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A new procedure for the determination of distillation temperature

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Anal Bioanal Chem (2011) 399:3253–3260
DOI 10.1007/s00216-010-4427-8
ORIGINAL PAPER
A new procedure for the determination of distillation
temperature distribution of high-boiling petroleum products
and fractions
Grzegorz Boczkaj & Andrzej Przyjazny &
Marian Kamiński
Received: 1 September 2010 / Revised: 22 October 2010 / Accepted: 7 November 2010 / Published online: 12 December 2010
# Springer-Verlag 2010
Abstract The distribution of distillation temperatures of
liquid and semi-fluid products, including petroleum frac-
tions and products, is an important process and practical
parameter. It provides information on properties of crude oil
and content of particular fractions, classified on the basis of
their boiling points, as well as the optimum conditions of
atmospheric or vacuum distillation. At present, the distri-
bution of distillation temperatures is often investigated by
simulated distillation (SIMDIS) using capillary gas chro-
matography (CGC) with a short capillary column with
polydimethylsiloxane as the stationary phase. This paper
presents the results of investigations on the possibility of
replacing currently used CGC columns for SIMDIS with a
deactivated fused silica capillary tube without any stationary
phase. The SIMDIS technique making use of such an empty
fused silica column allows a considerable lowering of elution
temperature of the analytes, which results in a decrease of the
final oven temperature while ensuring a complete separation
of the mixture. This eliminates the possibility of decomposi-
tion of less thermally stable mixture components and bleeding
of the stationary phase which would result in an increase of
Published in the special issue Focus on Analytical Science in Poland
(VIIIth Polish Conference on Analytical Chemistry) with Guest Editor
Pawel Koscielniak.
G. Boczkaj : M. Kamiński (*)
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering,
Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology,
11/12 Narutowicza St,
80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
e-mail: mknkj@chem.pg.gda.pl
A. Przyjazny
Kettering University,
1700 University Avenue,
Flint, MI 48504-6214, USA
the detector signal. It also improves the stability of the
baseline, which is especially important in the determina-
tion of the end point of elution, which is the basis for
finding the final temperature of distillation. This is the
key parameter for the safety process of hydrocracking,
where an excessively high final temperature of distilla-
tion of a batch can result in serious damage to an
expensive catalyst bed. This paper compares the distribu-
tion of distillation temperatures of the fraction from vacuum
distillation of petroleum obtained using SIMDIS with that
obtained by the proposed procedure. A good agreement
between the two procedures was observed. In addition, typical
values of elution temperatures of n-paraffin standards
obtained by the two procedures were compared. Finally,
the agreement between boiling points of polar compounds
determined from their retention times and actual boiling
points was investigated.
Keywords SIMDIS . Gas chromatography . GC . Simulated
distillation . Distillation temperature distribution . Analytics
of petroleum products
Introduction
Distribution of distillation temperatures of petroleum products
and fractions is an important process and practical parameter.
It is also determined for other mixtures, such as long-chain
alcohols, organic acids, lipids, and waxes. This parameter
provides essential information on crude oil type, including
content of individual fractions, classified on the basis of their
boiling points, as well as the optimum conditions and
effectiveness of separation into fractions of atmospheric and
vacuum distillation. It constitutes one of the quality parame-
ters of many crude oil and chemical products.
3254
The method commonly used in the petroleum industry
prior to the development of the simulated distillation
(SIMDIS) technique is a classical batch distillation either
at atmospheric pressure [1, 2] or under a vacuum [3]. In this
method, the volume of distillate collected is recorded
along with the temperature indicated by the thermometer
(corrected for standard atmospheric pressure). The results
are presented in a tabular form as well as graphically as
the so-called distillation curve: distillation temperature as
a function of volume percent of the distillate collected.
However, the method is time consuming and requires
large sample volumes.
Currently, the distillation temperature distribution is
often determined by SIMDIS making use of gas chroma-
tography (GC) [4–13]. Liquid stationary phases of low
polarity, most often polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), are
used [4, 5] to this end. As a result of its low polarity,
analytes are eluted from PDMS in order of increasing
boiling point. Analyzing a calibration mixture of standard
n-paraffins with known boiling points by GC, the resulting
chromatogram is used to determine its distillation temper-
ature distribution: the mass percent of distillate collected
as a function of boiling point. A linear dependence of
retention times of the separated components on their
boiling point is assumed. The obtained distillation curve
can be converted into classical distillation curve (volume
percent of distillate collected against boiling point) using
appropriate coefficients. According to standard ASTM D
2887 [7], however, a complete agreement of the SIMDIS
distillation curve with that obtained using classical
atmospheric distillation (ASTM D85) or vacuum distilla-
tion (D1160) is impossible. Classical distillation has an
insufficient “efficiency.” The SIMDIS results are in
agreement with those obtained by standard method ASTM
D2892 [2] using a 15-theoretical plate column.
GC detectors used in SIMDIS include flame ionization
detector (FID) or, less commonly, thermal conductivity
detector. Sulfur chemiluminescence detector is employed
when determining distillation temperature distribution of
sulfur compounds. Atomic emission detector ensures
recording of SIMDIS for several elements simultaneously.
A comparison of the results obtained by the two methods
(classical and SIMDIS) reveals in some cases significant
differences in the shape of distillation curves and the
temperatures of the beginning and end of distillation. This
is associated with interactions of analytes with the
stationary phase and the presence in a sample of more
polar components, which are not eluted in order of their
boiling points with respect to n-paraffins. For samples with
a high content of polar compounds, the shape of SIMDIS
distillation curve is markedly different from that obtained
by classical distillation [14, 15]. Consequently, the SIMDIS
method is not used for many mixtures of medium and high
G. Boczkaj et al.
polarity, and despite the availability of the SIMDIS
equipment, a classical distillation is performed. In order to
validate and recalibrate distillation temperature distribution
determined by the SIMDIS method, reference materials
with a known distribution of boiling points are used.
The GC stationary phase used SIMDIS must be stable at
temperature up to 450 °C, since long-chain hydrocarbons
present in higher-boiling petroleum fractions, for which the
distillation curve is also determined, are eluted at this
temperature. Presently used capillary columns containing
liquid stationary phase (the problem was even more
pronounced for packed columns) do not guarantee suffi-
ciently high stability at the final temperature of analysis,
which results in loss of stationary phase (so-called column
bleeding). This is a highly undesirable phenomenon,
resulting in a gradual deterioration of chromatographic
properties of the column, such as retention times. Current
attempts aim at developing stationary phases stable at
temperatures above 400 °C. This is to eliminate the
disadvantages of SIMDIS—bleeding of the stationary
phase at the final oven temperature with the resulting
increase in detector signal and decrease in detection
sensitivity of high-boiling sample components and the
final distillation temperature as well as retention times.
Stationary phase bleeding also decreases column life,
necessitating more frequent column replacements (in
case of option “HT,” with the final temperature reaching
430 °C, the column is replaced on average every 150
analyses [15]).
At present, the solution to this problem is a frequent
recalibration of retention times of standards (n-paraffins)
and recording so-called “blank run,” i.e., the chromatogram
of pure solvent, followed by subtraction of this signal from
that of the analyzed sample. In case of heavier petroleum
fractions or crude oil itself, such a blank run must be
recorded prior to every analysis. When elution temperature
exceeds 350 °C, partial thermal decomposition of organic
compounds is also observed. Another problem is incom-
plete elution of highly boiling compounds present in a
sample due to their low volatility and interactions with the
stationary phase [15, 16]. As a result of these interactions,
the retention of compounds depends to some extent not
only on their boiling point but also on polarity. Hence, prior
to analyses, the extent of deviations of distillation curve for
so-called reference oil should be determined.
Consequently, the SIMDIS method is relatively time-
consuming and expensive due to the need for frequent
column replacement. Despite its almost 50-year use
[4, 5], SIMDIS remains a challenge for analytical
chemists and chromatographers. Recently, the possibility
of using two-dimensional GC for more detailed analyses
of the investigated materials by SIMDIS has been
reported [17, 18].
A new procedure for determination of distillation temperature distribution
This paper explores the possibility of replacing the
SIMDIS columns with an empty fused silica tubing (FST)
with the surface deactivated with methyl groups. The term
proposed for this solution is empty column (EC)-GC.
Until now, no solution avoiding the use of stationary
phase has been reported in the literature, and chromato-
graphic separations have been based solely on the differ-
ence in boiling points of compounds. So far, the
applications of empty fused silica tubes with deactivated
surface have been limited to guard columns in which
nonvolatile sample components were trapped and to
transfer lines in GC systems.
Materials and methods
Materials
– Standard mixture SIMDIS 2887 extended n-paraffins
C5–C60 (AC Analytical Controls)
– Petroleum fractions from vacuum distillation of crude
oil (B-D), obtained from the Grupa LOTOS (LOTOS
Group), Inc.
– Carbon disulfide (>99% (GC), Fluka Analytical).
Apparatus
SIMDIS (experiments were carried out in LOTOS Lab, Ltd.
(LOTOS Group, Inc.)):
– Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph
– HP 3365 GC ChemStation software.
EC-GC:
– Perkin Elmer 8500 gas chromatograph
– Turbochrom ver. 6.1.1 software.
Preparation of standard solution and samples
Solutions of standard n-paraffins and the investigated
samples were prepared by dissolving weighed samples in
carbon disulfide in a 1:100 (approximately) mass ratio.
Analytical conditions
Samples were injected manually in triplicate using a
microsyringe and a 1-μl injection volume.
SIMDIS:
– Carrier gas: helium, 19 ml/min
– Column: SGE (BPX 1) 10 m×0.53 mm×0.9 μm
– Temperature program: initial temperature, 35 °C,
ramped at 10 °C/min to 375 °C; final temperature,
375 °C held for 3 min
3255
– Injector—on-column, programmable temperature
vaporization (PTV): initial temperature, 100 °C,
ramped at 70 °C/min to 375 °C; final temperature,
375 °C
– Detector (FID) temperature: 375 °C.
EC-GC:
– Carrier gas: helium, 4 ml/min
– Column: empty fused silica tube (FST, Restek), internal
surface deactivated with methyl groups by the manu-
facturer, 30.0 m×0.32 mm (ID)
– Temperature program: initial temperature, 40 °C held
for 5 min, ramped at 4 °C/min to 315 °C; final
temperature, 315 °C held for 20 min
– Injector: split/splitless in splitless mode; temperature,
isothermal at 315 °C
– Detector (FID) temperature: 325 °C.
Determination of distillation curve
A blank run, i.e., chromatogram of pure carbon disulfide
under conditions identical to those for the investigated
petroleum materials, was recorded prior to analysis
proper.
For the chromatograms of fractions B-D, background
compensation was performed, i.e., the chromatogram
obtained for pure solvent was subtracted from the chro-
matogram of a given fraction. Distillation curves, represent-
ing the dependence of mass percent of distilled samples on
the distillation temperature, were calculated from the
corrected chromatogram.
In order to determine the distillation curve, the
recorded chromatographic peak was divided into
segments such that each segment was 5% of the entire
peak area. Successive segments were added together to
obtain the range from 5% to 95% of the area of the
entire peak. Retention times corresponding to the
boundary of each segment were read from the chro-
matogram along with the retention times for which
0.5% and 99.5% of the entire peak area were obtained.
The former value corresponds to the initial boiling point
(IBP), while the latter represents the final boiling point
(FBP). In order to determine the distillation curve, a
plot of percent peak area (obtained by adding successive
areas, dividing the sums by the total peak area and
multiplying by 100%) as a function of boiling point
corresponding to the retention time of the peak
boundary was prepared. Conversion of retention times
to boiling points was carried out by interpolating the
boiling point for the experimental retention time from
the calibration curve of boiling point for n-paraffin
standards against their retention times.
3256
Fig. 1 Chromatogram of
Signal [mv]
standard mixture 2887E
(C5–C60)
Quality control/assurance
Retention times of n-paraffin standards were calculated as
average values taken from three chromatograms of separa-
tion of the standard mixture. It was assumed that individual
retention times must not differ from the average value by
more than 2 s.
Each sample of fractions from vacuum distillation of
crude oil was analyzed in triplicate, and average values
were used to determine distillation curves.
Results and discussion
Evaluation of EC-GC method
As a result of elimination of interaction of analytes with the
stationary phase, which in this case is the internal surface of
a fused silica column deactivated with methyl groups, the
retention of low- and medium-boiling components is very
low. A satisfactory separation of a mixture of standards
from n-nonane (b.p. 151 °C) to n-C60 (b.p. 615 °C) was
achieved at the initial oven temperature (40 °C; Fig. 1).
The use of empty FST has a number of advantages, as
mentioned in the “Introduction” section. One of the main
advantages is the limitation of interactions of analytes with
the stationary phase. This lack of interactions allows
relating retention of sample components to their boiling
point. At the same time, however, the disadvantage of this
method is a weak retention of low-boiling compounds.
Since the main application of the developed procedure is to
be the determination of distillation temperature distribution
of high-boiling fractions from the vacuum distillation of
crude oil, the separation achieved is quite satisfactory. As
can be seen from Fig. 2, the entire range of n-paraffin
standards is eluted during the temperature ramp prior to
G. Boczkaj et al.
Time [min]
reaching the final temperature 315 °C, which is one of the
recommendations for SIMDIS according to the ASTM
standard requirements for this procedure.
Deviations of the distillation curve determined by
SIMDIS from that determined by classical distillation result
primarily from lowered retention of polar sample compo-
nents. In this paper, deviations of boiling points calculated
from retention times of polar compounds, which can be
present in the investigated materials from true boiling
points, were examined. Retention of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons was also investigated because the differences
in boiling points were largest for these analytes in the
SIMDIS method [7]. For example, the boiling point
differences between the one determined from retention time
to true value were 35 °C, 36 °C, and as much as 60 °C for
phenanthrene, anthracene, and chrysene, respectively [7].
All the boiling point values calculated from retention times
are lower than the true values. On the other hand, for low-
boiling compounds, such as benzene, thiophene, and
toluene, the boiling points calculated from retention times
600
Oven temperature [ C]
500
Boiling point /
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Retention time [min]
Fig. 2 Dependence of retention time on the boiling point of standard
mixture ASTM 2887E (black line) and elution temperature (red line)
A new procedure for determination of distillation temperature distribution 3257

Table 1 Deviations of boiling point calculated on the basis of retention time from true boiling point for selected polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons

Compound Boiling point (P=760 mmHg) [°C] Boiling point calculated from retention Boiling point calculated from retention
time (difference) EC-GC [°C] vstime (difference) SIMDIS [°C]

Anthracene 342 317 (−25) 360 (−36)

Pyrene 395 352 (−43) 347 (−48)
Chrysene 447 402 (−45) 387 (−60)

are higher than true boiling points by 3 °C, 4 °C, and 2 °C,
respectively [7]. A comparison of EC-GC and SIMDIS in
this respect is shown in Table 1.
The results obtained by EC-GC indicate a better
agreement between the boiling points calculated from
retention times to true boiling points than the ones obtained
by SIMDIS for all three investigated compounds. The
differences between boiling points calculated from retention
times to true values for were lower for EC-GC compared to
SIMDIS by 11 °C, 4 °C, and 15 °C for anthracene, pyrene,
and chrysene, respectively.
The use of EC-GC allows a substantial lowering of
elution temperature compared to SIMDIS. A comparison of
elution temperature values for SIMDIS and EC-GC is listed
in Table 2.
As follows from the data in Table 2, the decrease in
elution temperatures of EC-GC compared to SIMDIS is at
least 70 °C for hydrocarbons n-C28 to n-C60 and at least
80 °C for hydrocarbons from n-C32 to n-C50. This is a very
important practical aspect in case of separation of high-
boiling mixtures and particularly in case of high-temperature
SIMDIS (HT-SIMDIS), where the elution temperature can
reach 430 °C. As mentioned in the “Introduction” section, at
such high temperatures, GC columns have to be often
replaced, which increases the cost of analyses. Recording of
a blank run prior to each analysis and a frequent recalibration
of retention times are also required. A correction of the
results for sample recovery for high-boiling fractions with
boiling points up to 750 °C is also required, since at the final
oven temperature, complete elution of the analytes is not
always achieved. Literature reports also indicate a partial
thermal decomposition of samples, so that the experimental
distillation curve does not reflect the true distillation of a
sample. All these operations considerably increase analysis
time and uncertainty of the results.
It is anticipated that the use of EC-GC lowering elution
temperature due to minimization of interactions in the column
will allow complete elution of the analytes. Limitation of
thermal decomposition of samples through the use of lower
temperatures is another advantage of EC-GC. The use of

Table 2 Listing of retention

times and boiling points n-Alkane, number of Boiling point [°C] Elution temperature Difference in elution
of n-paraffin standards carbon atoms temperatures
from n-C9 to n-C60 EC-GC [°C] SIMDIS [°C]

9 151 40 54 14
10 174 40 65 25
11 196 40 77 37
12 216 48 90 42
14 254 67 115 48
15 271 77 127 50
16 287 88 137 49
17 302 96 148 52
18 316 103 157 54
20 344 118 176 58
24 391 145 209 64
28 431 167 237 70
32 466 187 261 74
36 496 203 283 80
40 522 220 302 82
44 545 235 320 85
50 575 260 344 84
60 615 297 375 78
3258 G. Boczkaj et al.

Fig. 3 SIMDIS (left) and EC-GC (right) chromatograms of fraction B

EC-GC for fractions boiling up to 750 °C will be reported in
future papers.
Results of analysis of real samples
This paper compares the results of analyses of samples
from vacuum distillation of crude oil. Depending on
configuration of refinery installations for petroleum process-
ing, distillation of atmospheric residue allows to obtain
various numbers of vacuum fractions. In general, these
fractions are classified as a top fraction, fractions collected
from various heights of a vacuum distillation column—
labeled in order of increasing initial distillation temperatures
using numbers or letters and vacuum residue. In this work,

Table 3 Mass percent of distillate values as a function of distillation temperature (average values, n=3) and the difference in distillation
temperatures between SIMDIS and EC-GC

Mass percent Fraction B Fraction C Fraction D

of distillate
SIMDIS according EC-GC Temperature SIMDIS according ECGC Temperature SIMDIS according EC-GC Temperature
to ASTM 2887E TEC-GC difference, to ASTM 2887E TEC-GC difference, to ASTM 2887E TEC-GC difference,
TSIMDIS [°C] [°C] ΔT TSIMDIS [°C] [°C] ΔT TSIMDIS [°C] [°C] ΔT

0.5 (IBP) 352.5 352.13 0.37 387.5 384.7 2.8 425.5 424.5 1
5 387.5 379 8.5 432 423.1 8.9 468.5 458.1 10.4
10 398.5 391.2 7.3 444.5 436.1 8.4 483 473.2 9.8
15 405 398.4 6.6 451.5 442.7 8.8 492.5 484.7 7.8
20 410 404.1 5.9 457.5 449.9 7.6 499.5 489.7 9.8
25 414 408.3 5.7 462.5 454.7 7.8 505 496.6 8.4
30 418 411.3 6.7 467 459.8 7.2 510 501.2 8.8
35 421.5 415.9 5.6 471 462.9 8.1 514.5 506 8.5
40 424.5 418.6 5.9 475 468.9 6.1 518.5 510 8.5
45 427 422.5 4.5 479 472 7 522 513.8 8.2
50 430 425.7 4.3 482.5 476.1 6.4 525.5 517.9 7.6
55 432.5 427.4 5.1 486.5 480.3 6.2 529 522.2 6.8
60 435 430.4 4.6 490.5 484 6.5 532 525 7
65 437.5 432.4 5.1 495 488.1 6.9 535 528 7
70 440 434.7 5.3 499 492.2 6.8 538 531.3 6.7
75 442.5 437.2 5.3 503.5 496.4 7.1 541.5 534.4 7.1
80 445.5 440.1 5.4 508 500.7 7.3 545 537 8
85 448 443.8 4.2 513.5 505 8.5 548 541.1 6.9
90 451.5 447.6 3.9 520.5 511.8 8.7 553 548 5
95 456.5 451.1 5.4 529.5 521.9 7.6 559.5 554 5.5
99.5 (FBP) 470.5 472.5 −2 548.5 550.3 −1.8 579 578.1 0.9

ΔT=TSIMDIS (mass percenti)−TEC-GC (mass percenti)

A new procedure for determination of distillation temperature distribution
three fractions from vacuum distillation were used: fractions
B–D. An example of chromatograms of fraction B from
vacuum distillation of petroleum obtained by SIMDIS and
EC-GC is shown in Fig. 3.
A listing of points of distillation curves for fractions B,
C, and D is compiled in Table 3. For each point of the
distillation curve, the differences in distillation temperature
between SIMDIS and EC-GC were calculated.
The obtained results indicate a relatively good agreement
between the results. The differences in initial boiling point
ranged from 0.37 °C to 2 °C, and in final boiling point from
0.9 °C to 2 °C. The differences in distillation temperatures
for individual mass percent intervals varied from 0.87 °C to
8.5 °C (fraction B), from 1.8 °C to 8.9 °C (fraction C), and
from 0.9 °C to 10.4 °C (fraction D).
The observed differences between points of distillation
curves obtained by SIMDIS and EC-GC can result from
different separation mechanisms—based on partition of the
analytes between the stationary and mobile phases
(SIMDIS) and on distillation and elution with a stream
of inert gas from the deactivated surface of a capillary
column (EC-GC). In case of SIMDIS, deviations of
retention times of polar analytes from the values
predicted on the basis of boiling points are well known.
A comparison presented in Table 2 reveals that the
distillation temperature distribution obtained from the
EC-GC chromatogram will be in a better agreement with
the one determined by classical distillation. A paper under
preparation will compare SIMDIS using EC-GC with
classical vacuum distillation.
Following GC determinations, chromatograms of blank
runs recorded after analysis of samples of each of the fractions
were compared. No increase of the baseline signal was
observed. An increase in the baseline for the blank run was
0.15 mV (in relation to 10 V full scale), which constitutes six
times the noise level (0.025 mV) recorded after 5 min of the
chromatographic run (beginning of temperature ramp). The
difference with respect to this value for two consecutive
recordings of the blank run was less than 5%. Thus, it can be
concluded that the elution of fraction D from the column was
complete. In case of analysis of heavy fractions from vacuum
distillation, correct determination of the final distillation
temperature is difficult due to a large signal increase
associated with the stationary phase bleeding from SIMDIS
column at the final oven temperature. Hence, stable baseline
during the entire chromatographic run is a significant
advantage of SIMDIS under EC-GC conditions.
Following analyses of petroleum fractions, calibration of
retention time as a function of boiling point was again
performed. No changes in retention times with respect to the
previous calibration were observed. This confirms advantages
resulting from the use of an empty capillary column without
any stationary phase. Separation is based primarily on
3259
distillation with the maximum elimination of sorptive
interactions with the column and not partition of analytes
between the stationary and mobile phase, as is the case when
using the column with the liquid stationary phase.
Conclusions
The paper presents the possibility of using an empty
deactivated fused silica column (EC-GC) for SIMDIS.
Retention times of n-alkane standards and polar compounds
exhibiting large deviations of boiling points determined
from retention times relative to n-alkanes from true values
were determined. A good agreement of the results was
obtained. The use of EC-GC also allows substantial
lowering of elution temperature, resulting in lower GC
oven temperatures while ensuring complete sample recovery.
Distillation curves determined using EC-GC and SIMDIS
were in a good agreement. The difference of initial and
final boiling points determined by EC-GC and SIMDIS
was no more than 2 °C. The difference between
individual points of distillation curves for the three
investigated petroleum fractions did not exceed 10.4 °C.
The observed differences were most likely due to
different retentions of polar sample components under
conditions of EC-GC and SIMDIS.
The obtained results reveal a large potential of EC-GC,
both for analytical and, possibly, preparative applications.
Acknowledgments This research work was supported by the
European Union in the framework of the European Social Fund, the
system project of the Pomorskie Voivodeship “InnoDoktorant—
Scholarships for PhD students, 2nd edition”. The authors would like
to thank the board of directors and employees of LOTOS Lab, Ltd.
(LOTOS Group, Inc.) for their help on this project.
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