Networking Software

 Networking software provide infrastructure to transfer messages.

 This activity is executed in hierarchy of software units.

Lets consider a scenario?

 You are living in Lahore and want to send some gift to your friend living in Switzerland.

 Lets see what would be the procedure?

Network Communication

Application Layer
 Software like Clients and Servers.

 Utility packages

 FTP

 Remote login

 Uses transport as you used shipping company.

 Correct address using name servers is also its responsibility

 Transport Layer
 Receives messages from Application layer
  Checks whether properly formatted

 And transmission over the Internet.

 Divides long messages to short

 Assign them numbers

 Hands-over Packets to network layer

Network Layer
 Decides the direction to which the packet should move.

 Combination of network layer and link layer form a software residing at routers.

 Link layer is in charge to send and receive the packets.

Link Layer
 If the network is Ethernet, it uses CSMA/CD

 If its wifi, it uses CSMA/CA.

 When the packet is received to link layer of other side, it send to network layer.

Port Numbers
 Determining which unit within the application layer should receive an incoming message is an
important task of the transport layer. This is handled by assigning unique (port numbers)

Accepted Port Numbers

 Browser contacts HTTP server at port # 80. Similarly SMTP clients knows to contact application
layers at server at port # 25

Open System Interconnection (OSI)

 By International Organization for Standardization.

 Seven level hierarchy as compared to four level hierarchy we just learnt

 Remained slow in replacing the 4 level hierarchy as it was already in use.

TCP and IP
 TCP Suite is collection of large number of protocols to implement four level hierarchy
  Entire collection is referred to as TCP/IP-misleading.

 Transmission Control Protocol

 Internet Protocol

TCP version
 TCP defines a version of transport layer.

 More than one way of implementing transport layer either for TCP or UDP (User Datagram
protocol)

 This is similar to choosing different shipping company

Differences between TCP and UDP

 TCP establishes a connection first while UDP does not.

 UDP is called connectionless protocol

 Destination might not be operational!

 TCP transport layers at origin and destination works together by acknowledgement and
retransmission i.e. called reliable protocol.

 UDP unreliable protocol

 TCP can adjust the transmission rate to avoid control Congestion.

UDP benefits
 Transport layer based on UDP is more streamlined than TCP.

 UDP is perfect choice when receiver is ready like DNS Lookups, VOIP,

 Although in emails transfer, TCP is better choice.

IP
 Internet Protocol is a standard to implement the network layer (we have already talked).

 Forwarding and routing.

 Hop count: adding a value at origin by which time the packet should be forwarded normally 64 is
sufficient.