided, so their names cannot be determined
without additional information.

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b) (i) Beta particle emission: Example: Carbon-14 decay Equation: 14C -> 14N + 0β- + ν

(ii) Alpha particle emission: Example: Uranium-238 decay Equation: 238U -> 234Th + 4α

c) A biopesticide is a type of pesticide derived from natural materials such as plants, bacteria,
fungi, or minerals. It is used to control pests, including insects, pathogens, and weeds, through
non-synthetic means. Biopesticides are typically less harmful to the environment and have lower
toxicity compared to conventional chemical pesticides.

Regenerate response

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